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A special issue of Molecules (ISSN 1420-3049). This special issue belongs to the section "Analytical Chemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2022) | Viewed by 21977

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Dr. Xuefei Mao

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Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
Interests: analytical chemistry; agri-food chemistry; rapid detection; elemental analysis; methodologies for agrometallomics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Xiaoyan Tang

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Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
Interests: lipid oxidation; processing; lipids; meat; fatty acids; food science

Dr. Jiukai Zhang

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Guest Editor

Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
Interests: food authentication; metabolomics; LC-MS; GC-MS
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Agriculture, dating back thousands of years in human history, is the process of cultivating and breeding animals, plants and fungi for food, medicine and industrial raw materials. Modern agricultural and food science aims to fulfil the growing demands of human beings, involving food and agricultural products, such as grain, vegetable, fruit, oilseed, tea, cotton, farmed animals, edible fungi, etc., and their by-products.

How does one measure contaminants such as pesticide residue, veterinary residue, heavy metals, mycotoxins, etc., nutrients such as proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins, etc., and sensory qualities such as flavor, appearance, taste, and feel? Analytical chemistry was, is and will be providing feasible technological approaches for food and agricultural products analysis, so as to facilitate agricultural production and food processing, and protect human health and safety.

In recent years, technological advancements such as atomic spectrometry, molecular spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, magnetic resonance, portable detection techniques, chemometrics, immunity-based and nanomaterial-based detection, and sample preparation and separation, etc., have provided many tools for us to detect known and unknown substances in food and agricultural products. This encouraged us to assemble advanced studies in this area into this Special Issue, entitled “Recent Advances in Food and Agricultural Products Analysis”.

Dr. Xuefei Mao
Dr. Xiaoyan Tang
Dr. Jiukai Zhang
Guest Editors

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Keywords

instrumental analysis
sample preparation
food authenticity
food safety
food quality
food chemometrics
rapid and screening detection

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Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

13 pages, 10982 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of the Differences in Volatile Organic Compounds in Different Muscles of Pork by GC-IMS

by Shengnan Duan, Xiaoyan Tang, Wusun Li and Xinyuan Huang

Molecules 2023, 28(4), 1726; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28041726 - 11 Feb 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2444

Abstract

As the main consumed meat of Chinese residents, pork has a unique flavor, but the internal volatile organic compounds that cause the flavor differences between pork muscles are not clear at present. In this study, four muscles of Duroc × (Landrace × Yorkshire) pigs (loin, ham, shoulder and belly) were used as experimental subjects. Through the analysis of volatile organic compounds in four muscles of pork, the internal volatile organic compounds of different muscles of pork were discussed. Gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry was employed to analyze the four muscles, and volatile organic compounds in these muscles were analyzed and identified. A total of 65 volatile organic compound peaks were obtained by gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry. From the qualitative database, a total of 49 volatile organic compounds were identified, including aldehydes, alcohols and ketones. With the variable importance for the projection greater than 1 and significance level less than 0.05 as the criterion, the organic compounds with significant differences were screened by partial least squares-discriminant analysis and significance difference analysis. It was determined that 2-pentylfuran, 2-butanone (M), pentanal (M), butanal (D), (E)-2-hexenal, (E)-2-heptenal (D), 1,2-propanediol and 2-methylpropanal were the differential organic compounds that distinguish the four pork muscles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Food and Agricultural Products Analysis)

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13 pages, 2118 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Changes in Arsenic Speciation in Wild Edible Fungi after Different Cooking Processes and Gastrointestinal Digestion

by Yang Liu, Shaozhan Chen, Qianyu Li and Liping Liu

Molecules 2023, 28(2), 603; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28020603 - 6 Jan 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1207

