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Nutrients
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Nutritional Insight in Thyroid Diseases and Endocrinology
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Nutritional Insight in Thyroid Diseases and Endocrinology

A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Clinical Nutrition".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 March 2022) | Viewed by 41937

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Giuseppe Bellastella

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
Interests: diabetes mellitus; thyroid diseases; autoimmune disease; clinical endocrinology
Prof. Dr. Katherine Esposito

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Diabetes Unit, Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
Interests: mediterranean diet; metabolic diseases; diabetes mellitus; andrology; endocrinology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Nutritional factors are essential in the regulation of endocrine system and the correct metabolism of human body. The last century was characterized by many endocrine disorders due to nutritional deficiency, such as goiter, cretinism and hypothyroidism. A healthy balanced diet represents an essential key strategy to prevent and fight many chronic diseases. Nowadays, there is a wide variety of dietary patterns to choose and pursue. Among the many, Mediterranean diet, vegetarian or vegan diet, ketogenic diet represent the most famous options which have shown multiple beneficial effects in human well-being, favoring weight loss and reducing inflammation. However, the effects of these different dietary patterns on thyroid function are still debated.

The aim of this Special Issue is to update knowledge on the impacts of different healthy dietary patterns on thyroid physiology, pathology, diagnostics and treatment. We welcome different types of manuscript submissions, including original research articles and up-to-date reviews (systematic reviews and meta-analyses). We invite you to submit your research covering these important topics.

Prof. Dr. Giuseppe Bellastella
Prof. Dr. Katherine Esposito
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • thyroid
  • Mediterranean diet
  • vegan diet
  • gluten-free diet
  • selenium
  • iodine
  • hyperthyroidism
  • thyroiditis
  • thyroid cancer
  • malnutrition

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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10 pages, 1307 KiB  
Article
Timing of Graves’ Hyperthyroidism Management in Pregnant Women: Impact on the Infant Thyroid Volume
by Aleksandra Mikołajczak and Renata Bokiniec
Nutrients 2022, 14(9), 1972; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091972 - 9 May 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 5021
Abstract
The thyroid of the fetus of a mother with Graves’ disease (GD) is affected by the transplacental passage of both antithyroid drugs (ATDs) and thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor antibodies (TRAb). Thyroid hormone imbalances are harmful for the developing brain. This study aimed to evaluate [...] Read more.
The thyroid of the fetus of a mother with Graves’ disease (GD) is affected by the transplacental passage of both antithyroid drugs (ATDs) and thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor antibodies (TRAb). Thyroid hormone imbalances are harmful for the developing brain. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of the duration of antithyroid drug treatment in hyperthyroid pregnant women with GD on infants’ thyroid volume. Twenty-nine neonates born to mothers with GD were divided into two groups depending on the duration of ATDs treatment. The ultrasound thyroid volumes of the infants were measured within the first week of life. Thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyroxine, and TRAb values were recorded. There was no difference between groups in the thyroid hormones’ values. The median thyroid volume for the entire group of neonates with mothers with GD, for the groups of neonates of mothers with long- and short-treated GD, and for the control group were 1.539, 1.816, 1.347 and 1.014 mL, respectively. There were statistically significant differences in the thyroid volume between the GD group and the control group, as well as between the groups of neonates of mothers with long- and short-treated GD (p < 0.05). Studies have shown that the longer the duration of ATDs administration to mothers, the greater the thyroid volume of the neonate. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Insight in Thyroid Diseases and Endocrinology)
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7 pages, 513 KiB  
Communication
Iodine Supplementation in Pregnancy in an Iodine-Deficient Region: A Cross-Sectional Survey
by Carla A. Lopes, Susana Prazeres, José Martinez-de-Oliveira, Edward Limbert and Manuel C. Lemos
Nutrients 2022, 14(7), 1393; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14071393 - 27 Mar 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2983
Abstract
Iodine deficiency is a common problem in pregnant women and may have implications for maternal and child health. Iodine supplementation during pregnancy has been recommended by several scientific societies. We undertook a cross-sectional survey to assess the efficacy of these recommendations in a [...] Read more.
Iodine deficiency is a common problem in pregnant women and may have implications for maternal and child health. Iodine supplementation during pregnancy has been recommended by several scientific societies. We undertook a cross-sectional survey to assess the efficacy of these recommendations in a European iodine-deficient region. Urinary iodine concentrations (UIC) were determined in pregnant women before (n = 203) and after (n = 136) the implementation of guidelines for iodine supplementation in pregnancy. Iodine supplementation (200 μg/day) reduced the proportion of pregnant women with severe iodine deficiency (37.4% to 18.0%, p = 0.0002). The median UIC increased from 67.6 µg/L to 106.8 µg/L but remained below the recommended target level (>150 µg/L) for pregnant women. In conclusion, iodine supplementation in pregnant women improved iodine status in this iodine-deficient region but was insufficient to achieve recommended iodine levels in pregnancy. Additional measures, such as the adjustment of the dose or timing of supplementation, or universal salt iodization, may be needed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Insight in Thyroid Diseases and Endocrinology)
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Review

