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A special issue of Nanomaterials (ISSN 2079-4991). This special issue belongs to the section "Synthesis, Interfaces and Nanostructures".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 July 2024) | Viewed by 18835

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Dr. Yannick Guari

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ICGM, Université Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34095 Montpellier, France
Interests: coordination chemistry; nanostructures and nanochemistry; metal-based molecular materials
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Dear Colleagues,

Porous nanomaterials are defined as those with pore sizes less than 100 nm. Porous materials are of scientific and technological importance due to their excellent functional and structural characteristics. They are lightweight materials with low bulk density, high surface area, low thermal conductivity, good permeability, energy management applications, noise attenuation, vibration suppression, and other characteristics. In recent years, there has been an increasing interest and research work in the synthesis, characterization, functionalization, molecular modeling, and design of nanoporous materials. Porous nanomaterials are increasingly used in many fields, such as (bio)sensors, drug delivery, gas separation, energy storage, fuel cell technology, nanocatalysis and photonics.

This special issue aims to collect papers on new advances or breakthroughs in the design, synthesis, properties and applications of porous nanomaterials. We welcome outstanding researchers from all over the world to submit their latest, original and creative works to the journal before the submission deadline.

Dr. Yannick Guari
Guest Editor

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Keywords

porous nanomaterials
MOFs
sensors
drug delivery
gas separation
energy storage
fuel cell
nanocatalysis
photonics

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Published Papers (11 papers)

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Editorial

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10 pages, 277 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Advanced Porous Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications

by Yannick Guari

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(19), 1602; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14191602 - 3 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1323

Abstract

Porous nanomaterials have emerged as one of the most versatile and valuable classes of materials, captivating the attention of both scientists and engineers due to their exceptional functional and structural properties [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Porous Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties, and Application)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

15 pages, 4359 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Slurry Stability and Surface Flatness of Silicon Wafers through Organic Amine-Catalyzed Synthesis Silica Sol

by Yi Xing, Weilei Wang, Weili Liu and Zhitang Song

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(16), 1371; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14161371 - 22 Aug 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1184

Abstract

The stability of slurries used for chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) is a crucial concern in industrial chip production, influencing both the quality and cost-effectiveness of polishing fluids. In silicon wafer polishing, the conventional use of commercial neutral silica sol combined with organic bases often leads to slurry instability. To address this issue, this study proposes organic amines—specifically ethanolamine (MEA), ethylenediamine (EDA), and tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAOH)—as catalysts for synthesizing alkaline silica sol tailored for silicon wafer polishing fluids. Sol–gel experiments and zeta potential measurements demonstrate the efficacy of this approach in enhancing the stability of silica sol. The quantitative analysis of surface hydroxyl groups reveals a direct correlation between enhanced stability and increased hydroxyl content. The application of the alkaline silica sol in silicon wafer polishing fluids improves polishing rates and enhances surface flatness according to atomic force microscopy (AFM). In addition, electrochemical experiments validate the capability of this polishing solution to mitigate corrosion on silicon wafer surfaces. These findings hold significant implications for the advancement of chemical mechanical polishing techniques in the field of integrated circuit fabrication. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Porous Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties, and Application)

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16 pages, 5763 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sodium Alginate/UiO-66-NH₂ Nanocomposite for Phosphate Removal

by Xiaohang Lin, Yuzhu Xiong and Fuping Dong

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(14), 1176; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14141176 - 10 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1105

Abstract

Environmental pollution of phosphorus is becoming increasingly concerning, and phosphate removal from water has become an important issue for controlling eutrophication. Modified metal–organic framework (MOF) materials, such as UiO-66-NH₂, are promising adsorbents for phosphate removal in aquatic environments due to their high specific surface area, high porosity, and open active metal sites. In this study, a millimeter-sized alginate/UiO-66-NH₂ composite hydrogel modified by polyethyleneimine (UiO-66-NH₂/SA@PEI) was prepared. The entrapping of UiO-66-NH₂ in the alginate microspheres and its modification with PEI facilitate easy separation in addition to enhanced adsorption properties. The materials were characterized by SEM, FTIR, XRD, and BET. Static, dynamic, and cyclic adsorption experiments were conducted under different pH, temperature, adsorbent dosage, and initial concentration conditions to assess the phosphate adsorption ability of UiO-66-NH₂/SA@PEI. Under optimal conditions of 65 °C and pH = 2, 0.05 g UiO-66-NH₂/SA@PEI adsorbed 68.75 mg/g, and the adsorption rate remained at 99% after five cycles of UiO-66-NH₂/SA@PEI. These results suggest that UiO-66-NH₂/SA@PEI composite materials can be used as an effective adsorbent for phosphate removal from wastewater. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Porous Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties, and Application)

