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Nutrients
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Bromatology—All We Should Know about Food and Nutrition
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Bromatology—All We Should Know about Food and Nutrition

A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Nutrition and Public Health".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 November 2024 | Viewed by 6939

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Boleslaw Karwowski

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Guest Editor
DNA Damage Laboratory of Food Science Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
Interests: DNA damage and repair; oligonucleotides and analogues synthesis; nucleic acids biochemistry; NMR; theoretical chemistry; DNA charge transfer; antioxidants; nutrition
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

It is estimated that over a typical human lifetime, an individual will have a dietary intake, in tonnes, as follows: fats (2.3), carbohydrates (10), proteins (2), minerals (0.6) and water (64). Additionally, on a much smaller scale, various medicines are consumed. In his article “A New Perspective on the Health of Canadians", Mark Lalonde demonstrated that around 53% of a person’s health depends on lifestyle factors, predominantly linked to diet and physical activity. Since the mid-20th century, there has been a surge in obesity cases, reaching pandemic levels. People with a body mass index in excess of 30 (classified as obese) are at greater risk of various health problems, such as type 1 and type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative conditions and cancers. This poses a serious problem not only for healthcare professionals and medical services, but also families. On the other hand, an increased pace of life together with constant exposure to an overload of information may indirectly lead to anorexia nervosa, bulimia, orthorexia and other eating disorders. Additionally, our highly processed food intake, tendency to fry and grill, and the presence of highly reactive by-products such as aldehydes result in DNA damage, which, if not correctly repaired, ultimately appears in the genome as a mutation. It has been found that a lack of physical activity together with low-quality food intake is strongly linked to the onset of colon cancer. Additionally, cachexia can appear during cancer therapy. Clearly, a holistic approach is required to address these global nutritional problems, and the significance of bromatology in a socialite context cannot be underestimated; as a science closely related to people, it can a significantly positive influence on pro-health dietary behavior.

Prof. Dr. Boleslaw Karwowski
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • bromatology
  • nutrition
  • food
  • diet
  • health
  • disease