Abstract

Arsenic (As) is enriched in wild edible fungi, which is one of the main important sources of As in humans’ diet. In this study, two wild edible fungi were employed for investigation: (1) Pleurotus citrinopileatusone, which contains a high content of inorganic As (iAs) and (2) Agaricus blazei Murill, which contains a high content of organic As. This study investigated the changes in As content and its speciation after different daily cooking methods. We found that the content of As in Pleurotus citrinipileatus and Agaricus blazei Murill reduced by soaking plus stir-frying by 55.4% and 72.9%, respectively. The As content in Pleurotus citrinipileatus and Agaricus blazei Murill decreased by 79.4% and 93.4%, respectively, after soaking plus boiling. The content of As speciation in dried wild edible fungi reduced significantly after different treatments. Among them, iAs decreased by 31.9~88.3%, and organic As decreased by 33.3~95.3%. This study also investigated the bioaccessibility of As in edible fungi after different cooking processes via an in-vitro physiologically based extraction test (PBET). The results showed that the bioaccessibility of As was relatively high if the edible fungi were uncooked, boiled, or stir-fried. The gastric (G) bioaccessibility of As ranged from 51.7% to 93.0% and the gastrointestinal (GI) bioaccessibility of As ranged from 63.5% to 98.1%. Meanwhile, the bioaccessibility of inorganic As was found to be as high as 94.6% to 151%, which indicates that further evaluation of the potential health risks of wild edible fungi is necessary. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Food and Agricultural Products Analysis)

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15 pages, 2590 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Efficient Processing Strategy to Improve the Flavor Profile of Egg Yolk: Ozone-Mediated Oxidation

by Bao Chen, Yi Sun, Haobo Jin, Qi Wang, Zhe Li, Yongguo Jin and Long Sheng

Molecules 2023, 28(1), 124; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28010124 - 23 Dec 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2130

Abstract

This study investigated the effect of ozone treatment on egg yolk volatiles and fatty acids. The composition and content of volatile substances and the fatty acid content of the egg yolk were changed significantly after ozonation. With proper ozone treatment (30 min), the aldehyde content in the egg yolk increased from 78.08% to 94.63%, and the relative content of dibutyl amine decreased from 1.50% to 0.00%. There were no significant differences among the types of fatty acids in the egg yolks after being treated with ozone, but there were differences in their relative contents. The results of SDS-PAGE showed no significant difference in yolk protein composition and contents among the groups. SEM results showed that moderate ozone treatment (20 min and 30 min) led to a regular and dense network structure of egg yolk. These results provided a theoretical basis for expanding the application of ozone technology in the egg yolk processing industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Food and Agricultural Products Analysis)

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11 pages, 1471 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Solid Sampling Pyrolysis Adsorption-Desorption Thermal Conductivity Method for Rapid and Simultaneous Detection of N and S in Seafood

by Derong Shang, Wenyan Gu, Yuxiu Zhai, Jinsong Ning, Xuefei Mao, Xiaofeng Sheng, Yanfang Zhao, Haiyan Ding and Xuming Kang

Molecules 2022, 27(24), 8909; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27248909 - 15 Dec 2022

Viewed by 1316

Abstract

In this work, a rapid method for the simultaneous determination of N and S in seafood was established based on a solid sampling absorption-desorption system coupled with a thermal conductivity detector. This setup mainly includes a solid sampling system, a gas line unit for controlling high-purity oxygen and helium, a combustion and reduction furnace, a purification column system for moisture, halogen, SO₂, and CO₂, and a thermal conductivity detector. After two stages of purging with 20 s of He sweeping (250 mL/min), N₂ residue in the sample-containing chamber can be reduced to <0.01% to improve the device’s analytical sensitivity and precision. Herein, 100 s of heating at 900 °C was chosen as the optimized decomposition condition. After the generated SO₂, H₂O, and CO₂ were absorbed by the adsorption column in turn, the purification process executed the vaporization of the N-containing analyte, and then N₂ was detected by the thermal conductivity cell for the quantification of N. Subsequently, the adsorbed SO₂ was released after heating the SO₂ adsorption column and then transported to the thermal conductivity cell for the detection and quantification of S. After the instrumental optimization, the linear range was 2.0–100 mg and the correlation coefficient (R) was more than 0.999. The limit of detection (LOD) for N was 0.66 μg and the R was less than 4.0%, while the recovery rate ranged from 95.33 to 102.8%. At the same time, the LOD for S was 2.29 μg and the R was less than 6.0%, while the recovery rate ranged from 92.26 to 105.5%. The method was validated using certified reference materials (CRMs) and the measured N and S concentrations agreed with the certified values. The method indicated good accuracy and precision for the simultaneous detection of N and S in seafood samples. The total time of analysis was less than 6 min without the sample preparation process, fulfilling the fast detection of N and S in seafood. The establishment of this method filled the blank space in the area of the simultaneous and rapid determination of N and S in aquatic product solids. Thus, it provided technical support effectively to the requirements of risk assessment and detection in cases where supervision inspection was time-dependent. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Food and Agricultural Products Analysis)