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13 pages, 321 KiB  
Review
Mediterranean Diet and Thyroid: An Interesting Alliance
by Giuseppe Bellastella, Lorenzo Scappaticcio, Francesco Caiazzo, Maria Tomasuolo, Raffaela Carotenuto, Mariangela Caputo, Stefania Arena, Paola Caruso, Maria Ida Maiorino and Katherine Esposito
Nutrients 2022, 14(19), 4130; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14194130 - 4 Oct 2022
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 7128
Abstract
The Mediterranean diet, recognized as being cultural heritage by UNESCO, is mostly plant-based and includes a high consumption of whole-grain, fruit, and vegetables with a moderate consumption of alcohol during meals. Thus, it provides a small amount of saturated fatty acids and a [...] Read more.
The Mediterranean diet, recognized as being cultural heritage by UNESCO, is mostly plant-based and includes a high consumption of whole-grain, fruit, and vegetables with a moderate consumption of alcohol during meals. Thus, it provides a small amount of saturated fatty acids and a high quantity of antioxidants and fiber. For this reason, it has been considered to have an important role in preventing cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney diseases, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cancer, but its relationship with thyroid function and diseases is still under debate. The aim of this review was to search for the possible correlation between the Mediterranean diet and thyroid function, and to critically evaluate the pathophysiological link between selected food intake and thyroid disorders. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Insight in Thyroid Diseases and Endocrinology)
14 pages, 5780 KiB  
Review
Selenium Supplementation in Pregnant Women with Autoimmune Thyroiditis: A Practical Approach
by Marianna Minnetti, Valentina Sada, Tiziana Feola, Elisa Giannetta, Carlotta Pozza, Daniele Gianfrilli, Andrea M. Isidori and Alessia Cozzolino
Nutrients 2022, 14(11), 2234; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14112234 - 27 May 2022
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 5451
Abstract
Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and a pivotal role in thyroid metabolism. Ensuring a sufficient Se supply is possible via a balanced, wholesome diet; however, Se content in foods may be different throughout geographical areas. Se [...] Read more.
Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and a pivotal role in thyroid metabolism. Ensuring a sufficient Se supply is possible via a balanced, wholesome diet; however, Se content in foods may be different throughout geographical areas. Se supplementation is expected to improve inflammatory status in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis, especially in those with high activity, and has been demonstrated as effective in reducing the thyroid peroxidase antibodies titer. Se status seems to affect thyroid function in pregnancy, which prompts the potential role of Se supplementation in such patients. Few clinical trials have investigated the effectiveness of Se supplementation in pregnant women with thyroiditis, and their results suggest the safety and effectiveness of this element in reducing autoantibody levels and preventing postpartum thyroiditis development, although limited. Hence, more robust evidence is needed to confirm these data. The current study aims to summarize published data on the relationship between Se and thyroid status in pregnant women with thyroiditis and the potential use of Se. Moreover, an algorithm for Se supplementation is proposed for pregnant women with thyroiditis to help endocrinologists in daily clinical practice to consider Se status. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Insight in Thyroid Diseases and Endocrinology)
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13 pages, 625 KiB  
Review
Nutrition in Advanced Thyroid Cancer Patients
by Laura Agate, Elisa Minaldi, Alessio Basolo, Valentina Angeli, Roberta Jaccheri, Ferruccio Santini and Rossella Elisei
Nutrients 2022, 14(6), 1298; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14061298 - 18 Mar 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 5012
Abstract
In the last decade, multikinase inhibitors (MKIs) have changed the paradigm of treatment of advanced and progressive thyroid cancer. Compared with the traditional treatment with chemotherapy and radiotherapy, these new drugs have shown a good efficacy in controlling the neoplastic disease, and also [...] Read more.
In the last decade, multikinase inhibitors (MKIs) have changed the paradigm of treatment of advanced and progressive thyroid cancer. Compared with the traditional treatment with chemotherapy and radiotherapy, these new drugs have shown a good efficacy in controlling the neoplastic disease, and also a different toxicity profile compared to traditional chemotherapy, milder but still present and involving mainly the nutritional profile. Weight loss, nausea, anorexia, stomatitis, diarrhea may be associated with malnutrition and cancer-related cachexia. The latter is characteristic of the advanced cancer stage and may be present before starting MKIs, or may develop afterwards. Adverse events with nutritional impact may cause a significant impairment of quality of life, often requiring dose reduction and sometimes drug discontinuation, but with a lower efficacy on the neoplastic disease. The aim of this paper was to discuss the role of nutritional therapy in advanced thyroid cancer and the importance of prevention, early recognition and careful management of malnutrition and cachexia during systemic therapy with MKIs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Insight in Thyroid Diseases and Endocrinology)
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11 pages, 883 KiB  
Review
Iodine: Its Role in Thyroid Hormone Biosynthesis and Beyond
by Salvatore Sorrenti, Enke Baldini, Daniele Pironi, Augusto Lauro, Valerio D’Orazi, Francesco Tartaglia, Domenico Tripodi, Eleonora Lori, Federica Gagliardi, Marianna Praticò, Giulio Illuminati, Vito D’Andrea, Piergaspare Palumbo and Salvatore Ulisse
Nutrients 2021, 13(12), 4469; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13124469 - 14 Dec 2021
Cited by 53 | Viewed by 9153
Abstract
The present review deals with the functional roles of iodine and its metabolism. The main biological function of iodine concerns its role in the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones (THs) by the thyroid gland. In addition, however, further biological roles of iodine have emerged. [...] Read more.
The present review deals with the functional roles of iodine and its metabolism. The main biological function of iodine concerns its role in the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones (THs) by the thyroid gland. In addition, however, further biological roles of iodine have emerged. Precisely, due to its significant action as scavenger of reactive oxygen species (ROS), iodine is thought to represent one of the oldest antioxidants in living organisms. Moreover, iodine oxidation to hypoiodite (IO−) has been shown to possess strong bactericidal as well as antiviral and antifungal activity. Finally, and importantly, iodine has been demonstrated to exert antineoplastic effects in human cancer cell lines. Thus, iodine, through the action of different tissue-specific peroxidases, may serve different evolutionarily conserved physiological functions that, beyond TH biosynthesis, encompass antioxidant activity and defense against pathogens and cancer progression. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Insight in Thyroid Diseases and Endocrinology)