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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19 pages, 296 KiB  
Article
Assessment of the General Nutrition Knowledge of Students from the University of Novi Sad (Vojvodina, Serbia)
by Miloš Ilić, Danica Ilibašić, Huiwen Pang, Tomislav Vlaški, Jelena Jovičić-Bata, Maja Grujičić and Budimka Novaković
Nutrients 2024, 16(22), 3918; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16223918 - 16 Nov 2024
Viewed by 509
Abstract
Background: Healthy nutrition is necessary for a good quality of life and reduction in the risk of developing diseases. Research indicates that students do not usually have healthy eating habits. Knowledge about nutrition, dietary guidelines, food groups and the nutrients they contain, the [...] Read more.
Background: Healthy nutrition is necessary for a good quality of life and reduction in the risk of developing diseases. Research indicates that students do not usually have healthy eating habits. Knowledge about nutrition, dietary guidelines, food groups and the nutrients they contain, the selection and adequate preparation of food, and the health consequences of unhealthy nutrition can influence the eating habits of students. Until recently, no research had been conducted on university-level students’ nutrition knowledge in Serbia. The aim of this study was to determine the nutrition knowledge of students from the University of Novi Sad (Vojvodina, Serbia) in relation to gender, year of study, academic field of study, and nutritional status. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the period from December 2021 to July 2022, on 898 students (72.9% female and 27.1% male, with an average age of 22.87 ± 3.092). An online survey questionnaire was used as the research instrument. An assessment of nutrition knowledge was performed using the General Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire (GNKQ) for the following domains: dietary recommendations; food groups and the nutrients they contain; healthy food choices; and diet, disease and weight associations. Results: Significant differences in students’ assessed knowledge levels were determined across various domains of healthy nutrition. The highest level of nutrition knowledge was in healthy food choices, and the lowest was in understanding food groups and nutrient composition. The total determined knowledge about healthy nutrition correlated most with self-assessed knowledge of food groups, and least with knowledge of dietary recommendations. Female gender and higher years of study were associated with higher nutrition knowledge. Students from the Faculty of Medicine had the highest nutrition knowledge, followed by students from the Faculty of Technology and the Faculty of Science, compared to students from other faculties. Conclusions: Our findings highlight the need for targeted interventions aimed at improving students’ understanding of specific nutritional concepts, ultimately empowering them to make informed dietary decisions for lifelong health and wellbeing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bromatology—All We Should Know about Food and Nutrition)
13 pages, 1248 KiB  
Article
Knowledge of Food–Drug Interactions among Medical University Students
by Małgorzata Jelińska, Agnieszka Białek, Małgorzata Czerwonka, Dorota Skrajnowska, Agnieszka Stawarska and Barbara Bobrowska-Korczak
Nutrients 2024, 16(15), 2425; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16152425 - 26 Jul 2024
Viewed by 1114
Abstract
Background: Food–drug interactions (FDIs) may alter drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, modifying the whole therapy’s effectiveness. Some of them cause the attenuation of drug effects, while others inhibit the medicines’ metabolism resulting, in too high concentrations of the medicine in the body. Thus, some [...] Read more.
Background: Food–drug interactions (FDIs) may alter drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, modifying the whole therapy’s effectiveness. Some of them cause the attenuation of drug effects, while others inhibit the medicines’ metabolism resulting, in too high concentrations of the medicine in the body. Thus, some healthcare professionals—doctors, pharmacists or dieticians—should be aware of the possibility of food–drug interactions. This study aimed to assess knowledge of food–drug interactions among students of pharmacy, medicine, stomatology, medical analysis and dietetics and students of the college of further medical education for pharmacy technicians. Methods: Students (n = 820) completed a custom-made questionnaire. The relationships between the continuous variables were analysed on the basis of Pearson’s correlation coefficient. To verify the predictors of objective students’ knowledge about food–drug interactions, a multiple linear regression model with analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used. The Kruskal–Wallis test was performed to compare the total scores the respondents received for questions assessing their objective knowledge of FDI. Results: Students’ objective knowledge of FDIs correlated positively with their year of study and their self-evaluation of it. It was also significantly influenced by the field and mode of studies and by the fact that the issue had been discussed during the courses. Conclusions: Most students of the medical university had serious deficiencies in their knowledge of food–drug interactions. This is of particular concern for future doctors and dentists. Among the respondents, pharmacy students stood out, as their FDI knowledge was greater. The issue of food–drug interactions should be more widely taught at medical universities, which was emphasised by the respondents themselves. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bromatology—All We Should Know about Food and Nutrition)
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Review

