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18 pages, 7823 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Goniopolarimetric Properties of Typical Satellite Material Surfaces: Intercomparison with Semi-Empirical pBRDF Modeled Results

by Min Yang, Hongxia Mao, Jun Wu, Chong Zheng and Li Wang

Photonics 2025, 12(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12010017 - 27 Dec 2024

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Abstract

Light reflected from satellite surfaces is polarized light, which plays a crucial role in space target identification and remote sensing. To deepen our understanding of the polarized reflectance property for satellite material surface, we present the experiments of polarimetric laboratory measurements from two [...] Read more.

Light reflected from satellite surfaces is polarized light, which plays a crucial role in space target identification and remote sensing. To deepen our understanding of the polarized reflectance property for satellite material surface, we present the experiments of polarimetric laboratory measurements from two typical satellite materials in the wavelength range of 400–1000 nm by using a goniometer instrument. The bidirectional polarized reflectance factor (BPRF) is used to describe the polarization characteristics of our samples. The polarized spectral reflectance and distribution of BPRF for our datasets are analyzed. Furthermore, five semi-empirical polarized bidirectional reflectance distribution functions (pBRDFs) models for polarized reflectance of typical satellite material surfaces (Preist–Germer model, Maxwell–Beard model, three-component model, Cook–Torrance model, and Kubelka–Munk model) are quantitatively intercompared using the measured BPRFs. The results suggest that the measured BPRFs of our samples are spectrally irrelevant, and the hemispherical distribution of BPRFs is obviously anisotropic. Except for the Preist–Germer model, the other semi-empirical models are in good agreement with the measured BPRF at the selected wavelengths, indicating that we can accurately simulate the polarized reflectance property of the satellite surface by using the existing polarimetric models. The Kubelka–Munk pBRDF model best fits the silver polyimide film and white coating surfaces with RMSE equal to 3.25% and 2.03%, and the correlation coefficient is 0.994 and 0.984, respectively. This study can be applied to provide an accurate pBRDF model for space object scene simulation and has great potential for polarization remote sensing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polarization Optics)

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18 pages, 12480 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bionic Compass Method Based on Atmospheric Polarization Optimization in Non-Ideal Clear Condition

by Yuyang Li, Xia Wang, Min Zhang, Ruiqiang Li and Qiyang Sun

Photonics 2024, 11(12), 1099; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11121099 - 21 Nov 2024

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Abstract

The bionic polarization compass is a fascinating subject in the navigation domain. Existing polarization navigation models are primarily based on Rayleigh scattering theory, which is applicable to high-altitude, dry, and clear weather conditions. In most scenarios, it is difficult to meet such ideal [...] Read more.

The bionic polarization compass is a fascinating subject in the navigation domain. Existing polarization navigation models are primarily based on Rayleigh scattering theory, which is applicable to high-altitude, dry, and clear weather conditions. In most scenarios, it is difficult to meet such ideal clear conditions. This paper proposes a bionic navigation method based on atmospheric polarization optimization to improve heading accuracy under non-ideal clear conditions. A signal model under non-ideal clear conditions was firstly established to introduce disturbances of aerosols and other particles into the raw signal function acquired by a camera. Then, an energy functional optimization model was constructed to eliminate the disturbances caused by large particle scattering and restore the original sky polarization pattern. Subsequently, the heading angle was calculated using astronomical data, enhancing accuracy under non-ideal conditions. Finally, we constructed a polarization compass system and conducted field experiments. The results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm effectively mitigates the impact of scattering from aerosols and other particles, reducing the heading angle error to within 2° under sunny, cloudy, overcast and sandy conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polarization Optics)

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15 pages, 3219 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Polarization Optics to Differentiate Among Bioaerosols for Lidar Applications

by Alain Miffre, Danaël Cholleton, Adrien P. Genoud, Antonio Spanu and Patrick Rairoux

Photonics 2024, 11(11), 1067; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11111067 - 14 Nov 2024

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Abstract

Polarization optics, which characterize the orientation of the electromagnetic field through Stokes vectors formalism, have been effectively used in lidar remote sensing to detect particles that differ in shape, such as mineral dust or pollen. In this study, for the first time, we [...] Read more.

