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Molecules
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Functional Roles of Protein O-Glycosylation
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Functional Roles of Protein O-Glycosylation

A special issue of Molecules (ISSN 1420-3049). This special issue belongs to the section "Chemical Biology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 September 2018) | Viewed by 40023

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Franz-Georg Hanisch

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Biochemistry II, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 52, 50931 Köln, Germany
Interests: mucin-type O-glycosylation; O-glycoproteins; mucins; MUC1; cancer; innate immunity; galactosemia; glycomics; (glyco)proteomics; mass spectrometry
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Isabelle Breloy

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department Natural Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, D-53359 Rheinbach, Germany
Interests: glycoanalysis; O-mannosylation; O-glycans; LacdiNac; proteomics; glycomics

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Complex glycosylation of proteins comprizing O- and N-linked glycan chains represents a high-impact topic in current biological research and, in particular, in human life sciences. In this Special Issue, we undertake the attempt to collect contributions that cover at least part of this huge and still-growing field by restriction to the functional roles of protein O-glycosylation. No focus on a particular subtype is envisaged, e.g., the abundant mucin-type forms (O-GalNAc) or the more rare types of O-glycosylation, such as O-Man, O-Fuc, or O-Glc. Mucin-type O-glycans on mucins or mucin-like glycoproteins express ABH and Lewis blood group antigens on epithelia with impact in cancer diagnosis or as entry targets in microbial infection. Functional aspects of other types of O-glycosylation were revealed in congenital disorders of glycosylation (dystro glycanopathies) and in epithelial cell adhesion mediated by E-cadherin (O-Man). In addition to the well established involvement of O-Fuc glycosylation in notch signaling, the terminal LacdiNAc modification of extracellular matrix glycoproteins might play roles in the regulatory control of stem cell renewal.  

Prof. Dr. Franz-Georg Hanisch
Dr. Isabelle Breloy
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • O-glycosylation
  • membrane organization
  • cellular trafficking
  • cell-cell binding
  • cell-matrix binding
  • innate immunity
  • immunology
  • cancer

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review, Other

3 pages, 159 KiB  
Editorial
Functional Roles of O-Glycosylation
by Isabelle Breloy and Franz-Georg Hanisch
Molecules 2018, 23(12), 3063; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23123063 - 23 Nov 2018
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3347
Abstract
O-Glycosylation in general has impact on a diversity of biological processes covering cellular aspects (targeted transport of glycoproteins), molecular aspects (protein conformation, resistance to proteolysis), and aspects involved in cellular communication (cell-cell and cell-matrix interaction). [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Roles of Protein O-Glycosylation)