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18 pages, 3322 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Protocrystallinity of Monodispersed Ultra-Small Templated Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles

by Laurent Bonneviot, Belén Albela, Feifei Gao, Pascal Perriat, Thierry Epicier and Mohamad El Eter

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(12), 1052; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14121052 - 19 Jun 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 954

Abstract

Monodisperse and semi-faceted ultra-small templated mesoporous silica nanoparticles (US-MSNs) of 20–25 nm were synthesized using short-time hydrolysis of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) at room temperature, followed by a dilution for nucleation quenching. According to dynamic light scattering (DLS), a two-step pH adjustment was necessary for growth termination and colloidal stabilization. The pore size was controlled by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), and a tiny amount of neutral surfactant F127 was added to minimize the coalescence between US-MSNs and to favor the transition towards internal ordering. Flocculation eventually occurred, allowing us to harvest a powder by centrifugation (~60% silica yield after one month). Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and 3D high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (3D HR-TEM) images revealed that the US-MSNs are partially ordered. The 2D FT transform images provide evidence for the coexistence of four-, five-, and sixfold patterns characterizing an “on-the-edge” crystallization step between amorphous raspberry and hexagonal pore array morphologies, typical of a protocrystalline state. Calcination preserved this state and yielded a powder characterized by packing, developing a hierarchical porosity centered at 3.9 ± 0.2 (internal pores) and 68 ± 7 nm (packing voids) of high potential for support for separation and catalysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Porous Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties, and Application)

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14 pages, 10988 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Nanoporous Molecular Sieves TS-1 on Electrical Properties of Crosslinked Polyethylene Nanocomposites

by Lirui Shi, Chong Zhang, Zhaoliang Xing, Yuanyi Kang, Weihua Han, Meng Xin and Chuncheng Hao

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(11), 985; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14110985 - 6 Jun 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 882

Abstract

Crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE) is an important polyethylene modification material which is widely used in high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission systems. Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) was used as a matrix to improve the thermal and electrical properties of XLPE composites through the synergistic effect of a crosslinking agent and nanopore structure molecular sieve, TS-1. It was found that the electrical and thermal properties of the matrices were different due to the crosslinking degree and crosslinking efficiency, and the introduction of TS-1 enhanced the dielectric constants of the two matrices to 2.53 and 2.54, and the direct current (DC) resistivities were increased to 3 × 10¹² and 4 × 10¹² Ω·m, with the enhancement of the thermal conductivity at different temperatures. As the applied voltage increases, the DC breakdown field strength is enhanced from 318 to 363 kV/mm and 330 to 356 kV/mm. The unique nanopore structure of TS-1 itself can inhibit the injection and accumulation in the internal space of crosslinked polyethylene composites, and the pore size effect of the filler can limit the development of electron impact ionization, inhibit the electron avalanche breakdown, and improve the strength of the external applied electric field (breakdown field) that TS-1/XLPE nanocomposites can withstand. This provides a new method for the preparation of nanocomposite insulating dielectric materials for HVDC transmission systems with better performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Porous Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties, and Application)

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14 pages, 3453 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Hydrophilic/Hydrophobic Balance of 13X Zeolite by Adsorption of Water, Methanol, and Cyclohexane as Pure Vapors or as Mixtures

by Meryem Saidi, François Bihl, Olinda Gimello, Benoit Louis, Anne-Cécile Roger, Philippe Trens and Fabrice Salles

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(2), 213; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14020213 - 18 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1661

Abstract

Adsorption isotherms of pure vapors and vapor mixtures of water, methanol, and cyclohexane were studied using a synthesized 13X zeolite (FAU topology), by means of a DVS gravimetric vapor analyzer. These results were validated by GCMC calculations. The surface chemistry of the adsorbent was characterized by the thermodesorption of ammonia, and its textural properties were studied using nitrogen physisorption. The 13X zeolite was found to be strongly acidic (BrØnsted acid sites, Si/Al = 1.3) and its specific surface area around 1100 m²·g⁻¹. Water was found to be able to diffuse within both the supercages and the sodalite cavities of the FAU structure, whereas methanol and cyclohexane were confined in the supercages only. The water/methanol sorption selectivity of the 13X zeolite was demonstrated by co-adsorption measurements. The composition of the water/methanol adsorbed phase could be calculated by assuming IAST hypotheses. This model failed in the case of the water/cyclohexane co-adsorption system, which is in line with the non-miscibility of the components in the adsorbed state. The sorption isotherms could be successfully simulated, confirming the robustness of the forcefields used. The 13X zeolite confirmed its a priori expected hydrophilic nature, which is useful for the selective adsorption of water in a methanol–water vapor mixture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Porous Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties, and Application)