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13 pages, 1971 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rapid, Simultaneous, and Automatic Determination of Lead and Cadmium in Cereals with a New High Performance Composite Hollow Cathode Lamp Coupled to Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

by Yanxiang Wu, Songxue Wang, Weibing Cui, Wei Tian, Jieqiong Zhang, Xi Chen and Minghui Zhou

Molecules 2022, 27(23), 8571; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27238571 - 5 Dec 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1803

Abstract

A simple, rapid, sensitive, accurate, and automatic graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) method for detecting Cd and Pb in cereals is presented. This method enables the simultaneous determination of Cd and Pb in cereals with a pre-treatment method of diluted acid extraction and a high-performance lead–cadmium composite hollow-cathode lamp (LCC-HCL), and it realizes automatic determination from sample weighing to result output through an automatic diluted acid extraction system. Under the optimization, Pb and Cd in cereals were simultaneously and automatically detected in up to 240 measurements in 8 h. The LOD and LOQ of this method were 0.012 and 0.040 mg·kg⁻¹ for Pb, and 0.0014 and 0.0047 mg·kg⁻¹ for Cd, respectively. The results of the four certified reference materials were satisfied; there was no significant difference compared with the ICP-MS method according to a t-test, and the RSDs were less than 5% for Cd and Pb. The recoveries of naturally contaminated samples compared with the ICP-MS method were favorable, with 80–110% in eight laboratories. The developed method is rapid, low-cost, and highly automated and may be a good choice for grain quality discrimination and rapid analysis of Cd and Pb in different institutions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Food and Agricultural Products Analysis)

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11 pages, 1539 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fast and Sensitive Determination of Cadmium and Selenium in Rice by Direct Sampling Electrothermal Vaporization Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry

by Guanyu Lan, Xue Li, Hongyu Jia, Xiaofeng Yu, Zhaohui Wang, Jijun Yao and Xuefei Mao

Molecules 2022, 27(23), 8176; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27238176 - 24 Nov 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2129

Abstract

In this work, a direct solid sampling device based on modified graphite furnace electrothermal vaporization (GF-ETV) with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was established for the simultaneous detection of trace selenium and cadmium in rice samples. A bypass gas was first designed in GF-ETV to improve the device’s analytical sensitivity and precision. The ashing and vaporization conditions, the flow rates of the Ar carrier and the bypass gases of ICP-MS were all investigated. Under the optimized conditions, the limits of detection (LODs) for Se and Cd were 0.5 μg kg⁻¹ and 0.16 μg kg⁻¹, respectively; the relative standard deviations (RSDs) of repeated measurements were within 8% (n = 6). The recoveries of Cd and Se in rice samples were in the range of 89–112% compared with the microwave digestion ICP-MS method, indicating good accuracy and precision for the simultaneous detection of Se and Cd in rice matrix. The whole analysis time is <3 min without the sample digestion process, fulfilling the fast detection of Se and Cd in rice samples to protect food safety. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Food and Agricultural Products Analysis)

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12 pages, 1497 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Systematical Ingredient Investigations of Ficus tikoua Bur. Fruit and Immunoregulatory and Antioxidant Effects of Different Fractions

by Yu Gong, Wei Luo, Hulan Chen, Bo Ren, Weicheng Hu and Limei Li

Molecules 2022, 27(20), 6880; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27206880 - 14 Oct 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1978

