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The Role of Nutrition and Body Composition on Metabolism

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A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Nutrition and Metabolism".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (7 September 2023) | Viewed by 41059

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Dr. Defu Ma

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School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
Interests: maternal and infant health; nutrition and cancer prevention; the prevention, intervention and risk assessment of chronic diseases (diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and obesity) through nutrition
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Dear Colleagues,

Metabolism refers to all the chemical processes that are ongoing in the body that keep life and normal function going (maintaining normal body function is called homeostasis). These processes include the process of breaking down the nutrients in food as well as the process of building and repairing the body. Body composition has a big impact on the metabolic rate. Nutrition is the process of obtaining nutrients from the environment, while metabolism is the coordinated process of converting nutrients into substrates. The balanced interaction between nutrition and metabolism can be significantly altered by varying degrees of undernutrition or overnutrition.

This Special Issue explores the interactions between nutrition, body composition, and metabolism and explains the basis for current dietary goals, exercise advice, and recommendations, with an increasing emphasis on metabolic integration and control. Areas of interest in nutrition, body composition, and metabolism include nutritional and mechanistic research in obesity, diabetes, adiposity, metabolic syndrome, and exercise physiology. This Special Issue on Nutrition, Body Composition, and Metabolism invites submissions on topics including epidemiology, clinical trials, and observations. Submissions of new findings from current work on nutrition, body composition, and metabolism that can provide insightful perspectives on homeostatic processes are welcome.

Dr. Defu Ma
Guest Editor

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Keywords

body composition
adipose tissue
diet
metabolism
homeostasis
skeletal muscle
energy balance
lifestyle

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Published Papers (12 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

4 pages, 158 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

The Role of Nutrition and Body Composition on Metabolism

by Yuyang Wang, Botian Chen and Defu Ma

Nutrients 2024, 16(10), 1457; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16101457 - 12 May 2024

Viewed by 2809

Abstract

Metabolism encompasses the entire array of chemical reactions continuously occurring within the body that sustain life and maintain normal physiological functions [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Nutrition and Body Composition on Metabolism)

Research

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16 pages, 1136 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Human Milk Oligosaccharides Variation in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Mothers

by Yuqi Dou, Yuanli Luo, Yan Xing, Hui Liu, Botian Chen, Liye Zhu, Defu Ma and Jing Zhu

Nutrients 2023, 15(6), 1441; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061441 - 16 Mar 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2512

Abstract

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common disease of pregnancy, but with very limited knowledge of its impact on human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) in breast milk. This study aimed to explore the lactational changes in the concentration of HMOs in exclusively breastfeeding GDM mothers and the differences between GDM and healthy mothers. A total of 22 mothers (11 GDM mothers vs. 11 healthy mothers) and their offspring were enrolled in the study and the levels of 14 HMOs were measured in colostrum, transitional milk, and mature milk. Most of the HMOs showed a significant temporal trend with decreasing levels over lactation; however, there were some exceptions for 2′-Fucosyllactose (2′-FL), 3-Fucosyllactose (3-FL), Lacto-N-fucopentaose II (LNFP-II), and Lacto-N-fucopentaose III (LNFP-III). Lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT) was significantly higher in GDM mothers in all time points and its concentrations in colostrum and transitional milk were correlated positively with the infant’s weight-for-age Z-score at six months postnatal in the GDM group. Significant group differences were also found in LNFP-II, 3′-Sialyllactose (3′-SL), and Disialyllacto-N-tetraose (DSLNT) but not in all lactational periods. The role of differently expressed HMOs in GDM needs to be further explored by follow-up studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Nutrition and Body Composition on Metabolism)

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12 pages, 524 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association between Vitamin B and Obesity in Middle-Aged and Older Chinese Adults

by Yu Fu, Zhanyong Zhu, Zhaolan Huang, Ruikun He, Ying Zhang, Yuanyuan Li, Wei Tan and Shuang Rong

