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Nanomaterials
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Nanoparticle-Enhanced Radiotherapy
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Nanoparticle-Enhanced Radiotherapy

A special issue of Nanomaterials (ISSN 2079-4991). This special issue belongs to the section "Biology and Medicines".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 December 2020) | Viewed by 17731

Special Issue Editor

Dr. James C. L. Chow

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1P5, Canada
Interests: artificial intelligence; machine learning; computer simulation; high-performance computing; cloud computing; big data; radiotherapy; health care; nanotechnology; image processing; radiation treatment planning; chatbot; radiation dosimetry; DNA damage; radiobiological modelling
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue of Nanomaterials will cover the most recent advances of the theoretical and experimental studies in nanoparticle-enhanced radiotherapy. Recently, there are many studies on how nanoparticles are added to the tumor to enhance the amount of cancer cells killed in radiotherapy. Adding nanoparticles, such as gold, as heavy-atom radiosensitizers to the tumor, results in a radiation dose and image contrast enhancement. In cancer treatment, such an addition of radiosensitizer can deliver a radiation dose directly to the tumor, while sparing the surrounding tissue. As this radiosensitizer enhances the contrast of the tumor in the medical imaging, the accuracy of the radiation beam targeting is increased. The radiosensitizer also improves the dose absorption in the tumour and the cancer cells killed. The study of nanoparticle-enhanced radiotherapy is multidisciplinary, consisting of different fields, namely, radio-pharmacy, radiobiology, computer simulation, medical and clinical science, and so on. These studies contributed to different components in the nanoparticle-enhanced radiotherapy chain to determine the best strategy of applying nanoparticles in the cancer treatment with the best patient outcome.

This Special Issue calls for papers on all theoretical and experimental studies in various aspects of nanoparticle-enhanced radiotherapy. Theoretical studies include the interaction between radiation and nanoparticles, the design of heavy-atom radiosensitizers, radiobiology of DNA damage as a result of nanoparticles, Monte Carlo simulations on radiation dose and image contrast enhancement, and so on. Experimental studies include the fabrication of nanoparticles, nanoparticle delivery to the cancer cell, as well as related cellular, preclinical, and clinical models.

Dr. James Chow
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Nanomaterials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Fabrication and synthesis
  • Nanoparticle delivery to cancer cells
  • Monte Carlo simulation
  • Microdosimetry
  • Radiation interaction
  • Dose enhancement
  • Image contrast enhancement
  • Preclinical and clinical model
  • Cellular model
  • Radiobiology
  • Heavy-atom radiosensitizer

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 1831 KiB  
Article
Radiosensitization by Gold Nanoparticles: Impact of the Size, Dose Rate, and Photon Energy
by Kirill V. Morozov, Maria A. Kolyvanova, Maria E. Kartseva, Elena M. Shishmakova, Olga V. Dement’eva, Alexandra K. Isagulieva, Magomet H. Salpagarov, Alexandr V. Belousov, Victor M. Rudoy, Alexander A. Shtil, Alexander S. Samoylov and Vladimir N. Morozov
Nanomaterials 2020, 10(5), 952; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10050952 - 17 May 2020
Cited by 32 | Viewed by 4685
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) emerged as promising antitumor radiosensitizers. However, the complex dependence of GNPs radiosensitization on the irradiation conditions remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the impacts of the dose rate and photon energy on damage of the pBR322 plasmid DNA [...] Read more.
Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) emerged as promising antitumor radiosensitizers. However, the complex dependence of GNPs radiosensitization on the irradiation conditions remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the impacts of the dose rate and photon energy on damage of the pBR322 plasmid DNA exposed to X-rays in the presence of 12 nm, 15 nm, 21 nm, and 26 nm GNPs. The greatest radiosensitization was observed for 26 nm GNPs. The sensitizer enhancement ratio (SER) 2.74 ± 0.61 was observed at 200 kVp with 2.4 mg/mL GNPs. Reduction of X-ray tube voltage to 150 and 100 kVp led to a smaller effect. We demonstrate for the first time that the change of the dose rate differentially influences on radiosensitization by GNPs of various sizes. For 12 nm, an increase in the dose rate from 0.2 to 2.1 Gy/min led to a ~1.13-fold increase in radiosensitization. No differences in the effect of 15 nm GNPs was found within the 0.85–2.1 Gy/min range. For 21 nm and 26 nm GNPs, an enhanced radiosensitization was observed along with the decreased dose rate from 2.1 to 0.2 Gy/min. Thus, GNPs are an effective tool for increasing the efficacy of orthovoltage X-ray exposure. However, careful selection of irradiation conditions is a key prerequisite for optimal radiosensitization efficacy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoparticle-Enhanced Radiotherapy)
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10 pages, 1188 KiB  
Article
Dose Enhancement for the Flattening-Filter-Free and Flattening-Filter Photon Beams in Nanoparticle-Enhanced Radiotherapy: A Monte Carlo Phantom Study
by Stefano Martelli and James C L Chow
Nanomaterials 2020, 10(4), 637; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10040637 - 29 Mar 2020
Cited by 32 | Viewed by 3681
Abstract
Monte Carlo simulations were used to predict the dose enhancement ratio (DER) using the flattening-filter-free (FFF) and flattening-filter (FF) photon beams in prostate nanoparticle-enhanced radiotherapy, with multiple variables such as nanoparticle material, nanoparticle concentration, prostate size, pelvic size, and photon beam energy. A [...] Read more.
Monte Carlo simulations were used to predict the dose enhancement ratio (DER) using the flattening-filter-free (FFF) and flattening-filter (FF) photon beams in prostate nanoparticle-enhanced radiotherapy, with multiple variables such as nanoparticle material, nanoparticle concentration, prostate size, pelvic size, and photon beam energy. A phantom mimicking the patient’s pelvis with various prostate and pelvic sizes was used. Macroscopic Monte Carlo simulation using the EGSnrc code was used to predict the dose at the prostate or target using the 6 MV FFF, 6 MV FF, 10 MV FFF, and 10 MV FF photon beams produced by a Varian TrueBeam linear accelerator (Varian Medical System, Palo Alto, CA, USA). Nanoparticle materials of gold, platinum, iodine, silver, and iron oxide with concentration varying in the range of 3–40 mg/ml were used in simulations. Moreover, the prostate and pelvic size were varied from 2.5 to 5.5 cm and 20 to 30 cm, respectively. The DER was defined as the ratio of the target dose with nanoparticle addition to the target dose without nanoparticle addition in the simulation. From the Monte Carlo results of DER, the best nanoparticle material with the highest DER was gold, based on all the nanoparticle concentrations and photon beams. Smaller prostate size, smaller pelvic size, and a higher nanoparticle concentration showed better DER results. When comparing energies, the 6 MV beams always had the greater enhancement ratio. In addition, the FFF photon beams always had a better DER when compared to the FF beams. It is concluded that gold nanoparticles were the most effective material in nanoparticle-enhanced radiotherapy. Moreover, lower photon beam energy (6 MV), FFF photon beam, higher nanoparticle concentration, smaller pelvic size, and smaller prostate size would all increase the DER in prostate nanoparticle-enhanced radiotherapy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoparticle-Enhanced Radiotherapy)
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Review