Abstract

Although the fruit of Ficus tikoua Bur. has been consumed by montanic people in China for centuries, its chemical and biological composition was still unclear. A series of comprehensive investigations on its chemical constituents and bioactivities were carried out for the first time. As a result, six compounds were isolated and identified as the main components in this fruit. GC–MS analysis of the lipid components demonstrated that Ficus tikoua Bur. fruit contains some wholesome constituents such as fatty acids, vitamins, triterpenoids, and phytosterols. The fatty acids are mainly composed of linolenic acid (61.27%) and linoleic acid (22.79%). Furthermore, this fruit contains a relative high content of crude protein (9.41 ± 0.03%), total amino acids (9.28%), and total polyphenols (0.86 ± 0.01 g/100 g). The analysis of monosaccharide composition showed that the total polysaccharide mainly consists of glucose, glucuronic acid, xylose, arabinose, mannose, galactose, galacturonic acid, and rhamnose. The polysaccharide, polyphenol, water, ethanol, and flavonoid extracts exhibited prominent antioxidant activity determined by ABTS, DPPH, and FRAPS methods. Meanwhile, the total polysaccharide exhibited significant immunomodulatory effect by enhancing the release of cytokines and expression of iNOS and COX-2 in RAW264.7 cells, significantly decreasing the expression of c-Jun and p65 proteins in the cytoplasm; increasing the translocation of c-Jun and p65 to the nucleus; and regulating the phosphorylation level of Akt, PI3K, and PDK1 in the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. This study proved that the fruit of F. tikoua is a reliable source of functional food. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Food and Agricultural Products Analysis)

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12 pages, 2106 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fast Detection of Cadmium in Chocolate by Solid Sampling Electrothermal Vaporization Atomic Absorption Spectrometry and Its Application on Dietary Exposure Risk Assessment

by Hongyu Jia, Xue Li, Guanyu Lan, Zhaohui Wang, Li Feng and Xuefei Mao

Molecules 2022, 27(19), 6197; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196197 - 21 Sep 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2224

Abstract

In this work, a rapid detection method using solid sampling electrothermal vaporization atomic absorption spectrometry (SS-ETV-AAS) was established for cadmium in chocolate. The instrumental system includes a solid sampling ETV unit, a catalytic pyrolysis furnace, an AAS detector, and a gas supply system with only an air pump and a hydrogen generator. Herein, MgO material with 1.0–1.5 mm particle size was first employed to replace the kaolin filler previously used to further shorten the peak width and to thereby improve the sensitivity. With 350 mL/min of air, a chocolate sample was heated for 25 s from 435 to 464 °C to remove water and organic matrices; then, after supplying 240 mL/min hydrogen and turning down air to 120 mL/min, a N₂/H₂ mixture gas was formed to accelerate Cd vaporization from chocolate residue under 465 to 765 °C. Under the optimized conditions, the detection limit (LOD) was obviously lowered to 70 pg/g (vs. previous 150 pg/g) with R² > 0.999; the relative standard deviations (RSD) of repeated measurements for real chocolate samples ranged from 1.5% to 6.4%, indicating a favorable precision; and the Cd recoveries were in the range of 93–107%, proving a satisfied accuracy. Thus, the total analysis time is less than 3 min without the sample digestion process. Thereafter, 78 chocolate samples with different brands from 9 producing countries in China market were collected and measured by this proposed method. Based on the measured Cd concentrations, a dietary exposure assessment was performed for Chinese residents, and the target hazard quotient (THQ) values are all less than 1, proving no significant health risk from intaking chocolate cadmium for Chinese residents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Food and Agricultural Products Analysis)

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12 pages, 2593 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Risk Assessment of Triflumezopyrim and Imidacloprid in Rice through an Evaluation of Residual Data

by Yue Zhang, Meiran Wang, Thiphavanh Silipunyo, Haizhu Huang, Qingchun Yin, Bingjun Han and Mingyue Wang

Molecules 2022, 27(17), 5685; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27175685 - 3 Sep 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1962

Abstract

Triflumezopyrim, a novel mesoionic insecticide used to control planthoppers, is a potential substitute for imidacloprid. In this study, triflumezopyrim and imidacloprid residues in rice were determined using a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe procedure combined with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. The limit of quantification of both triflumezopyrim and imidacloprid was 0.01 mg kg⁻¹, and the average recovery values were 94–104% and 91–106%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 1.1–1.4% and 2.1–3.4% (n = 5), respectively. The consumer protection level was assessed by calculating the theoretical maximum daily intake using the reported maximum residue limits of triflumezopyrim and imidacloprid. The established method was successfully applied to 200 commercial rice samples collected from four provinces in China, and their potential public health risks were assessed using triflumezopyrim and imidacloprid residues. The risk associated with triflumezopyrim and imidacloprid dietary intake was assessed by calculating the national estimated short-term intake and the acute reference dose percentage (%ARfD). The results show that the theoretical maximum daily intake (NEDI) values of triflumezopyrim and imidacloprid in different age and gender groups were 0.219–0.543 and 0.377–0.935 μg kg⁻¹ d⁻¹ bw, and the risk quotient (RQ) values were 0.188–0.467% and 0.365–0.906%, respectively. The acute reference dose (%ARfD) of triflumezopyrim and imidaclopridin ranged from 0.615 to 0.998% and from 0.481 to 0.780%, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Food and Agricultural Products Analysis)

