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A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Nutrition and Public Health".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 December 2022) | Viewed by 23442

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Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Thomas Skurk

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Guest Editor

1. ZIEL Institute for Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
2. Else Kröner-Fresenius-Center of Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 80992 Munich, Germany
Interests: nutritional medicine; targeted nutrition; nutritional supplements; obesity; diabetes mellitus

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Nutrition studies widely suffer from insufficient evidence. This is due to the diversity of foods, food preparation, the low effectiveness of interventions, and the long time horizon one needs to observe a population of interest. However, continuous exposure to bio-actives in our daily nutrition can either continuously deteriorate chronic developments, e.g., metabolic diseases, or demonstrate a preventive strategy to reduce premature morbidity.

Our intermediary metabolism handles thousands of substances every day and shifts them into anabolic pathways or prepares them for excretion. There are slight differences in the enzymatic activities of each of us. These alterations determine whether a nutritional modification or supplementation is more or less effective in a certain individual. Additionally, minimal deviations might predict the outcome or interpretation of interventions and could increase the significance of studies. Therefore, we need to stratify our intervention groups better according to their individual requirements.

This Special Issue should collate the latest research in the field of individual responses to defined nutritional interventions with experimental studies. Gastro-intestinal (host) factors determining microbiota diversity, digestion, uptake, and nutrient handling, based on a genetic or epigenetic variation, should be examined. Additionally, reviews that complement recent clinical research are welcome.

Prof. Dr. Thomas Skurk
Guest Editor

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Keywords

targeted/precision nutrition
metabolic diseases
nutrigenetics/nutrigenomics
metabolomics/proteomics

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

22 pages, 3377 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Role of Dietary Fiber and Energy Intake on Gut Microbiome in Vegans, Vegetarians, and Flexitarians in Comparison to Omnivores—Insights from the Nutritional Evaluation (NuEva) Study

by Waldemar Seel, Sarah Reiners, Kristin Kipp, Marie-Christin Simon and Christine Dawczynski

Nutrients 2023, 15(8), 1914; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15081914 - 15 Apr 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3854

Abstract

In recent years, there has been a global trend towards a plant-based lifestyle. In the NuEva study, dietary self-reports of 258 participants following one of four diets (Western diet (WD), flexitarians (Flex), vegetarians (VG), and vegans (VN)) were related to fecal microbiome composition. Reduced consumption of animal products (VN < VG < Flex < WD) was associated with a decreased intake of energy (p < 0.05), and an increased intake of soluble and non-soluble dietary fibers (p < 0.05). We observed the lowest average microbiome diversity in vegans and the highest in WD. Compared to WD, VG (p < 0.05) and VN (p < 0.01) differed significantly in their bacterial composition. These data were related to dietary fiber intake. Furthermore, we identified 14 diet-specific biomarkers at the genus level by using LefSe analysis. Of these, 11 showed minimum or maximum counts in WD or VN. While the VN-specific species were inversely associated with cardiovascular risk factors, a positive association was detected for the WD-specific species. Identifying biomarkers for the diets on extreme ends of the spectrum (WD and VN) and their association with cardiovascular risk factors provides a solid evidence base highlighting the potential and the need for the development of personalized recommendations dependent on dietary patterns. Even so, the mechanisms underlying these diet-specific differences in microbiome composition cannot yet be clearly assessed. The elucidation of these associations will provide the basis for personalized nutritional recommendations based on the microbiome. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Precision (Personalized) Nutrition)

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24 pages, 1818 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sweetener System Intervention Shifted Neutrophils from Homeostasis to Priming

by Thomas Skurk, Tamara Krämer, Patrick Marcinek, Agne Malki, Roman Lang, Andreas Dunkel, Tiffany Krautwurst, Thomas F. Hofmann and Dietmar Krautwurst

Nutrients 2023, 15(5), 1260; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15051260 - 2 Mar 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 5156

