Polymers

Research

18 pages, 5624 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biocompatible Nanocomposites Based on Poly(styrene-block-isobutylene-block-styrene) and Carbon Nanotubes for Biomedical Application

by Maria A. Rezvova, Arseniy E. Yuzhalin, Tatiana V. Glushkova, Miraslau I. Makarevich, Pavel A. Nikishau, Sergei V. Kostjuk, Kirill Yu. Klyshnikov, Vera G. Matveeva, Mariam Yu. Khanova and Evgeny A. Ovcharenko

Polymers 2020, 12(9), 2158; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12092158 - 22 Sep 2020

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3724

Abstract

In this study, we incorporated carbon nanotubes (CNTs) into poly(styrene-block-isobutylene-block-styrene) (SIBS) to investigate the physical characteristics of the resulting nanocomposite and its cytotoxicity to endothelial cells. CNTs were dispersed in chloroform using sonication following the addition of a SIBS [...] Read more.

In this study, we incorporated carbon nanotubes (CNTs) into poly(styrene-block-isobutylene-block-styrene) (SIBS) to investigate the physical characteristics of the resulting nanocomposite and its cytotoxicity to endothelial cells. CNTs were dispersed in chloroform using sonication following the addition of a SIBS solution at different ratios. The resultant nanocomposite films were analyzed by X-ray microtomography, optical and scanning electron microscopy; tensile strength was examined by uniaxial tension testing; hydrophobicity was evaluated using a sessile drop technique; for cytotoxicity analysis, human umbilical vein endothelial cells were cultured on SIBS–CNTs for 3 days. We observed an uneven distribution of CNTs in the polymer matrix with sporadic bundles of interwoven nanotubes. Increasing the CNT content from 0 wt% to 8 wt% led to an increase in the tensile strength of SIBS films from 4.69 to 16.48 MPa. The engineering normal strain significantly decreased in 1 wt% SIBS–CNT films in comparison with the unmodified samples, whereas a further increase in the CNT content did not significantly affect this parameter. The incorporation of CNT into the SIBS matrix resulted in increased hydrophilicity, whereas no cytotoxicity towards endothelial cells was noted. We suggest that SIBS–CNT may become a promising material for the manufacture of implantable devices, such as cardiovascular patches or cusps of the polymer heart valve. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Materials Modified Polymeric Composites)

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14 pages, 3665 KiB

Open AccessArticle

N, S-Codoped Activated Carbon Material with Ultra-High Surface Area for High-Performance Supercapacitors

by Qinghua Yuan, Zhuwen Ma, Junbiao Chen, Zhenrui Huang, Zeming Fang, Peng Zhang, Zhidan Lin and Jie Cui

Polymers 2020, 12(9), 1982; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12091982 - 31 Aug 2020

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 3227

Abstract

The recycling of macromolecular biowastes has been a problem for the agriculture industry. In this study, a novel N, S-codoped activated carbon material with an ultrahigh specific area was produced for the application of a supercapacitor electrode, using tobacco stalk biowastes as the [...] Read more.

The recycling of macromolecular biowastes has been a problem for the agriculture industry. In this study, a novel N, S-codoped activated carbon material with an ultrahigh specific area was produced for the application of a supercapacitor electrode, using tobacco stalk biowastes as the carbon source, KOH as the activating agents and thiourea as the doping agent. Tobacco stalk is mainly composed of cellulose, but also contains many small molecules and inorganic salts. KOH activation resulted in many mesopores, giving the tobacco stem-activated carbon a large specific surface area and double-layer capacitance. The specific surface area of the samples reached up to 3733 m²·g⁻¹, while the maximum specific capacitance of the samples obtained was up to 281.3 F·g⁻¹ in the 3-electrode tests (1 A·g⁻¹). The doping of N and S elements raised the specific capacitance significantly, which could be increased to a value as high as 422.5 F·g⁻¹ at a current density of 1 A·g⁻¹ in the 3-electrode tests, but N, S-codoping also led to instability. The results of this article prove that tobacco stalks could be efficiently reused in the field of supercapacitors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Materials Modified Polymeric Composites)

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14 pages, 2986 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of Reduced Graphene Oxide in the Suspension Polymerization of Styrene and Its Effect on the Morphology and Thermal Properties of the Polystyrene/rGO Nanocomposites

by Marta Sieradzka, Janusz Fabia, Dorota Biniaś, Ryszard Fryczkowski and Jarosław Janicki

Polymers 2020, 12(7), 1468; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12071468 - 30 Jun 2020

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3357

Abstract

Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was used to obtain Polystyrene (PS)/rGO nanocomposites via in-situ suspension polymerization. The main goal of the article was to determine how rGO influences the morphology and thermal properties of PS beads. The obtained samples were studied by means of [...] Read more.

Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was used to obtain Polystyrene (PS)/rGO nanocomposites via in-situ suspension polymerization. The main goal of the article was to determine how rGO influences the morphology and thermal properties of PS beads. The obtained samples were studied by means of a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and calorimetric and thermogravimetric analysis (DCS, TGA). It was proven that the addition of rGO, due to the presence of polar functional groups, causes significant changes in bead sizes and size distribution, and in their morphology (on the surface and in cross-section). The increasing amount of rGO in the polymer matrix increased the size of beads from 0.36 to 3.17 mm for pure PS and PS with 0.2 wt% rGO content, respectively. PS/rGO nanocomposites are characterized by distinctly improved thermostability, which is primarily expressed in the increase in their decomposition temperature. For a sample containing 0.3 wt% rGO, the difference is more than 12 °C in comparison to pure PS beads. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Materials Modified Polymeric Composites)

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20 pages, 12299 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Supramolecular Structure of Polypropylene Fibers Extruded with Addition of Functionalized Reduced Graphene Oxide

by Jan Broda, Janusz Fabia, Marcin Bączek and Czesław Ślusarczyk

Polymers 2020, 12(4), 910; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12040910 - 14 Apr 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2857

Abstract

An effective β-nucleating agent for polypropylene crystallization was obtained by the functionalization of reduced graphene oxide with calcium pimelate. The nucleating ability of the modified reduced graphene oxide (rGO-CP) was confirmed during non-isothermal crystallization. In further examinations, the rGO-CP was used as an [...] Read more.

An effective β-nucleating agent for polypropylene crystallization was obtained by the functionalization of reduced graphene oxide with calcium pimelate. The nucleating ability of the modified reduced graphene oxide (rGO-CP) was confirmed during non-isothermal crystallization. In further examinations, the rGO-CP was used as an additive to modify polypropylene fibers. The fibers were extruded in laboratory conditions. Gravity spun fibers containing three different concentrations of the rGO-CP and fibers taken at three different velocities were obtained. The supramolecular structure of the fibers was examined by means of calorimetric and X-Ray Scattering methods (DSC, WAXS, and SAXS). The considerable amount of β-iPP was obtained only in the gravity spun fibers. In the fibers extruded at higher velocities, the diminishing impact of the additive on the fibers structure was revealed. The changes observed in the fiber structure in connection with the impact of the additive on polypropylene crystallization was discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Materials Modified Polymeric Composites)

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12 pages, 3097 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of the Connecting Effectiveness of the Interphase Zone on the Tensile Properties of Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) Reinforced Nanocomposite

by Yasser Zare and Kyong Yop Rhee

Polymers 2020, 12(4), 896; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12040896 - 13 Apr 2020

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2590

Abstract

The establishment of interphase region around nanoparticles accelerates the percolating of carbon nanotubes (CNT) in polymer nanocomposites reinforced with CNT (PCNT), due to the linking productivity of interphase district before the physical connecting of nanoparticles. Therefore, the interphase is an important character in [...] Read more.

The establishment of interphase region around nanoparticles accelerates the percolating of carbon nanotubes (CNT) in polymer nanocomposites reinforced with CNT (PCNT), due to the linking productivity of interphase district before the physical connecting of nanoparticles. Therefore, the interphase is an important character in the networks of CNT in PCNT. Here, a simulation study is presented to investigate the interphase connection in the mechanical possessions of PCNT including tensile modulus and strength. A number of models comprising Takayanagi, Ouali, Pukanszky and Callister are developed by the assumption of an interphase district in the CNT excluded volume. The advanced models depict the optimistic influences of reedy and lengthy CNT besides dense interphase on the stiffness and tensile power of nanocomposites. The Pukanszky calculations depict that the interphase strength plays a more noteworthy role in the nanocomposites strength compared to the CNT length. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Materials Modified Polymeric Composites)

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12 pages, 1966 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Carbon Black Nanofiller on Adhesion Properties of SBS Rubber Surfaces Treated by Low-Pressure Plasma

by Jacek Tyczkowski, Jacek Balcerzak, Jan Sielski and Iwona Krawczyk-Kłys

Polymers 2020, 12(3), 616; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12030616 - 8 Mar 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3895

Abstract

Studies on the surface modification of commercial styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) rubber with different carbon black (CB) nanofiller content (10–80 parts per hundred parts of rubber (phr)) performed by low-pressure oxygen plasma are presented in this paper. The adhesion properties of the rubber were determined [...] Read more.