Polarization optics, which characterize the orientation of the electromagnetic field through Stokes vectors formalism, have been effectively used in lidar remote sensing to detect particles that differ in shape, such as mineral dust or pollen. In this study, for the first time, we explore the capability of polarization optics to distinguish the light-backscattering patterns of pollen and fungal spores, two complex-shaped particles that vary significantly in surface structure. A unique laboratory polarimeter operating at lidar backscattering at 180.0° was conducted to assess their light depolarization property in laboratory ambient air. If, at the precise lidar backscattering angle of 180.0°, the depolarization ratios of pollen and fungal spores were difficult to differentiate, slight deviations from 180.0° allowed us to reveal separate scattering matrices for pollen and fungal spores. This demonstrates that polarization optics can unambiguously differentiate these particles based on their light-(back)scattering properties. These findings are consistent at both 532 and 1064 nm. This non-invasive, real-time technique is valuable for environmental monitoring, where rapid identification of airborne allergens is essential, as well as in agricultural and health sectors. Polarization-based light scattering thus offers a valuable method for characterizing such atmospheric particles, aiding in managing airborne contaminants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polarization Optics)

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11 pages, 5565 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optical Calibration of a Multi-Color Ellipsometric Mapping Tool Fabricated Using Cheap Parts

by Berhane Nugusse Zereay, Sándor Kálvin, György Juhász, Csaba Major, Péter Petrik, Zoltán György Horváth and Miklós Fried

Photonics 2024, 11(11), 1036; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11111036 - 4 Nov 2024

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Abstract

We developed and applied a new calibration method to make more accurate measurements with our multi-color ellipsometric mapping tool made from cheap parts. Ellipsometry is an optical technique that measures the relative change in the polarization state of the measurement beam induced by [...] Read more.

We developed and applied a new calibration method to make more accurate measurements with our multi-color ellipsometric mapping tool made from cheap parts. Ellipsometry is an optical technique that measures the relative change in the polarization state of the measurement beam induced by reflection from or transmission through a sample. During conventional ellipsometric measurement, the data collection is relatively slow and measures one spot at a time, so mapping needs a long time compared with our new optical mapping equipment made by an ordinary color LED monitor and a polarization-sensitive camera. The angle of incidence and the incident polarization state is varied point by point, so a special optical calibration method is needed. Three SiO₂ samples with different thicknesses were used for the point-by-point determination of the angle of incidence and rho (ρ) corrections. After the calibration, another SiO₂ sample was measured and analyzed using the calibrated corrections; further, this sample was independently measured using a conventional spectroscopic ellipsometer. The difference between the two measured thickness maps is less than 1 nm. Our optical mapping tool made from cheap parts is faster and covers wider area samples relative to conventional ellipsometers, and these correction enhancements further demonstrate its performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polarization Optics)

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17 pages, 6477 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Polarized-Speckle Deviation Imaging through Scattering Media under Strong Background Light Interference

by Si He, Xia Wang and Linhao Li

Photonics 2024, 11(7), 682; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11070682 - 22 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1125

Abstract

A crucial challenge faced by noninvasive imaging through strongly scattering media is overcoming background light interference. Polarization-based anti-scattering methods can eliminate background light interference, but fail to utilize speckle images that do not contain unscattered object light for object reconstruction. Although speckle correlation [...] Read more.

A crucial challenge faced by noninvasive imaging through strongly scattering media is overcoming background light interference. Polarization-based anti-scattering methods can eliminate background light interference, but fail to utilize speckle images that do not contain unscattered object light for object reconstruction. Although speckle correlation imaging (SCI) methods can utilize speckle images for object reconstruction, it is difficult to achieve stable high-quality reconstruction and overcome background light interference using these methods. In this study, we propose a polarized-speckle deviation imaging (PSDI) method to overcome background light interference and achieve high-quality imaging through strongly scattering media. PSDI utilizes the bispectrum and autocorrelation of polarized speckle image deviations to reconstruct the Fourier phase and amplitude spectra of the object image, respectively. Experimental results show that when the background light is polarized and unpolarized, PSDI can achieve stable high-fidelity reconstruction of a polarized object when the signal-to-background ratio (SBR) is lower than −7 dB and −9 dB, respectively. PSDI bridges the gap between imaging with strongly scattered light and overcoming strong background light interference, and is expected to find widespread applications in fields such as biomedical imaging, astronomical observation, underwater imaging, and remote sensing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polarization Optics)