Research

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12 pages, 3384 KiB  
Article
Multicellular Human Gastric Cancer Spheroids Mimic the Glycosylation Phenotype of Gastric Carcinomas
by Meritxell Balmaña, Stefan Mereiter, Francisca Diniz, Tália Feijão, Cristina C. Barrias and Celso A. Reis
Molecules 2018, 23(11), 2815; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23112815 - 30 Oct 2018
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 5128
Abstract
Cellular glycosylation plays a pivotal role in several molecular mechanisms controlling cell–cell recognition, communication, and adhesion. Thus, aberrant glycosylation has a major impact on the acquisition of malignant features in the tumor progression of patients. To mimic these in vivo features, an innovative [...] Read more.
Cellular glycosylation plays a pivotal role in several molecular mechanisms controlling cell–cell recognition, communication, and adhesion. Thus, aberrant glycosylation has a major impact on the acquisition of malignant features in the tumor progression of patients. To mimic these in vivo features, an innovative high-throughput 3D spheroid culture methodology has been developed for gastric cancer cells. The assessment of cancer cell spheroids’ physical characteristics, such as size, morphology and solidity, as well as the impact of glycosylation inhibitors on spheroid formation was performed applying automated image analysis. A detailed evaluation of key glycans and glycoproteins displayed by the gastric cancer spheroids and their counterpart cells cultured under conventional 2D conditions was performed. Our results show that, by applying 3D cell culture approaches, the model cell lines represented the differentiation features observed in the original tumors and the cellular glycocalix underwent striking changes, displaying increased expression of cancer-associated glycan antigens and mucin MUC1, ultimately better simulating the glycosylation phenotype of the gastric tumor. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Roles of Protein O-Glycosylation)
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15 pages, 2146 KiB  
Article
Monitoring Protein Dynamics in Protein O-Mannosyltransferase Mutants In Vivo by Tandem Fluorescent Protein Timers
by Joan Castells-Ballester, Ewa Zatorska, Matthias Meurer, Patrick Neubert, Anke Metschies, Michael Knop and Sabine Strahl
Molecules 2018, 23(10), 2622; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23102622 - 12 Oct 2018
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4568
Abstract
For proteins entering the secretory pathway, a major factor contributing to maturation and homeostasis is glycosylation. One relevant type of protein glycosylation is O-mannosylation, which is essential and evolutionarily-conserved in fungi, animals, and humans. Our recent proteome-wide study in the eukaryotic model [...] Read more.
For proteins entering the secretory pathway, a major factor contributing to maturation and homeostasis is glycosylation. One relevant type of protein glycosylation is O-mannosylation, which is essential and evolutionarily-conserved in fungi, animals, and humans. Our recent proteome-wide study in the eukaryotic model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae revealed that more than 26% of all proteins entering the secretory pathway receive O-mannosyl glycans. In a first attempt to understand the impact of O-mannosylation on these proteins, we took advantage of a tandem fluorescent timer (tFT) reporter to monitor different aspects of protein dynamics. We analyzed tFT-reporter fusions of 137 unique O-mannosylated proteins, mainly of the secretory pathway and the plasma membrane, in mutants lacking the major protein O-mannosyltransferases Pmt1, Pmt2, or Pmt4. In these three pmtΔ mutants, a total of 39 individual proteins were clearly affected, and Pmt-specific substrate proteins could be identified. We observed that O-mannosylation may cause both enhanced and diminished protein abundance and/or stability when compromised, and verified our findings on the examples of Axl2-tFT and Kre6-tFT fusion proteins. The identified target proteins are a valuable resource towards unraveling the multiple functions of O-mannosylation at the molecular level. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Roles of Protein O-Glycosylation)
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14 pages, 3639 KiB  
Communication
Structural Divergence in O-GlcNAc Glycans Displayed on Epidermal Growth Factor-like Repeats of Mammalian Notch1
by Mitsutaka Ogawa, Yuya Senoo, Kazutaka Ikeda, Hideyuki Takeuchi and Tetsuya Okajima
Molecules 2018, 23(7), 1745; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23071745 - 17 Jul 2018
Cited by 31 | Viewed by 4321
Abstract
Extracellular O-GlcNAc is a novel class of modification catalyzed by epidermal growth factor-like (EGF)-domain specific O-GlcNAc transferase (EOGT). In mammals, EOGT is required for ligand-mediated Notch signaling for vascular development. Previous studies have revealed that O-GlcNAc in mammalian cultured cells [...] Read more.
Extracellular O-GlcNAc is a novel class of modification catalyzed by epidermal growth factor-like (EGF)-domain specific O-GlcNAc transferase (EOGT). In mammals, EOGT is required for ligand-mediated Notch signaling for vascular development. Previous studies have revealed that O-GlcNAc in mammalian cultured cells is subject to subsequent glycosylation, which may impose additional layers of regulation. This study aimed to analyze the O-GlcNAc glycans of Drosophila EGF20 as model substrates and mouse Notch1 EGF repeats by mass-spectrometry. The analysis of Drosophila EGF20 expressed in HEK293T cells revealed that the majority of the proteins are modified with an elongated form of O-GlcNAc glycan comprising terminal galactose or sialic acid residues. In contrast, recombinant Notch1 EGF repeats isolated from HEK293T cells revealed structural divergence of O-GlcNAc glycans among the different EGF domains. Although the majority of Notch1 EGF2 and EGF20 domains contained the extended forms of the glycan, the O-GlcNAc in many other domains mostly existed as a monosaccharide irrespective of the exogenous EOGT expression. Our results raised a hypothesis that an array of O-GlcNAc monosaccharides may impact the structure and function of Notch receptors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Roles of Protein O-Glycosylation)
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16 pages, 2738 KiB  
Article
O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Transiently Elevates in HeLa Cells during Mitosis
by Viktória Fisi, Emese Kátai, József Orbán, Silvia Dossena, Attila Miseta and Tamás Nagy
Molecules 2018, 23(6), 1275; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23061275 - 26 May 2018
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 5626
Abstract
O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a dynamic post-translational modification of serine and threonine residues on nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins. O-GlcNAc modification influences many cellular mechanisms, including carbohydrate metabolism, signal transduction and protein degradation. Multiple studies also showed that cell [...] Read more.
O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a dynamic post-translational modification of serine and threonine residues on nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins. O-GlcNAc modification influences many cellular mechanisms, including carbohydrate metabolism, signal transduction and protein degradation. Multiple studies also showed that cell cycle might be modulated by O-GlcNAc. Although the role of O-GlcNAc in the regulation of some cell cycle processes such as mitotic spindle organization or histone phosphorylation is well established, the general behaviour of O-GlcNAc regulation during cell cycle is still controversial. In this study, we analysed the dynamic changes of overall O-GlcNAc levels in HeLa cells using double thymidine block. O-GlcNAc levels in G1, S, G2 and M phase were measured. We observed that O-GlcNAc levels are significantly increased during mitosis in comparison to the other cell cycle phases. However, this change could only be detected when mitotic cells were enriched by harvesting round shaped cells from the G2/M fraction of the synchronized cells. Our data verify that O-GlcNAc is elevated during mitosis, but also emphasize that O-GlcNAc levels can significantly change in a short period of time. Thus, selection and collection of cells at specific cell-cycle checkpoints is a challenging, but necessary requirement for O-GlcNAc studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Roles of Protein O-Glycosylation)
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Review