Studies on the surface modification of commercial styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) rubber with different carbon black (CB) nanofiller content (10–80 parts per hundred parts of rubber (phr)) performed by low-pressure oxygen plasma are presented in this paper. The adhesion properties of the rubber were determined by the peel test for adhesive-bonded joints prepared with a water-based polyurethane (PU) adhesive. The chemical structure and morphology of the SBS rubber surface before and after plasma treatment were investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. The peel tests showed that the plasma treatment significantly improved the strength of adhesive-bonded joints in the entire range of CB tested, revealing a clear maximum for approximately 50 phr of CB. It was also found that as a result of plasma treatment, functional groups that are responsible for the reactions with the PU adhesive, such as C−OH and C=O, were formed, and their concentration, similar to the peel strength, showed maximum values for approximately 50 phr CB. The occurrence of these maxima was explained using the bound rubber model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Materials Modified Polymeric Composites)

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16 pages, 3419 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dielectric Relaxation Behavior of Silver Nanoparticles and Graphene Oxide Embedded Poly(vinyl alcohol) Nanocomposite Film: An Effect of Ionic Liquid and Temperature

by Ganeswar Sahu, Mamata Das, Mithilesh Yadav, Bibhu Prasad Sahoo and Jasaswini Tripathy

Polymers 2020, 12(2), 374; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12020374 - 7 Feb 2020

Cited by 66 | Viewed by 4667

Abstract

This paper presents the dielectric characteristics of nanocomposite films of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) embedded with silver (Ag) nanoparticles and graphene oxide(GO). The nanocomposite films were fabricated by using the solvent casting approach. The morphological analysis was carried out through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) [...] Read more.

This paper presents the dielectric characteristics of nanocomposite films of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) embedded with silver (Ag) nanoparticles and graphene oxide(GO). The nanocomposite films were fabricated by using the solvent casting approach. The morphological analysis was carried out through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The dielectric relaxation behavior of nanocomposite films was analyzed in the frequency range of 10¹ to 10⁶ Hz, by varying GO loading. The temperature effect was investigated over the temperature range of 40 to 150 °C. The effect of ionic liquid (IL) was also explored by comparing the dielectric behavior of films fabricated without using ionic liquid. The conductive filler loading variation showed a significant effect on dielectric permittivity(ε′), complex impedance (Z*) and electric conductivity (σ_ac)_. The obtained results revealed that the dielectric permittivity (ε′) increased by incorporating Ag nanoparticles and increasing GO loading in PVA matrix. An incremental trend in dielectric permittivity was observed on increasing the temperature, which is attributed to tunneling and hopping mechanism. With an increase in nanofiller loading, the real part of impedance (Z′) and imaginary part of impedance (Z″) were found to decrease. Further, the semicircular nature of Nyquist plot indicated the decrease in bulk resistivity on increasing GO loading, temperature and incorporating ionic liquid. On the basis of above findings, the obtained GO-Ag-PVA nanocomposite films can find promising applications in charge storage devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Materials Modified Polymeric Composites)

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22 pages, 5911 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cellulose Nanocrystal Reinforced Chitosan Based UV Barrier Composite Films for Sustainable Packaging

by Mithilesh Yadav, Kartik Behera, Yen-Hsiang Chang and Fang-Chyou Chiu

Polymers 2020, 12(1), 202; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12010202 - 13 Jan 2020

Cited by 107 | Viewed by 8037

Abstract

In this study, green composite films based on cellulose nanocrystal/chitosan (CNC/CS) were fabricated by solution casting. FTIR, XRD, SEM, and TEM characterizations were conducted to determine the structure and morphology of the prepared films. The addition of only 4 wt.% CNC in the [...] Read more.

In this study, green composite films based on cellulose nanocrystal/chitosan (CNC/CS) were fabricated by solution casting. FTIR, XRD, SEM, and TEM characterizations were conducted to determine the structure and morphology of the prepared films. The addition of only 4 wt.% CNC in the CS film improved the tensile strength and Young’s modulus by up to 39% and 78%, respectively. Depending on CNC content, the moisture absorption decreased by 34.1–24.2% and the water solubility decreased by 35.7–26.5% for the composite films compared with neat CS film. The water vapor permeation decreased from 3.83 × 10⁻¹¹ to 2.41 × 10⁻¹¹ gm⁻¹ s⁻¹Pa⁻¹ in the CS-based films loaded with (0–8 wt.%) CNC. The water and UV barrier properties of the composite films showed better performance than those of neat CS film. Results suggested that CNC/CS nanocomposite films can be used as a sustainable packaging material in the food industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Materials Modified Polymeric Composites)

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15 pages, 5499 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Polyamide 6/Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Blend-Based Nanocomposites with Enhanced Rigidity: Selective Localization of Carbon Nanotube and Organoclay

by Hung-Ming Lin, Kartik Behera, Mithilesh Yadav and Fang-Chyou Chiu

Polymers 2020, 12(1), 184; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12010184 - 10 Jan 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3036

Abstract

Polyamide 6 (PA6)/poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) blend-based nanocomposites were successfully prepared using a twin screw extruder. Carbon nanotube (CNT) and organo-montmorillonite (30B) were used individually and simultaneously as reinforcing nanofillers for the immiscible PA6/PVDF blend. Scanning electron micrographs showed that adding 30B reduced the [...] Read more.