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10 pages, 635 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Residue and Risk Assessment of Fluopyram in Carrot Tissues

by Yiyue Yang, Ming Yang, Tong Zhao, Lingyi Pan, Li Jia and Lufei Zheng

Molecules 2022, 27(17), 5544; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27175544 - 29 Aug 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1932

Abstract

This study describes the variation in residue behavior of fluopyram in soil, carrot root, and carrot leaf samples after the application of fluopyram (41.7% suspension, Bayer) by foliar spray or root irrigation at the standard of 250.00 g active ingredient per hectare (a.i./ha) and double-dose treatment (500.00 g a.i./ha). Fluopyram and its metabolite fluopyram-benzamide were extracted and cleaned up using the QuEChERS method and subsequently quantified with LC-QQQ-MS/MS. The LOD and LOQ of the developed method were in the range of 0.05–2.65 ug/kg and 0.16–8.82 ug/kg, respectively. After root irrigation, the final residues detected in edible parts were 0.60 and 1.80 mg/kg, respectively, when 250.00 and 500.00 g a.i./ha were applied, which is much higher than the maximum residue limit in China (0.40 mg/kg). In contrast, after spray application, most of the fluopyram dissipated from the surface of carrot leaves, and the final residues in carrot roots were both only 0.05 mg/kg. Dietary risk assessments revealed a 23–40% risk quotient for the root irrigation method, which was higher than that for the foliar spray method (8–14%). This is the first report comparing the residue behavior of fluopyram applied by root irrigation and foliar spray. This study demonstrates the difference in risk associated with the two application methods and can serve as a reference for the safe application of fluopyram. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Food and Agricultural Products Analysis)

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13 pages, 303 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of Certified Reference Materials for the Determination of Apparent Amylose Content in Rice

by Yafang Shao, Dawei Zhu, Jing Yu, Changyun Fang, Renxiang Mou, Xianqiao Hu, Zhiwei Zhu and Mingxue Chen

Molecules 2022, 27(14), 4647; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27144647 - 21 Jul 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2064

Abstract

Apparent amylose content (AAC) is one of the most important parameters in rice quality evaluation. In this study, four rice reference materials used to test rice AAC were developed. The AAC of rice reference materials were measured by a spectrophotometric method with a defatting procedure, calibrated from potato amylose and waxy rice amylopectin at the absorption wavelengths of 620 and 720 nm. Homogeneity test (n = 20) was judged by F-test based on the mean squares of among and within bottles, and short- and long-term stability monitoring was performed by T-test to check if there was significant degradation at the delivery temperature of under 40 °C (14 days) and at 0–4 °C storage condition (18 months), respectively. After joint evaluation by ten laboratories, Dixion and Cochran statistical analyses were presented. The expanded uncertainties were calculated based on the uncertainty of homogeneity, short- and long-term stability, and inter-laboratory validation containing factor k = 2. It found that the four reference materials were homogenous and stable, and had the AAC (g/100 g, k = 2) of 2.96 ± 1.01, 10.68 ± 0.66, 17.18 ± 1.04, and 16.09 ± 1.29, respectively, at 620 nm, and 1.46 ± 0.49, 10.44 ± 0.56, 16.82 ± 0.75, and 24.33 ± 0.52, respectively, at 720 nm. It was indicated that 720 nm was more suitable for the determination of rice AAC with lower uncertainties. The determinations of the AAC of 11 rice varieties were carried out by two methods, the method without defatting and with calibration from the four rice reference materials and the method with a defatting procedure and calibrating from potato amylose and waxy rice amylopectin. It confirmed that the undefatted rice reference materials could achieve satisfactory results to test the rice samples with the AAC ranging from 1 to 25 g/100 g. It would greatly reduce the time cost and improve testing efficiency and applicability, and provide technical support for the high-quality development of the rice industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Food and Agricultural Products Analysis)

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