Other

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8 pages, 470 KiB  
Systematic Review
What about TSH and Anti-Thyroid Antibodies in Patients with Autoimmune Thyroiditis and Celiac Disease Using a Gluten-Free Diet? A Systematic Review
by Sabrina Malandrini, Pierpaolo Trimboli, Gabriele Guzzaloni, Camilla Virili and Barbara Lucchini
Nutrients 2022, 14(8), 1681; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14081681 - 18 Apr 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5766
Abstract
The prevalence of celiac disease (CD) in patients with chronic autoimmune thyroiditis (CAIT) is estimated to be between 2 and 7.8%. A gluten-free diet (GFD) in patients with CD is suggested to have a beneficial effect on CAIT. Thus, the present systematic review [...] Read more.
The prevalence of celiac disease (CD) in patients with chronic autoimmune thyroiditis (CAIT) is estimated to be between 2 and 7.8%. A gluten-free diet (GFD) in patients with CD is suggested to have a beneficial effect on CAIT. Thus, the present systematic review was undertaken to achieve more robust evidence about the change in thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroid-specific antibodies (T-Ab) levels obtained in CD patients following a GFD. A specific search strategy was planned. The last search was performed on March 2022. The following data were mainly searched for in order to be extracted: sample size, mean and/or median with standard deviation (SD), and error (SE), individually, of thyroid hormones and T-Ab at baseline and after GFD, and the duration of the study. The initial search retrieved 297 records and 6 articles met the inclusion criteria. In total, 50 patients with both CD and CAIT and 45 controls were reported. The effects of a GFD on the thyroid hormonal and immunological profile could be extracted only in a part of the studies. Two studies were case reports. A low risk of bias was observed. These findings advise further studies, ideally randomized, in order to better investigate the potential relationship between GFD and thyroid homeostasis. The level of evidence is not still sufficient to recommend GFD to patients with CAIT. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Insight in Thyroid Diseases and Endocrinology)
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