Nutrients 2023, 15(3), 483; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15030483 - 17 Jan 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3542

Abstract

Objective: Previous studies have found that obese people have lower levels of vitamin B, but most have focused on obesity as defined by body mass index (BMI), and its relationship with other types of obesity is unclear. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between vitamin B levels and obesity assessed by different definitions among Chinese middle-aged and older community-dwelling adults. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 887 participants aged 45 years and older (45–82 years). The concentrations of vitamin B (B₁, B₂, B₆, and B₉) were measured by robotic dry blood spot extraction systems in combination with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. BMI, body fat percentage (BF%), visceral fat area (VFA), and waist circumference (WC) were used to diagnose obesity. VFA and BF% were assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis. The logistic regression model was used to assess the associations between vitamin B levels and the odds of obesity. Results: The average age of all participants was 60.77 (SD 6.33) years. The prevalence of obesity varied from 8.6% to 52.4% depending on different diagnostic criteria. After adjusting for covariates, a negative correlation was observed between vitamin B₁ level and obesity according to the criteria of WC, VFA, and BF%, and the adjusted odds ratio (OR) was 0.47, 0.52, and 0.46, respectively. When using WC and BF% to define obesity, higher quartiles of vitamin B₂ were negatively associated with the odds of obesity (OR: 0.62 and 0.62, respectively). Vitamin B₆ was inversely associated with VFA-defined and BF%-defined obesity (OR: 0.64 and 0.64, respectively). When using VFA and BF% to define obesity, a negative correlation was observed in vitamin B₉ (OR: 0.61 and 0.67, respectively). Conclusions: Vitamin B (B₁, B₂, B₆, and B₉) level was negatively related to obesity (defined by WC, VFA, or BF%) in Chinese middle-aged and older adults. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Nutrition and Body Composition on Metabolism)

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13 pages, 828 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Body Composition of Young Women and the Consumption of Selected Nutrients

by Elżbieta Karpińska, Justyna Moskwa, Anna Puścion-Jakubik, Sylwia Katarzyna Naliwajko, Jolanta Soroczyńska, Renata Markiewicz-Żukowska and Katarzyna Socha

Nutrients 2023, 15(1), 129; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15010129 - 27 Dec 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2874

Abstract

The choices of food products and their nutritional value have a significant impact on nutritional status and body composition parameters. Popular and low-cost indicators of nutritional status, such as BMI, may not reflect the actual condition of the body. The aim of the study was to assess the consumption of energy as well as selected nutrients, such as protein, fats, carbohydrates, unsaturated fatty acids, lactose, starch, and dietary fiber, and to evaluate body mass index (BMI) and the parameters of the body composition among young women. Next, correlations were made between these nutrients and the parameters, such as percent body fat (PBF), visceral fat area (VFA), and fitness score (FS). The study group included 478 young women. To assess their consumption, the participants completed 72 h dietary interviews. In addition, the participants had a body composition analysis performed by bioelectric impedance technology by the InBody 720 Body Composition Analyzer (InBody, South Korea). The average energy value of the diets was about 1480 kcal. Most diets contained adequate portions of protein, fat, and carbohydrates. The diets were deficient in terms of unsaturated fatty acids and fiber. We showed that up to 37% of women with normal BMI had excess body fat. Moreover, the % energy from plant protein consumption negatively correlated with PBF and BMI (r = −0.10, p = 0.029, r = −0.10, p = 0.037, respectively) and dietary fiber with PBF, BMI, VFA, and FS (r = −0.17, p = 0.0003, r = −0.12, p = 0.01, r = −0.18, p = 0.0001, r = 0.09, p = 0.041, respectively). Education on the proper consumption of basic nutrients, including plant-based protein and dietary fiber, seems to be essential in preventing overweight and obesity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Nutrition and Body Composition on Metabolism)

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15 pages, 1055 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phase Angle Association with Dietary Habits and Metabolic Syndrome in Diabetic Hypertensive Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Dora Bučan Nenadić, Josipa Radić, Ela Kolak, Marijana Vučković, Ivana Novak, Marija Selak and Mislav Radić