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16 pages, 4410 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Upscale Synthesis of Magnetic Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles and Application to Metal Ion Separation: Nanosafety Evaluation

by Mathilde Ménard, Lamiaa M. A. Ali, Ani Vardanyan, Clarence Charnay, Laurence Raehm, Frédérique Cunin, Aurélie Bessière, Erwan Oliviero, Theodossis A. Theodossiou, Gulaim A. Seisenbaeva, Magali Gary-Bobo and Jean-Olivier Durand

Nanomaterials 2023, 13(24), 3155; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13243155 - 16 Dec 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1436

Abstract

The synthesis of core–shell magnetic mesoporous nanoparticles (MMSNs) through a phase transfer process is usually performed at the 100–250 mg scale. At the gram scale, nanoparticles without cores or with multicore systems are observed. Iron oxide core nanoparticles (IO) were synthesized through a thermal decomposition procedure of α-FeO(OH) in oleic acid. A phase transfer from chloroform to water was then performed in order to wrap the IO nanoparticles with a mesoporous silica shell through the sol–gel procedure. MMSNs were then functionalized with DTPA (diethylenetriaminepentacetic acid) and used for the separation of metal ions. Their toxicity was evaluated. The phase transfer procedure was crucial to obtaining MMSNs on a large scale. Three synthesis parameters were rigorously controlled: temperature, time and glassware. The homogeneous dispersion of MMSNs on the gram scale was successfully obtained. After functionalization with DTPA, the MMSN-DTPAs were shown to have a strong affinity for Ni ions. Furthermore, toxicity was evaluated in cells, zebrafish and seahorse cell metabolic assays, and the nanoparticles were found to be nontoxic. We developed a method of preparing MMSNs at the gram scale. After functionalization with DTPA, the nanoparticles were efficient in metal ion removal and separation; furthermore, no toxicity was noticed up to 125 µg mL⁻¹ in zebrafish. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Porous Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties, and Application)

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16 pages, 2591 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influences of Pore Blockage by Natural Organic Matter and Pore Dimension Tuning on Pharmaceutical Adsorption onto GO-Fe₃O₄

by Ming-Cyuan He, Sian-Jhang Lin, Tao-Cheng Huang, Guan-Fu Chen, Yen-Ping Peng and Wei-Hsiang Chen

Nanomaterials 2023, 13(14), 2063; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13142063 - 13 Jul 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1491

Abstract

The ubiquitous presence of pharmaceutical pollution in the environment and its adverse impacts on public health and aquatic ecosystems have recently attracted increasing attention. Graphene oxide coated with magnetite (GO-Fe₃O₄) is effective at removing pharmaceuticals in water by adsorption. However, the myriad compositions in real water are known to adversely impact the adsorption performance. One objective of this study was to investigate the influence of pore blockage by natural organic matter (NOM) with different sizes on pharmaceutical adsorption onto GO-Fe₃O₄. Meanwhile, the feasibility of pore dimension tuning of GO-Fe₃O₄ for selective adsorption of pharmaceuticals with different structural characteristics was explored. It was shown in the batch experiments that the adsorbed pharmaceutical concentrations onto GO-Fe₃O₄ were significantly affected (dropped by 2–86%) by NOM that had size ranges similar to the pore dimensions of GO-Fe₃O₄, as the impact was enhanced when the adsorption occurred at acidic pHs (e.g., pH 3). Specific surface areas, zeta potentials, pore volumes, and pore-size distributions of GO-Fe₃O₄ were influenced by the Fe content forming different-sized Fe₃O₄ between GO layers. Low Fe contents in GO-Fe₃O₄ increased the formation of nano-sized pores (2.0–12.5 nm) that were efficient in the adsorption of pharmaceuticals with low molecular weights (e.g., 129 kDa) or planar structures via size discrimination or inter-planar π-π interaction, respectively. As excess larger-sized pores (e.g., >50 nm) were formed on the surface of GO-Fe₃O₄ due to higher Fe contents, pharmaceuticals with larger molecular weights (e.g., 296 kDa) or those removed by electrostatic attraction between the adsorbate and adsorbent dominated on the GO-Fe₃O₄ surface. Given these observations, the surface characteristics of GO-Fe₃O₄ were alterable to selectively remove different pharmaceuticals in water by adsorption, and the critical factors determining the adsorption performance were discussed. These findings provide useful views on the feasibility of treating pharmaceutical wastewater, recycling valuable pharmaceuticals, or removing those with risks to public health and ecosystems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Porous Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties, and Application)

