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Diet and Inflammation in Older Adults

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A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Geriatric Nutrition".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 March 2023) | Viewed by 18519

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Dr. Andreas Nilsson

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Guest Editor

School of Health Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
Interests: physical activity; dietary patterns; aging; body composition; metabolic health; inflammation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Fawzi Kadi

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Guest Editor

School of Health Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
Interests: low-grade systemic inflammation; physical activity; dietary patterns; body composition
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Dear Colleagues,

During recent decades, a number of studies have pointed out that dietary behaviors have the potential to modulate the age-related progression of metabolic and inflammatory risk factors, contributing to a state of metabolic inflammation (‘metaflammation’), which in turn promotes the accelerated loss of skeletal muscle mass and ectopic fat accumulation. However, the complex interactions between metabolic and inflammatory pathways and the detrimental shift in body composition are poorly understood. In particular, in order to elucidate the true impact of dietary behaviors, the potential moderating effects of habitual physical activity behaviors need to be considered. Currently, there is a paucity of studies specifically targeting older adults, and potential differences in trajectories of metabolic inflammation progression and changes in body composition due to ethnicity, age, and biological sex are yet to be determined. Altogether, there is an urgent need to further understand the extent to which dietary behaviors impact metabolic inflammation while considering physical activity behavior in aging populations of various backgrounds.

The goal of this Special Issue is to compile state-of-the-art research, including original and review contributions, elucidating the role of dietary behaviors on the metabolic and inflammatory environment in older adults. Contributions addressing regulatory mechanisms related to metainflammation, as well as circulating nutritional biomarkers, are also encouraged.

Dr. Andreas Nilsson
Prof. Dr. Fawzi Kadi
Guest Editors

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Keywords

dietary habits
macronutrient intake
protein synthesis
physical activity
obesity
metabolic disorders
inflammation
muscle mass
body composition
aging

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Research

12 pages, 302 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Inflammatory Index and Associations with Sarcopenia Symptomology in Community-Dwelling Older Adults

by Corey Linton, Hattie H. Wright, Daniel P. Wadsworth and Mia A. Schaumberg

Nutrients 2022, 14(24), 5319; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14245319 - 15 Dec 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4336

Abstract

Low-grade systemic inflammation is a key driver of muscle degeneration in older adults, and diets with pro-inflammatory properties may further contribute to loss of muscle mass, strength and function. Therefore, this research aimed to explore the associations between the inflammatory potential of the diet and measures of sarcopenia symptomology in community-dwelling older adults. Upper (handgrip strength, HGS) and lower extremity (sit-to-stand) muscle strength, physical performance (timed-up-and-go, TUG) and appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) was assessed according to the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People version 2 (EWGSOP2) criteria. Multiple 24-hr dietary recalls were used to calculate the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII), which was then used to group participants into anti- and pro-inflammatory dietary groups. Multiple linear regression investigated associations between DII, muscle strength, physical performance, and muscle quantity adjusted for age, gender, comorbidities, waist circumference and physical activity. Adults 65–85 years (n = 110, 72.1 ± 4.7 years, 76.4% female) were recruited. One participant was identified with sarcopenia, 35.2% were pre-frail, or frail. More participants with a pro-inflammatory DII score had low muscle quantity than those with anti-inflammatory DII (3.4% vs. 6.4%, x² = 4.537, p = 0.043) and DII was negatively associated with HGS (β = −0.157, p = 0.016) and ASM (β = −0.176, p = 0.002) which remained significant after adjusting for covariates. In this population, DII was associated with less favorable muscle strength, physical performance, and muscle quantity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Inflammation in Older Adults)

25 pages, 2680 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Gut Microbiota Markers and Dietary Habits Associated with Extreme Longevity in Healthy Sardinian Centenarians

by Vanessa Palmas, Silvia Pisanu, Veronica Madau, Emanuela Casula, Andrea Deledda, Roberto Cusano, Paolo Uva, Andrea Loviselli, Fernanda Velluzzi and Aldo Manzin

Nutrients 2022, 14(12), 2436; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14122436 - 12 Jun 2022