Nutrients 2022, 14(23), 5058; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14235058 - 28 Nov 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2885

Abstract

Phase angle (PhA) levels are often lower than normal because both disease-specific parameters and disease-related inflammatory status, metabolic syndrome (MetS) included, can affect PhA. Therefore, the aim of this cross-sectional study was to compare body composition, metabolic profile and dietary patterns of participants with arterial hypertension (AH), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and MetS with regard to PhA values. A total of 208 participants were included, of whom 53.6% were males. For each participant, data about body composition and anthropometric parameters, clinical and laboratory parameters, as well as food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and Mediterranean Diet Serving Score (MDSS) were obtained. MC-780 Multi Frequency Segmental Body Mass Analyzer (Tanita) was used to assess body composition. Furthermore, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) were calculated. The results showed that 75 (36.06%) participants had low PhA values and 133 (63.94%) had high PhA values. Participants with higher PhA values had significantly higher body fat percentage (p = 0.04), fat-free mass (kg; p < 0.001), muscle mass (kg; p < 0.001), skeletal muscle mass (% and kg; p < 0.001), sarcopenic index (SMI; p < 0.001) and mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC; p = 0.04), as well as lower fat mass percentage (p = 0.04). Regarding food frequency consumption, significantly higher intakes of red meat (p = 0.003), poultry (p = 0.02) and fast food (p = 0.003) were noticed in participants with higher PhA values. Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet (MeDi) was exceptionally low in both groups of participants, with significantly higher fish intake noticed in participants with high PhA (p = 0.03). In conclusion, our results showed that body composition could be the indicator of PhA in MetS as well as overall low adherence to the MeDi principles. These findings highlight the importance of adequate nutritional strategies and novel approaches to maintaining optimal body composition and adopting proper eating habits within the framework of one’s disease. Full article

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25 pages, 2818 KiB

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Nutritional Status and Habits among People on Vegan, Lacto/Ovo-Vegetarian, Pescatarian and Traditional Diets

by Izabela Kwiatkowska, Jakub Olszak, Piotr Formanowicz and Dorota Formanowicz

Nutrients 2022, 14(21), 4591; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14214591 - 1 Nov 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5782

Abstract

Background: This study assessed the possible dependencies between nutritional habits and body composition among subjects with different dietary habits. Materials: A total of 196 healthy (aged 18–50 yrs) participants were enrolled in the study and divided into 4 groups according to their diet: vegans-VEGAN (n = 53), lacto/ovo-vegetarians—VEGE (n = 52), pescatarians-PESCA (n = 28), and omnivores-OMN (n = 43). Methods: The Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) was used, and body composition was assessed on the In-Body120 analyzer. Results: Our result revealed in OMN + PESCA groups a higher average consumption frequency of sweets (p = 0.024), cheese/plant cheese (p < 0.001), eggs and egg dishes/egg substitutes (p < 0.001), butter, margarine/plant margarine (p < 0.001), cream /plant cream (p = 0.018), wine and cocktails (p = 0.028), vodka (p = 0.039) and lower of natural cottage cheese/tofu/tempeh (p < 0.001), vegetable oils (p = 0.036), legumes (p < 0.001) and nuts and seeds(p < 0.001) compared to the VEGAN + VEGE groups. The body composition analysis showed significant differences in skeletal muscle mass (SMM) (p = 0.019) and the content of minerals (p = 0.048) between groups. VEGAN disclosed the lowest average values of body fat mass (BFM), percentage body fat (PBF), and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) than other studied groups. Conclusions: The body composition analysis showed mean values within normal ranges in all of the groups, but some average results of OMN, PESCA, and VEGE compared to VEGAN were not highly satisfactory (in addition to eating behavior outcomes). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Nutrition and Body Composition on Metabolism)