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13 pages, 1886 KiB  
Review
Studies on the Exposure of Gadolinium Containing Nanoparticles with Monochromatic X-rays Drive Advances in Radiation Therapy
by Fuyuhiko Tamanoi, Kotaro Matsumoto, Tan Le Hoang Doan, Ayumi Shiro and Hiroyuki Saitoh
Nanomaterials 2020, 10(7), 1341; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10071341 - 9 Jul 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4412
Abstract
While conventional radiation therapy uses white X-rays that consist of a mixture of X-ray waves with various energy levels, a monochromatic X-ray (monoenergetic X-ray) has a single energy level. Irradiation of high-Z elements such as gold, silver or gadolinium with a synchrotron-generated monochromatic [...] Read more.
While conventional radiation therapy uses white X-rays that consist of a mixture of X-ray waves with various energy levels, a monochromatic X-ray (monoenergetic X-ray) has a single energy level. Irradiation of high-Z elements such as gold, silver or gadolinium with a synchrotron-generated monochromatic X-rays with the energy at or higher than their K-edge energy causes a photoelectric effect that includes release of the Auger electrons that induce DNA damage—leading to cell killing. Delivery of high-Z elements into cancer cells and tumor mass can be facilitated by the use of nanoparticles. Various types of nanoparticles containing high-Z elements have been developed. A recent addition to this growing list of nanoparticles is mesoporous silica-based nanoparticles (MSNs) containing gadolinium (Gd–MSN). The ability of Gd–MSN to inhibit tumor growth was demonstrated by evaluating effects of irradiating tumor spheroids with a precisely tuned monochromatic X-ray. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoparticle-Enhanced Radiotherapy)
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30 pages, 2727 KiB  
Review
The Rational Design and Biological Mechanisms of Nanoradiosensitizers
by Hainan Sun, Xiaoling Wang and Shumei Zhai
Nanomaterials 2020, 10(3), 504; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10030504 - 11 Mar 2020
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 4210
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) has been widely used for cancer treatment. However, the intrinsic drawbacks of RT, such as radiotoxicity in normal tissues and tumor radioresistance, promoted the development of radiosensitizers. To date, various kinds of nanoparticles have been found to act as radiosensitizers in [...] Read more.
Radiotherapy (RT) has been widely used for cancer treatment. However, the intrinsic drawbacks of RT, such as radiotoxicity in normal tissues and tumor radioresistance, promoted the development of radiosensitizers. To date, various kinds of nanoparticles have been found to act as radiosensitizers in cancer radiotherapy. This review focuses on the current state of nanoradiosensitizers, especially the related biological mechanisms, and the key design strategies for generating nanoradiosensitizers. The regulation of oxidative stress, DNA damage, the cell cycle, autophagy and apoptosis by nanoradiosensitizers in vitro and in vivo is highlighted, which may guide the rational design of therapeutics for tumor radiosensitization. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoparticle-Enhanced Radiotherapy)
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