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19 pages, 4074 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Complexity of Comparative Adsorption of C₆ Hydrocarbons (Benzene, Cyclohexane, n-Hexane) at Metal–Organic Frameworks

by Christian Jansen, Nabil Assahub, Alex Spieß, Jun Liang, Alexa Schmitz, Shanghua Xing, Serkan Gökpinar and Christoph Janiak

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(20), 3614; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12203614 - 15 Oct 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2898

Abstract

The relatively stable MOFs Alfum, MIL-160, DUT-4, DUT-5, MIL-53-TDC, MIL-53, UiO-66, UiO-66-NH₂, UiO-66(F)₄, UiO-67, DUT-67, NH₂-MIL-125, MIL-125, MIL-101(Cr), ZIF-8, ZIF-11 and ZIF-7 were studied for their C₆ sorption properties. An understanding of the uptake of the larger C₆ molecules cannot simply be achieved with surface area and pore volume (from N₂ sorption) but involves the complex micropore structure of the MOF. The maximum adsorption capacity at p p₀⁻¹ = 0.9 was shown by DUT-4 for benzene, MIL-101(Cr) for cyclohexane and DUT-5 for n-hexane. In the low-pressure range from p p₀⁻¹ = 0.1 down to 0.05 the highest benzene uptake is given by DUT-5, DUT-67/UiO-67 and MIL-101(Cr), for cyclohexane and n-hexane by DUT-5, UiO-67 and MIL-101(Cr). The highest uptake capacity at p p₀⁻¹ = 0.02 was seen with MIL-53 for benzene, MIL-125 for cyclohexane and DUT-5 for n-hexane. DUT-5 and MIL-101(Cr) are the MOFs with the widest pore window openings/cross sections but the low-pressure uptake seems to be controlled by a complex combination of ligand and pore-size effect. IAST selectivities between the three binary mixtures show a finely tuned and difficult to predict interplay of pore window size with (critical) adsorptive size and possibly a role of electrostatics through functional groups such as NH₂. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Porous Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties, and Application)

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11 pages, 6019 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Facile Fabrication of Ordered Mesoporous Carbons Derived from Phenolic Resin and Mesophase Pitch via a Self-Assembly Method

by Jae-Yeon Yang, Tae Hoon Ko, Yun-Su Kuk, Min-Kang Seo and Byoung-Suhk Kim

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(15), 2686; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12152686 - 4 Aug 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2102

Abstract

Ordered and disordered mesoporous structures were synthesized by a self-assembly method using a mixture of phenolic resin and petroleum-based mesophase pitch as the starting materials, amphiphilic triblock copolymer F127 as a soft template, hydrochloric acid as a catalyst, and distilled water as a solvent. Then, mesoporous carbons were obtained via autoclave method at low temperature (60 °C) and then carbonization at a relatively low temperature (600 °C), respectively. X-ray diffraction (XRD), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses revealed that the porous carbons with a mesophase pitch content of approximately 10 wt% showed a highly ordered hexagonal mesostructure with a highly uniform pore size of ca. 5.0 nm. In addition, the mesoporous carbons prepared by self-assembly and low-temperature autoclave methods exhibited the amorphous or crystalline carbon structures with higher specific surface area (SSA) of 756 m²/s and pore volume of 0.63 cm³/g, depending on the synthesis method. As a result, mesoporous carbons having a high SSA were successfully prepared by changing the mixing ratio of mesophase pitch and phenolic resin. The electrochemical properties of as-obtained mesoporous carbon materials were investigated. Further, the OMC-meso-10 electrode delivered the maximum SC of about 241 F/g at an applied current density of 1 A/g, which was higher than those of the MC-10 (~104 F/g) and OMC-20 (~115 F/g). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Porous Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties, and Application)

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14 pages, 4486 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Computational Screening of Metal-Organic Frameworks for Ethylene Purification from Ethane/Ethylene/Acetylene Mixture

by Yageng Zhou, Xiang Zhang, Teng Zhou and Kai Sundmacher

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(5), 869; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12050869 - 4 Mar 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2988

Abstract

Identification of high-performing sorbent materials is the key step in developing energy-efficient adsorptive separation processes for ethylene production. In this work, a computational screening of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) for the purification of ethylene from the ternary ethane/ethylene/acetylene mixture under thermodynamic equilibrium conditions is conducted. Modified evaluation metrics are proposed for an efficient description of the performance of MOFs for the ternary mixture separation. Two different separation schemes are proposed and potential MOF adsorbents are identified accordingly. Finally, the relationships between the MOF structural characteristics and its adsorption properties are discussed, which can provide valuable information for optimal MOF design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Porous Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties, and Application)

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