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Synthesis, Biotransformation and Neuronal Effects of Heterocyclic Compounds

A special issue of Molecules (ISSN 1420-3049). This special issue belongs to the section "Medicinal Chemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 28 February 2025 | Viewed by 2340

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Laboratory “Drug metabolism and drug toxicity”, Department “Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology”, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University-Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
Interests: neuroprotection; neuroinflammation; oxidative stress; antioxidant activity; MAO inhibition; hepatotoxicity; neurotoxicity; biotransformation
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E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University-Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
Interests: medicinal chemistry; pharmaceutical chemistry; organic synthesis; heterocycles; drug design and discovery; synthesis and structure-activity relationships of biologically active compounds (small molecules); drug metabolism; pharmacokinetics; pharmacodynamics; drug analysis; chromatography
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Heterocyclic systems are an important class of compounds in rational drug design aiming to discover a new, safe and selective way to treat neurological conditions that could provide a breakthrough for physicians, patients and the pharmaceutical industry. Current trends in medicinal chemistry are directed toward the search for new derivatives with improved pharmacological potential based on the five- and six-term heterocyclic ring-based compounds. The introduction, substitution, addition, removal and/or fusion of different functional groups in a heterocyclic core is a potent instrument for the comprehension of the neurological characterization of new compounds. The identification of molecules with interesting multi-target profiles, the screening of old drugs that are proved effective through the interaction with new important targets and the preparation of natural-based synthetic molecules to become potential candidates to protect neurons against degeneration is addressed in many research areas attempting to obtain better therapeutic action and fewer side effects. In addition, the safety profile of biologically active substances is closely dependent on the creation of appropriate highly informative analytical methods for control and standardization. Thus, the research on biotransformation, including the prediction of ADMET properties, is directly related to the achievement of improved pharmacokinetic, pharmacological, and toxicological profiles of these molecules.

Prof. Dr. Magdalena Kondeva-Burdina
Dr. Maya Georgieva
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • synthesis
  • in silico drug design
  • biotransformation
  • neurotoxicity and neuroprotection
  • in vitro and in vivo assay
  • heterocycles
  • drug analysis
  • ADMET

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

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18 pages, 2799 KiB  
Article
In Silico and Chromatographic Methods for Analysis of Biotransformation of Prospective Neuroprotective Pyrrole-Based Hydrazone in Isolated Rat Hepatocytes
by Alexandrina Mateeva, Magdalena Kondeva-Burdina, Emilio Mateev, Paraskev Nedialkov, Karolina Lyubomirova, Lily Peikova, Maya Georgieva and Alexander Zlatkov
Molecules 2024, 29(7), 1474; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29071474 - 26 Mar 2024
Viewed by 936
Abstract
In the current study, chromatographic and in silico techniques were applied to investigate the biotransformation of ethyl 5-(4-bromophenyl)-1-(2-(2-(2-hydroxybenzylidene) hydrazinyl)-2-oxoethyl)-2-methyl-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylate (11b) in hepatocytic media. The initial chromatographic procedure was based on the employment of the conventional octadecyl stationary phase method [...] Read more.
In the current study, chromatographic and in silico techniques were applied to investigate the biotransformation of ethyl 5-(4-bromophenyl)-1-(2-(2-(2-hydroxybenzylidene) hydrazinyl)-2-oxoethyl)-2-methyl-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylate (11b) in hepatocytic media. The initial chromatographic procedure was based on the employment of the conventional octadecyl stationary phase method for estimation of the chemical stability. Subsequently, a novel and rapid chromatographic approach based on a phenyl–hexyl column was developed, aiming to separate the possible metabolites. Both methods were performed on a Dionex 3000 ThermoScientific (ACM 2, Sofia, Bulgaria) device equipped with a diode array detector set up at 272 and 279 nm for analytes detection. An acetonitrile: phosphate buffer of pH 3.5: methanol (17:30:53 v/v/v) was eluted isocratically as a mobile phase with a 1 mL/min flow rate. A preliminary purification from the biological media was achieved by protein precipitation with methanol. A validation procedure was carried out, where the method was found to correspond to all ICH (Q2) and M10 set criteria. Additionally, an in silico-based approach with the online server BioTransformer 3.0 was applied in an attempt to predict the possible metabolites of the title compound 11b. It was hypothesized that four CYP450 isoforms (1A2, 2C9, 3A4, and 2C8) were involved in the phase I metabolism, resulting in the formation of 12 metabolites. Moreover, docking studies were conducted to evaluate the formation of stable complexes between 11b and the aforementioned isoforms. The obtained data indicated three metabolites as the most probable products, two of which (M9_11b and M10_11b) were synthesized by a classical approach for verification. Finally, liquid chromatography with a mass detector was implemented for comprehensive and summarized analysis, and the obtained results revealed that the metabolism of the 11b proceeds possibly with the formation of glucuronide and glycine conjugate of M11_11b. Full article
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Review

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30 pages, 6593 KiB  
Review
New Insights into the Development of Donepezil-Based Hybrid and Natural Molecules as Multi-Target Drug Agents for Alzheimer’s Disease Treatment
by Violina T. Angelova, Boris P. Stoyanov and Rumyana Simeonova
Molecules 2024, 29(22), 5314; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29225314 - 11 Nov 2024
Viewed by 979
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) involves a complex pathophysiology with multiple interconnected subpathologies, including protein aggregation, impaired neurotransmission, oxidative stress, and microglia-mediated neuroinflammation. Current treatments, which generally target a single subpathology, have failed to modify the disease’s progression, providing only temporary symptom relief. Multi-target drugs [...] Read more.
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) involves a complex pathophysiology with multiple interconnected subpathologies, including protein aggregation, impaired neurotransmission, oxidative stress, and microglia-mediated neuroinflammation. Current treatments, which generally target a single subpathology, have failed to modify the disease’s progression, providing only temporary symptom relief. Multi-target drugs (MTDs) address several subpathologies, including impaired aggregation of pathological proteins. In this review, we cover hybrid molecules published between 2014 and 2024. We offer an overview of the strategies employed in drug design and approaches that have led to notable improvements and reduced hepatotoxicity. Our aim is to offer insights into the potential development of new Alzheimer’s disease drugs. This overview highlights the potential of multi-target drugs featuring heterocycles with N-benzylpiperidine fragments and natural compounds in improving Alzheimer’s disease treatment. Full article
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