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11 pages, 272 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Body Composition in Multiple Sclerosis Patients and Its Relationship to the Disability Level, Disease Duration and Glucocorticoid Therapy

by Edyta Matusik, Jacek Durmala, Barbara Ksciuk and Pawel Matusik

Nutrients 2022, 14(20), 4249; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14204249 - 12 Oct 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1633

Abstract

Background: Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) have many potential factors (spasticity, immobilization, glucocorticoids use) for the deterioration of body composition. Aim: To assess the nutritional status (by classical anthropometry and by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)) in MS patients and to correlate it with clinical state, MS duration time and the presence of glucocorticoid therapy in anamnesis (ever used). Methods: Anthropometrical (BMI and waist and hip circumferences, waist-to-height ratio (W/HtR), and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR)) and body composition (BIA) data were evaluated in 176 patients with MS. Fat mass (FM), and fat-free mass (FFM) were expressed as kilograms (kg), percentage (%) and indexes (FMI: fat mass index, FFMI: fat-free mass index) expressed in kg/m². The median Expanded Disability Status Scale score was 4.5. Patients were then divided according to EDSS score as mild (EDSS 1.0–4.0) or moderate (EDSS 4.5–6.5) disability subgroup. Results: Waist c., WHtR, WHR, and FM% were significantly higher in the moderate MS group (p < 0.01; p < 0.001; p < 0.001; and p < 0.05, respectively). Whilst, FFM% was significantly lower (p < 0.05). BMI did not correlate significantly with any disability status score and MS time. Significant correlations were observed between EDSS, ΔEDSS and MS time and Waist c., WHtR, WHR, FM% and FFM%. WHtR had the strongest significance (p < 0.0001 vs. EDSS; p < 0.0001 vs. ΔEDSS; and p < 0.01 vs. MS time, respectively). After the adjustment to the MS time, only FM% was no longer significantly related to both EDSS and ΔEDSS. MS duration time, EDSS, ΔEDSS, WHtR, FM(kg), FM%, and FMI were significantly higher in the patients with a positive history of glucocorticoid therapy (all p < 0.05). Whilst, FFM% was significantly lower in MS patients treated with glucocorticoids (p < 0.01). Conclusions: Greater disability in MS patients is strongly related to lower fat-free mass and higher fat mass, especially with the abdominal distribution, irrespective of the duration time of the disease. Oral glucocorticoid therapy seems to have a negative impact on the body composition of MS patients. However, further prospective multifactorial studies in this field have to be done. For the proper assessment of nutritional status in MS patients, Waist c., WHtR, WHR, or body composition parameters seem to be of greater use than BMI. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Nutrition and Body Composition on Metabolism)

26 pages, 8818 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Ketogenic Diets on Body Composition and Metabolic Parameters of Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Haobin Zhao, Han Jin, Junfang Xian, Zhifu Zhang, Junling Shi and Xiaosu Bai

Nutrients 2022, 14(19), 4192; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14194192 - 8 Oct 2022

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 7380

Abstract

A ketogenic diet characterized by high fat and low carbohydrate can drive the body to produce a large number of ketone bodies, altering human metabolism. Unlike normal cells, tumor cells have difficulty in consuming ketone bodies. Therefore, the application of ketogenic diets in cancer therapy is gaining attention. However, the effect of ketogenic diets on body parameters of cancer patients is not well established. This meta-analysis aimed to summarize the effects of ketogenic diets on cancer patients in earlier controlled trials. PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library were searched for clinical trials that enrolled cancer patients who received ketogenic diets intervention. Ten controlled trials were included in this meta-analysis. Data were extracted and checked by three authors independently. Pooled effect sizes revealed a significant effect of ketogenic diets on body weight (SMD −1.83, 95% CI −2.30 to −1.35; p < 0.00001) and fat mass (SMD −1.52, 95% CI −1.92 to −1.07; p < 0.00001). No significant effect on blood glucose, insulin, or lipid profile except triglycerides was found in the analysis. It had no effect on liver and kidney function except that GGT were decreased a little. There were no significant changes in IGF-1 and TNF-α related to tumor growth. Mental health improvement of cancer patients was supported by several trials. Taken together, findings in this study confirmed that the ketogenic diet was a safe approach for cancer patients reducing body weight and fat mass. In addition, cancer treatment-related indicators changed insignificantly. Ketogenic diets may be beneficial to the quality of life of cancer patients. However, intervention duration in most studies is shorter than 6 months, and the effect of a long-term ketogenic diet is still required further validation. More trials with a larger sample size are necessary to give a more conclusive result; PROSPERO registration number: CRD42021277559. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Nutrition and Body Composition on Metabolism)