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10 pages, 2180 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Fabrication of Metasurfaces-Based Polarizing Beam Splitter with Tailored Deflection Angles for 940-nm Wavelength

by Kuan-Cheng Peng, Ju-Lin Pan, Jin-Li Weng, Yun-Han Lee, Jui-An Chiang and Guo-Dung Su

Photonics 2024, 11(7), 655; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11070655 - 11 Jul 2024

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Abstract

Polarizing beam splitters (PBSs) are fundamental components of optical systems and are crucial for sensing, communication, and imaging tasks. Traditional PBS devices, assembled using right-angle prisms with dielectric coatings, face challenges such as bulkiness and limited versatility in deflection directions. To address these [...] Read more.

Polarizing beam splitters (PBSs) are fundamental components of optical systems and are crucial for sensing, communication, and imaging tasks. Traditional PBS devices, assembled using right-angle prisms with dielectric coatings, face challenges such as bulkiness and limited versatility in deflection directions. To address these limitations, we meticulously make metasurfaces for enhanced PBS performance. Metasurfaces, composed of subwavelength structures, manipulate wavefronts, polarization, and light intensity. Using metasurfaces in the design of PBS devices, we can precisely tailor the structure to manipulate the deflection angles of light beams, ensuring that they align with the desired specifications. Our experimental results closely align with simulation outcomes, showcasing deflection angles of a 1.5 mm diameter metasurface near ±15 degrees for s- and p-polarizations in a wavelength of 940-nm. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polarization Optics)

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13 pages, 17755 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatially Resolved, Real-Time Polarization Measurement Using Artificial Birefringent Metallic Elements

by Stefan Belle, Stefan Kefer and Ralf Hellmann

Photonics 2024, 11(5), 397; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11050397 - 24 Apr 2024

Viewed by 1779

Abstract

Polarization states define a fundamental property in optics. Consequently, polarization state characterization is essential in many areas of both field industrial applications and scientific research. However, a full identification of space-variant Stokes parameters faces great challenges, like multiple power measurements. In this contribution, [...] Read more.

Polarization states define a fundamental property in optics. Consequently, polarization state characterization is essential in many areas of both field industrial applications and scientific research. However, a full identification of space-variant Stokes parameters faces great challenges, like multiple power measurements. In this contribution, we present a spatially resolved polarization measurement using artificial birefringent metallic elements, the so-called hollow waveguides. Differently oriented and space-variant hollow waveguide arrays, a stationary analyzer and a CMOS camera form the basis of the experimental setup for one single spatially resolved power measurement. From this power measurement, the Stokes parameters can be calculated in quasi-real-time, with a spatial resolution down to 50 μm in square. The dimensions of the individual hollow waveguides, which are less than or equal to the employed wavelength, determine the spectral range, here in the near infrared around

λ

= 1550 nm. This method allows for the rapid and compact determination of spatially resolved Stokes parameters, which is experimentally confirmed using defined wave plates, as well as an undefined injection-molded polymer substrate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polarization Optics)

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Review

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15 pages, 1209 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Revisiting Poincaré Sphere and Pauli Algebra in Polarization Optics

by Tiberiu Tudor and Gabriel Voitcu

Photonics 2024, 11(4), 379; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11040379 - 17 Apr 2024

Viewed by 1344

Abstract

We present one of the main lines of development of Poincaré sphere representation in polarization optics, by using largely some of our contributions in the field. We refer to the action of deterministic devices, specifically the diattenuators, on the partial polarized light. On [...] Read more.

We present one of the main lines of development of Poincaré sphere representation in polarization optics, by using largely some of our contributions in the field. We refer to the action of deterministic devices, specifically the diattenuators, on the partial polarized light. On one hand, we emphasize the intimate connection between the Pauli algebraic analysis and the Poincaré ball representation of this interaction. On the other hand, we bring to the foreground the close similarity between the law of composition of the Poincaré vectors of the diattenuator and of polarized light and the law of composition of relativistic admissible velocities. These two kinds of vectors are isomorphic, and they are “imprisoned” in a sphere of finite radius, standardizable at a radius of one, i.e., Poincaré sphere. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polarization Optics)

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