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15 pages, 1827 KiB  
Review
‘O-GlcNAc Code’ Mediated Biological Functions of Downstream Proteins
by Linhong Zhao, Junaid Ali Shah, Yong Cai and Jingji Jin
Molecules 2018, 23(8), 1967; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23081967 - 6 Aug 2018
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 5545
Abstract
As one of the post-translational modifications, O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification (O-GlcNAcylation) often occurs on serine (Ser) and threonine (Thr) residues of specific substrate cellular proteins via the addition of O-GlcNAc group by O-GlcNAc transferase [...] Read more.
As one of the post-translational modifications, O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification (O-GlcNAcylation) often occurs on serine (Ser) and threonine (Thr) residues of specific substrate cellular proteins via the addition of O-GlcNAc group by O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT). Maintenance of normal intracellular levels of O-GlcNAcylation is controlled by OGT and glycoside hydrolase O-GlcNAcase (OGA). Unbalanced O-GlcNAcylation levels have been involved in many diseases, including diabetes, cancer, and neurodegenerative disease. Recent research data reveal that O-GlcNAcylation at histones or non-histone proteins may provide recognition platforms for subsequent protein recruitment and further initiate intracellular biological processes. Here, we review the current understanding of the ‘O-GlcNAc code’ mediated intracellular biological functions of downstream proteins. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Roles of Protein O-Glycosylation)
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Other

22 pages, 3036 KiB  
Perspective
The Many Ways by Which O-GlcNAcylation May Orchestrate the Diversity of Complex Glycosylations
by James Biwi, Christophe Biot, Yann Guerardel, Anne-Sophie Vercoutter-Edouart and Tony Lefebvre
Molecules 2018, 23(11), 2858; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23112858 - 2 Nov 2018
Cited by 35 | Viewed by 10655
Abstract
Unlike complex glycosylations, O-GlcNAcylation consists of the addition of a single N-acetylglucosamine unit to serine and threonine residues of target proteins, and is confined within the nucleocytoplasmic and mitochondrial compartments. Nevertheless, a number of clues tend to show that O-GlcNAcylation [...] Read more.
Unlike complex glycosylations, O-GlcNAcylation consists of the addition of a single N-acetylglucosamine unit to serine and threonine residues of target proteins, and is confined within the nucleocytoplasmic and mitochondrial compartments. Nevertheless, a number of clues tend to show that O-GlcNAcylation is a pivotal regulatory element of its complex counterparts. In this perspective, we gather the evidence reported to date regarding this connection. We propose different levels of regulation that encompass the competition for the nucleotide sugar UDP-GlcNAc, and that control the wide class of glycosylation enzymes via their expression, catalytic activity, and trafficking. We sought to better envision that nutrient fluxes control the elaboration of glycans, not only at the level of their structure composition, but also through sweet regulating actors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Roles of Protein O-Glycosylation)
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