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9 pages, 1368 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Life without Proteinase Activated Receptor 2 (PAR2) Alters Body Composition and Glucose Tolerance in Mice

by Thomas H. Reynolds and Stephen J. Ives

Nutrients 2022, 14(19), 4096; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14194096 - 2 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1783

Abstract

The potential role of proteinase activated receptor 2 (PAR2) in the development of age-related obesity and insulin resistance is not well-understood. To address the hypothesis that deletion of PAR2 might ameliorate age-related obesity and impaired glucose homeostasis, we assessed body composition and insulin action in 18-month-old male PAR2 knockout (PAR2KO-AG), age-matched (AG) and young C57BL6 (YG, 6-month-old) mice. Body composition was measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and insulin action was assessed by glucose tolerance (GT), insulin tolerance (IT) and AICAR tolerance (AT) testing. AG mice weighed significantly more than YG mice (p = 0.0001) demonstrating age-related obesity. However, PAR2KO-AG mice weighed significantly more than AG mice (p = 0.042), indicating that PAR2 may prevent a portion of age-related obesity. PAR2KO-AG and AG mice had greater fat mass and body fat percentage than YG mice. Similar to body weight, fat mass was greater in PAR2KO-AG mice compared to AG mice (p = 0.045); however, only a trend for greater body fat percentage in PAR2KO-AG compared to AG mice was observed (p = 0.09). No differences existed in lean body mass among the PAR2KO-AG, AG, and YG mice (p = 0.58). With regard to insulin action, the area under the curve (AUC) for GT was lower in PAR2KO-AG compared to AG mice (p = 0.0003) and YG mice (p = 0.001); however, no differences existed for the AUC for IT or AT. Our findings indicate that age-related obesity is not dependent on PAR2 expression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Nutrition and Body Composition on Metabolism)

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14 pages, 873 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Anthropometric Cut-Off Values for Detecting the Presence of Metabolic Syndrome and Its Multiple Components among Adults in Vietnam: The Role of Novel Indices

by Anh Kim Dang, Mai Tuyet Truong, Huong Thi Le, Khan Cong Nguyen, Mai Bach Le, Lam Thi Nguyen, Khanh Nam Do, Lan Huong Thi Nguyen, Abdullah A. Mamun, Dung Phung and Phong K. Thai

Nutrients 2022, 14(19), 4024; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14194024 - 28 Sep 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2912

Abstract

Recent studies have shown that using international guidelines to diagnose metabolic syndrome (MetS) may underestimate its prevalence in different Asian populations. This study aims to determine the validity of anthropometric indicators and appropriate cut-off values to predict MetS for Vietnamese adults. We analyzed data on 4701 adults across four regions of Vietnam. Four conventional and five novel anthropometric indexes were calculated. The area under a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) and Youden’s J statistic were applied to evaluate the diagnostic ability and optimal cut-off values. Regardless of diagnostic criteria and gender, Abdominal volume index (AVI), Body roundness index (BRI), and Waist-height ratio (WHtR) had the highest AUC values, followed by Body mass index (BMI) and Waist-hip ratio (WHR). However, it was seen that differences among the AUC values of most indices were minor. In men, using International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria, the threshold of indices was 3.86 for BRI, 16.20 for AVI, 0.53 for WHtR, 22.40 for BMI, and 0.90 for WHR. In women, the threshold for these figures were 3.60, 12.80, 0.51, 23.58, and 0.85, respectively. It is recommended that health personnel in Vietnam should apply appropriate thresholds of anthropometry, which are lower than current international guidelines, for MetS screening to avoid under-diagnosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Nutrition and Body Composition on Metabolism)