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 5606

Abstract

This study was aimed at characterizing the gut microbiota (GM) and its functional profile in two groups of Sardinian subjects with a long healthy life expectancy, overall named Long-Lived Subjects (LLS) [17 centenarians (CENT) and 29 nonagenarians (NON)] by comparing them to 46 healthy younger controls (CTLs). In addition, the contribution of genetics and environmental factors to the GM phenotype was assessed by comparing a subgroup of seven centenarian parents (CPAR) with a paired cohort of centenarians’ offspring (COFF). The analysis was performed through Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) of the V3 and V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene on the MiSeq Illumina platform. The Verrucomicrobia phylum was identified as the main biomarker in CENT, together with its members Verrucomicrobiaceae, Akkermansia and Akkermansia muciniphila. In NON, the strongest associations concern Actinobacteria phylum, Bifidobacteriaceae and Bifidobacterium, while in CTLs were related to the Bacteroidetes phylum, Bacteroidaceae, Bacteroides and Bacteroides spp. Intestinal microbiota of CPAR and COFF did not differ significantly from each other. Significant correlations between bacterial taxa and clinical and lifestyle data, especially with Mediterranean diet adherence, were observed. We observed a harmonically balanced intestinal community structure in which the increase in taxa associated with intestinal health would limit and counteract the action of potentially pathogenic bacterial species in centenarians. The GM of long-lived individuals showed an intrinsic ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions, as confirmed by functional analysis. The GM analysis of centenarians’ offspring suggest that genetics and environmental factors act synergistically as a multifactorial cause in the modulation of GM towards a phenotype similar to that of centenarians, although these findings need to be confirmed by larger study cohorts and by prospective studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Inflammation in Older Adults)

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11 pages, 938 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association of Dietary Inflammatory Potential with Blood Inflammation: The Prospective Markers on Mild Cognitive Impairment

by Xuan Wang, Tiantian Li, Hongrui Li, Dajun Li, Xianyun Wang, Ai Zhao, Wannian Liang, Rong Xiao and Yuandi Xi

Nutrients 2022, 14(12), 2417; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14122417 - 10 Jun 2022

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 4609

Abstract

Inflammation is known as an important mechanism of cognitive dysfunction. Systemic immune inflammation index (SII) and system inflammation response index (SIRI) are two blood inflammatory markers, which are related to many chronic diseases including cognitive impairment. It is recognized that dietary inflammatory index (DII), which is used to estimate the overall inflammatory potential of diet, may be related to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) as well. This study aimed to explore the relationship between SII, SIRI and DII, as well as the role of these inflammatory indexes on MCI in elderly people. A total of 1050 participants from Beijing were included. Neuropsychological tests were used for cognitive evaluation. Energy-adjusted DII scores were calculated based on semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Blood samples were tested for calculating SII and SIRI. Log-binomial regression models were used to estimate the correlation of indexes. After adjusting demographic characteristics, SII and SIRI in MCI individuals were higher than controls (p ≤ 0.001). DII, SII and SIRI had positive relationship with MoCA scores (p < 0.005). DII also correlated with SIRI in MCI (β = 0.11, p = 0.031). Higher DII and SIRI could definitely increase the risk of MCI, as well as DII and SII (p < 0.005). In conclusion, DII was positively correlated with blood inflammation. The elderly with higher level of DII and SIRI, or DII and SII could be considered as people with higher risk of developing MCI. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Inflammation in Older Adults)

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8 pages, 393 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Consumption of Vegetables Is Associated with Systemic Inflammation in Older Adults

by Konstantinos-Georgios Papaioannou, Fawzi Kadi and Andreas Nilsson

Nutrients 2022, 14(9), 1765; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091765 - 23 Apr 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3184

Abstract

It is hypothesized that healthy diets rich in fruits and vegetables (FV) can modulate the inflammatory status in older adults. However, to determine the actual impact of FV on inflammatory status, adiposity level and objectively assessed physical activity (PA) behaviors need to be considered. The aim of the present study was to explore associations between FV intake and biomarkers of systemic inflammation in older adults. Based on a sample of 233 older adults (65–70 years old), the following inflammatory biomarkers were assessed: C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-10, IL-18, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). FV intake was assessed by self-report, and PA behaviors encompassing time spent sedentary and in moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) were determined using accelerometers. Associations between FV intake and inflammatory biomarkers were analyzed using stepwise linear regression models while adjusting for several covariates, including health-related food groups, adherence to the MVPA guidelines, total sedentary time, and waist circumference. While no significant associations were observed for the total FV intake, the vegetable intake was inversely associated with levels of IL6 (β = −0.15; p < 0.05). In contrast, fruit intake was not associated with any inflammatory biomarker. In conclusion, our findings indicate beneficial associations between vegetable intake and levels of a pro-inflammatory biomarker in older adults, which strengthens public health efforts to promote vegetable-rich diets in older adults to mitigate age-related systemic inflammation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Inflammation in Older Adults)

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