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36 pages, 6460 KiB  
Review
Integrating Endocrine, Genomic, and Extra-Skeletal Benefits of Vitamin D into National and Regional Clinical Guidelines
by Sunil J. Wimalawansa, Scott T. Weiss and Bruce W. Hollis
Nutrients 2024, 16(22), 3969; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16223969 - 20 Nov 2024
Viewed by 331
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Vitamin D is essential for bone health, immune function, and overall well-being. Numerous ecological, observational, and prospective studies, including randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs), report an inverse association between higher serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D; calcifediol] levels in various conditions, including cardiovascular disease, [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Vitamin D is essential for bone health, immune function, and overall well-being. Numerous ecological, observational, and prospective studies, including randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs), report an inverse association between higher serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D; calcifediol] levels in various conditions, including cardiovascular disease, metabolic disorders such as diabetes and obesity, susceptibility to infection-related complications, autoimmune diseases, and all-cause mortality. Results: Vitamin D operates through two distinct systems. The endocrine system comprises the renal tubular cell-derived circulatory calcitriol, which primarily regulates calcium homeostasis and muscular functions. In contrast, intracellularly generated calcitriol in peripheral target cells is responsible for intracrine/paracrine system signaling and calcitriol–vitamin D receptor-mediated genomic effects. Government-appointed committees and health organizations have developed various clinical practice guidelines for vitamin D supplementation and management. However, these guidelines heavily relied on the 2011 Institute of Medicine (IoM) report, which focused solely on the skeletal effects of vitamin D, ignoring other body systems. Thus, they do not represent maintaining good overall health and aspects of disease prevention. Additionally, the IoM report was intended as a public health recommendation for the government and is not a clinical guideline. Discussion: New country- and regional-specific guidelines must focus on healthy nations through disease prevention and reducing healthcare costs. They should not be restricted to bone effect and must encompass all extra-skeletal benefits. Nevertheless, due to misunderstandings, medical societies and other governments have used faulty IoM report as a foundation for creating vitamin D guidelines. Consequently, they placed disproportionate emphasis on bone health while largely overlooking its benefits for other bodily systems, making current guidelines, including 2024, the Endocrine Society less applicable to the public. As a result, the utility of published guidelines has been significantly reduced for clinical practice and RCTs that designed on bone-centric are generate misleading information and remain suboptimal for public health and disease prevention. Conclusions: This review and its recommendations address the gaps in current vitamin D clinical practice guidelines and propose a framework for developing more effective, country and region-specific recommendations that capture the extra-skeletal benefits of vitamin D to prevent multiple diseases and enhance public health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bromatology—All We Should Know about Food and Nutrition)
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28 pages, 1369 KiB  
Review
The Effects of Diet, Dietary Supplements, Drugs and Exercise on Physical, Diagnostic Values of Urine Characteristics
by Dorota Skrajnowska and Barbara Bobrowska-Korczak
Nutrients 2024, 16(18), 3141; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183141 - 17 Sep 2024
Viewed by 1712
Abstract
Background/Objectives: This review summarizes the current knowledge about factors that affect the physical characteristics of urine. It highlights proper urine sample collection and displays factors like diet, hydration status, and medications that can alter urine color, odor, clarity, specific gravity and pH. Results: [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: This review summarizes the current knowledge about factors that affect the physical characteristics of urine. It highlights proper urine sample collection and displays factors like diet, hydration status, and medications that can alter urine color, odor, clarity, specific gravity and pH. Results: Urinalysis is a minimally invasive examination of a patient’s health, especially concerning nephrological and endocrinological abnormalities, as well as dietary habits and stimulants used. Certain deviations in appearance, composition or frequency/pain during urination may indicate an ongoing disease process in the body. Based on laboratory results, further medical treatment is determined. The reason for a change in the color of the urine, for its clouding or intense odor may be a disease, as well as the consumption of food, medication, intensive physical exercise or inadequate hydration of the body. Well-standardized procedures for collecting, transporting, preparing and analyzing samples should become the basis for an effective diagnostic strategy in urinalysis. It is worth noting that pharmacists in pharmaceutical care are often the first people to whom a patient turns for health advice and for the interpretation of simple laboratory tests. Acquiring the ability to interpret the results of laboratory tests and the principles of proper sampling for laboratory tests is indispensable in the process of possible counseling and providing reliable answers to patients’ questions. Conclusions: Although urinalysis is not recommended as a routine screening tool for the general population, it can prove to be a valuable source of patient health data in some cases as the data will be useful to physicians and pharmacists to more effectively diagnose and better care for patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bromatology—All We Should Know about Food and Nutrition)
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22 pages, 944 KiB  
Review
Evaluating Phthalates and Bisphenol in Foods: Risks for Precocious Puberty and Early-Onset Obesity
by Valeria Calcaterra, Hellas Cena, Federica Loperfido, Virginia Rossi, Roberta Grazi, Antonia Quatrale, Rachele De Giuseppe, Matteo Manuelli and Gianvincenzo Zuccotti
Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2732; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162732 - 16 Aug 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2384
Abstract
Recent scientific results indicate that diet is the primary source of exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) due to their use in food processing, pesticides, fertilizers, and migration from packaging to food, particularly in plastic or canned foods. Although EDCs are not listed on [...] Read more.
Recent scientific results indicate that diet is the primary source of exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) due to their use in food processing, pesticides, fertilizers, and migration from packaging to food, particularly in plastic or canned foods. Although EDCs are not listed on nutrition labels, their migration from packaging to food could inadvertently lead to food contamination, affecting individuals by inhalation, ingestion, and direct contact. The aim of our narrative review is to investigate the role of phthalates and bisphenol A (BPA) in foods, assessing their risks for precocious puberty (PP) and early-onset obesity, which are two clinical entities that are often associated and that share common pathogenetic mechanisms. The diverse outcomes observed across different studies highlight the complexity of phthalates and BPA effects on the human body, both in terms of early puberty, particularly in girls, and obesity with its metabolic disruptions. Moreover, obesity, which is independently linked to early puberty, might confound the relationship between exposure to these EDCs and pubertal timing. Given the potential public health implications, it is crucial to adopt a precautionary approach, minimizing exposure to these EDCs, especially in vulnerable populations such as children. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bromatology—All We Should Know about Food and Nutrition)
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