Abstract

Background: Non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) are part of personalized nutrition strategies supporting healthy glycemic control. In contrast, the consumption of non-nutritive sweeteners has been related to person-specific and microbiome-dependent glycemic impairments. Reports on the effects of NNS on our highly individual cellular immune system are sparse. The recent identification of taste receptor expression in a variety of immune cells, however, suggested their immune-modulatory relevance. Methods: We studied the influence of a beverage-typical NNS system on the transcriptional profiling of sweetener-cognate taste receptors, selected cytokines and their receptors, and on Ca²⁺ signaling in isolated blood neutrophils. We determined plasma concentrations of saccharin, acesulfame-K, and cyclamate by HPLC-MS/MS, upon ingestion of a soft drink-typical sweetener surrogate. In an open-labeled, randomized intervention study, we determined pre- versus post-intervention transcript levels by RT-qPCR of sweetener-cognate taste receptors and immune factors. Results: Here we show that the consumption of a food-typical sweetener system modulated the gene expression of cognate taste receptors and induced the transcriptional regulation signatures of early homeostasis- and late receptor/signaling- and inflammation-related genes in blood neutrophils, shifting their transcriptional profile from homeostasis to priming. Notably, sweeteners at postprandial plasma concentrations facilitated fMLF (N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe)-induced Ca²⁺ signaling. Conclusions: Our results support the notion of sweeteners priming neutrophils to higher alertness towards their adequate stimuli. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Precision (Personalized) Nutrition)

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19 pages, 1218 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Digital Therapeutic Allowing a Personalized Low-Glycemic Nutrition for the Prophylaxis of Migraine: Real World Data from Two Prospective Studies

by Vivian Valeska Lelleck, Franziska Schulz, Oliver Witt, Gianna Kühn, Dominik Klein, Astrid Gendolla, Stefan Evers, Charly Gaul, Diamant Thaçi, Christian Sina and Torsten Schröder

Nutrients 2022, 14(14), 2927; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14142927 - 17 Jul 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 7223

Abstract

Migraine is a headache disorder associated with a high socioeconomic burden. The digital therapeutic sinCephalea provides an individualized low-glycemic diet based on continuous glucose measurement and is intended to provide a non-pharmacological migraine prophylaxis. We performed two prospective studies with migraine patients who used sinCephalea over a period of 16 weeks. The patients used a headache diary and recorded their migraine-related daily life impairments using the assessment tools HIT-6 and MIDAS for a pre versus post comparison. In addition, continuous glucose data of patients were compared to healthy controls. In both studies, patients reported a reduction of headache and migraine days as well as reductions in HIT-6 and MIDAS scores. More specifically, migraine days decreased by 2.40 days (95% CI [−3.37; −1.42]), HIT-6 improved by 3.17 points (95% CI [−4.63; −1.70]) and MIDAS by 13.45 points (95% CI [−22.01; −4.89]). Glucose data suggest that migraine patients have slightly increased mean glucose values compared to healthy controls, but drop into a glucose range that is below one’s individual standard range before a migraine attack. In conclusion, sinCephalea is a non-pharmacological, digital migraine prophylaxis that induces a therapeutic effect within the range of pharmacological interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Precision (Personalized) Nutrition)

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14 pages, 1347 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of Time-Restricted Eating on Metabolism and Gut Microbiota: A Real-Life Study

by Ilario Ferrocino, Marianna Pellegrini, Chiara D’Eusebio, Ilaria Goitre, Valentina Ponzo, Maurizio Fadda, Rosalba Rosato, Giulio Mengozzi, Guglielmo Beccuti, Fabio Dario Merlo, Farnaz Rahimi, Isabella Comazzi, Luca Cocolin, Ezio Ghigo and Simona Bo

Nutrients 2022, 14(13), 2569; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14132569 - 21 Jun 2022

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 6179

Abstract

The metabolic benefits of time-restricted eating (TRE) in humans are statistically significant but not clinically relevant. Few data are available about the effects of TRE on the gut microbiota. We compared the effects of a TRE regimen (<12 h feeding; n = 25) with a time-unrestricted (TUE) regimen (>12 h feeding; n = 24), on the clinical and dietary variables and gut-microbiota composition in patients with obesity, who were subjected for 12 weeks to the same caloric restriction. Median weight loss was 4.0 kg and 2.2 kg in the TRE and TUE groups, respectively, with a between-group borderline difference (p = 0.049). No significant between-group difference was found in other dietary, anthropometric, or laboratory variables. There were no substantial between-group differences in alpha and beta diversity or gut-microbiota composition. The TRE group showed a significant increase in the frequency of Lachnospiraceae, Parasutterella, and Romboutsia at the study’s end. A TRE regimen induced small changes both in metabolic/dietary variables and in the gut-microbiota composition, with respect to the TUE. The microbial changes we have found were of uncertain clinical significance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Precision (Personalized) Nutrition)

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