Polyamide 6 (PA6)/poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) blend-based nanocomposites were successfully prepared using a twin screw extruder. Carbon nanotube (CNT) and organo-montmorillonite (30B) were used individually and simultaneously as reinforcing nanofillers for the immiscible PA6/PVDF blend. Scanning electron micrographs showed that adding 30B reduced the dispersed domain size of PVDF in the blend, and CNT played a vital role in the formation of a quasi-co-continuous PA6-PVDF morphology. Transmission electron microscopy observation revealed that both fillers were mainly located in the PA6 matrix phase. X-ray diffraction patterns showed that the presence of 30B facilitated the formation of γ-form PA6 crystals in the composites. Differential scanning calorimetry results indicated that the crystallization temperature of PA6 increased after adding CNT into the blend. The inclusion of 30B retarded PA6 nucleation (γ-form crystals growth) upon crystallization. The Young’s and flexural moduli of the blend increased after adding CNT and/or 30B. 30B exhibited higher enhancing efficiency compared with CNT. The composite with 2 phr 30B exhibited 21% higher Young’s modulus than the blend. Measurements of the rheological properties confirmed the development of a pseudo-network structure in the CNT-loaded composites. Double percolation morphology in the PA6/PVDF blend was achieved with the addition of CNT. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Materials Modified Polymeric Composites)

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14 pages, 4196 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Friction and Wear Performance of Staple Carbon Fabric-Reinforced Composites: Effects of Surface Topography

by Chang-Mou Wu, Yi-Ching Cheng, Wen-You Lai, Po-Hsun Chen and Tzong-Der Way

Polymers 2020, 12(1), 141; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12010141 - 6 Jan 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4414

Abstract

Here, staple carbon fiber fabric-reinforced polycarbonate (PC)- and epoxy (EP)-based composites with different impregnating resin levels were fabricated using a modified film stacking process. The effects of surface topographies and resin types on the tribological properties of stable carbon fabric composites (sCFC) were [...] Read more.

Here, staple carbon fiber fabric-reinforced polycarbonate (PC)- and epoxy (EP)-based composites with different impregnating resin levels were fabricated using a modified film stacking process. The effects of surface topographies and resin types on the tribological properties of stable carbon fabric composites (sCFC) were investigated. Friction and wear tests on the carbon composites were conducted under unlubricated sliding using a disk-on-disk wear test machine. Experimental results showed that the coefficient of friction (COF) of the sCFC was dominated by matrix type, followed by peak material portion (S_mr1) values, and finalized with core height (S_k) values. The COF of composites decreased by increasing the sliding speed and applied pressure. This also relied on surface topography and temperature generated at the worn surface. However, the specific wear rate was strongly affected by resin impregnation. Partially-impregnated composites showed lower specific wear rate, whereas fully-impregnated composites showed a higher wear rate. This substantially increased by increasing the sliding speed and applied pressure. Scanning electron microscopy observations of the worn surfaces revealed that the primary wear mechanisms were abrasion, adhesion, and fatigue for PC-based composites. For EP-based composites, this was primarily abrasion and fatigue. Results proved that partially-impregnated composites exhibited better tribological properties under severe conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Materials Modified Polymeric Composites)

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13 pages, 6294 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation of Boron Nitride-Coated Carbon Fibers and Synergistic Improvement of Thermal Conductivity in Their Polypropylene-Matrix Composites

by Arash Badakhsh, Woong Han, Sang-Chul Jung, Kay-Hyeok An and Byung-Joo Kim

Polymers 2019, 11(12), 2009; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11122009 - 4 Dec 2019

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 5379

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to prepare boron nitride (BN)-coated carbon fibers (CF) and to investigate the properties of as-prepared fibers as well as the effect of coating on their respective polymer–matrix composites. A sequence of solution dipping and heat treatment was [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study is to prepare boron nitride (BN)-coated carbon fibers (CF) and to investigate the properties of as-prepared fibers as well as the effect of coating on their respective polymer–matrix composites. A sequence of solution dipping and heat treatment was performed to blanket the CFs with a BN microlayer. The CFs were first dipped in a boric acid solution and then annealed in an ammonia–nitrogen mixed gas atmosphere for nitriding. The presence of BN on the CF surface was confirmed using FTIR, XPS, and SEM analyses. Polypropylene was reinforced with BN–CFs as the first filler and graphite flake as the secondary filler. The composite characterization indicates approximately 60% improvement in through-plane thermal conductivity and about 700% increase in the electrical resistivity of samples containing BN-CFs at 20 phr. An increase of two orders of magnitude in the electrical resistivity of BN–CF monofilaments was also observed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Materials Modified Polymeric Composites)

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