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14 pages, 2044 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Predictive Roles of Basal Metabolic Rate and Body Water Distribution in Sarcopenia and Sarcopenic Obesity: The link to Carbohydrates

by Lizheng Guan, Tiantian Li, Xuan Wang, Kang Yu, Rong Xiao and Yuandi Xi

Nutrients 2022, 14(19), 3911; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14193911 - 21 Sep 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2672

Abstract

Sarcopenic obesity is a new category of obesity and is a specific condition of sarcopenia. This study aimed to find the relationship of the basal metabolic rate (BMR) and body water distribution with muscle health and their prospective roles in screening for sarcopenic obesity and sarcopenia. The role of nutrients such as carbohydrates in the relationship was further detected. A total of 402 elderly subjects were recruited. Body composition was estimated by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Sarcopenia was defined by the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia 2019. The cutoff values were determined by the receiver operating characteristic curve. Mediation analyses were performed using SPSS PROCESS. Higher BMR and BMR/body surface area (BSA) were protective factors against sarcopenic obesity (OR = 0.047, p = 0.004; OR = 0.035, p = 0.002) and sarcopenia (OR = 0.085, p = 0.001; OR = 0.100, p = 0.003) in elderly people. Low extracellular water (ECW)/intracellular water (ICW) and ECW/total body water (TBW) were negatively correlated with the skeletal muscle index (SMI). The intake of dietary carbohydrates in people with sarcopenic obesity was the lowest, but in subjects with obesity, it was the highest (p = 0.023). The results of the moderated mediation model showed that BMR fully mediated the positive relationship between carbohydrates and SMI, which was more obvious in the population with an abnormal body water distribution. BMR or BMR/BSA had the potential role of predicting a higher risk of sarcopenic obesity and sarcopenia. Higher BMR and lower ECW/ICW and ECW/TBW may benefit muscle health. The overconsumption of carbohydrates (especially > AMDR) might be a risk factor for obesity. Moderate dietary carbohydrate intake might promote SMI by regulating BMR and body water distribution in the elderly. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Nutrition and Body Composition on Metabolism)

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Review

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15 pages, 613 KiB

Open AccessReview

Mitochondrial Function in Healthy Human White Adipose Tissue: A Narrative Review

by Lisa Guerrier, Corinne Malpuech-Brugère, Ruddy Richard and Julianne Touron

Nutrients 2023, 15(20), 4430; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15204430 - 19 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2706

Abstract

As ¾ of the global population either have excess or insufficient fat, it has become increasingly critical to understand the functions and dysfunctions of adipose tissue (AT). AT serves as a key organ in energy metabolism, and recently, attention has been focused on white AT, particularly its mitochondria, as the literature evidence links their functions to adiposity. This narrative review provides an overview of mitochondrial functionality in human white AT. Firstly, it is noteworthy that the two primary AT depots, subcutaneous AT (scAT) and visceral AT (vAT), exhibit differences in mitochondrial density and activity. Notably, vAT tends to have a higher mitochondrial activity compared to scAT. Subsequently, studies have unveiled a negative correlation between mitochondrial activity and body mass index (BMI), indicating that obesity is associated with a lower mitochondrial function. While the impact of exercise on AT mitochondria remains uncertain, dietary interventions have demonstrated varying effects on AT mitochondria. This variability holds promise for the modulation of AT mitochondrial activity. In summary, AT mitochondria exert a significant influence on health outcomes and can be influenced by factors such as obesity and dietary interventions. Understanding the mechanisms underlying these responses can offer potential insights into managing conditions related to AT and overall health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Nutrition and Body Composition on Metabolism)

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