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Polymers
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Function of Polymers in Encapsulation Process II
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Function of Polymers in Encapsulation Process II

A special issue of Polymers (ISSN 2073-4360). This special issue belongs to the section "Polymer Processing and Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 October 2023) | Viewed by 15386

Special Issue Editors

Dr. M. Ali Aboudzadeh

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
CNRS, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l’Environnement et les Matériaux, University Pau & Pays Adour, E2S UPPA, IPREM, UMR5254, 64000 Pau, France
Interests: polymer synthesis and characterization; supramolecular assemblies; rheology; DNA nanotechnology; encapsulation via emulsion-based systems
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Shaghayegh Hamzehlou

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
POLYMAT and Kimika Aplikatua Saila, Kimika Fakultatea, University of the Basque Country UPV-EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
Interests: polymer reaction engineering; modeling and simulation of kinetics, topology, microstructure, and morphology of the complex polymerization systems; emulsion polymerization; polymer synthesis and characterization
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

After our first successful Special Issue on "Function of Polymers in Encapsulation Process" (https://www.mdpi.com/journal/polymers/special_issues/Funct_Polym_Encapsulation_Process), we have decided to create a second volume, in order to publish state-of-the-art research on this topic and its understanding.

Encapsulation technology consists of surrounding active agents within a homogeneous/heterogeneous matrix at the micro/nano scale. Using this technology, a physical barrier is developed between the inner substance and the environment which prevents its degradation and facilitates its handling and transportation. Polymers may be used to trap the material of interest inside the micro/nano-capsules. Such encapsulated systems have many applications in the fields of food industry, drug delivery, agriculture, cosmetics, coatings, adhesives and so forth. There are a number of chemical, physical or mechanical processes available for encapsulation such as emulsion-solvent evaporation/extraction methods, coacervation-phase separation, spray drying, interfacial and in situ polymerization. The choice of a particular technique depends on the attributes of the polymer and the active agent. There are still many aspects to be developed in this field, which offer new challenges and breakthrough opportunities. The main objective of this interdisciplinary Special Issue is to bring together, at an international level, a high-quality collection of reviews, original articles and short communications dealing with the importance of natural or synthetic polymers in encapsulation processes and their applications.

We review all the articles in our Special Issue, and we believe this editorial will interest the broadest possible section of readership among materials scientists and engineers.

Dr. M. Ali Aboudzadeh
Dr. Shaghayegh Hamzehlou
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Polymers is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • encapsulation technology
  • drug delivery
  • nanoparticles
  • nanocapsules
  • microcapsules
  • biodegradable polymers
  • emulsion polymerization
  • biomedical applications
  • spray-drying
  • biomaterials

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 4506 KiB  
Article
Theoretical Derivation of the Effect of Bonding Current on the Bonding Interface during Anodic Bonding of PEG-Based Encapsulation Materials and Aluminum
by Chao Du, Yali Zhao and Yong Li
Polymers 2023, 15(4), 913; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15040913 - 11 Feb 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1563
Abstract
This study analyzed the mechanism underlying the effect of the bonding current on the bonding interface during anodic bonding on the basis of the anodic bonding of PEG (polyethylene glycol)-based encapsulation materials and Al. By establishing an equivalent electrical model, the effects of [...] Read more.
This study analyzed the mechanism underlying the effect of the bonding current on the bonding interface during anodic bonding on the basis of the anodic bonding of PEG (polyethylene glycol)-based encapsulation materials and Al. By establishing an equivalent electrical model, the effects of various electrical parameters on the dynamic performance of the bonding current were evaluated, and the change law of the bonding current transfer function was analyzed. By examining the gap deformation model, the conditions for contact between the interface gaps and the bonding current pair were determined, and the influence law of the gap deformation of the bonding interface was derived. By assessing the effect of the bonding current on the ionic behavior, we found that the larger the bonding current, the greater the number of activated mobile ions in the bonding material and the higher the field strength in the cation depletion area. From the anodic bonding experiments, it was found that increasing the bonding voltage can increase the peak current and improve the bonding efficiency. The SEM image after bonding shows that the bonding interface had no obvious defects; the higher bonding voltage can result in a thicker bonding layer. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Function of Polymers in Encapsulation Process II)
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12 pages, 3083 KiB  
Article
Encapsulation of D-Limonene into O/W Nanoemulsions for Enhanced Stability
by Md Sohanur Rahman Sohan, Samar Elshamy, Grace Lara-Valderrama, Teetach Changwatchai, Kubra Khadizatul, Isao Kobayashi, Mitsutoshi Nakajima and Marcos A. Neves
Polymers 2023, 15(2), 471; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15020471 - 16 Jan 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3195
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the physical stability in terms of (droplet size, pH, and ionic strength) and chemical stability in terms of (retention) of D-limonene (LM) in the nanoemulsions after emulsification as well as after storing them for 30 days under [...] Read more.
The present study aimed to investigate the physical stability in terms of (droplet size, pH, and ionic strength) and chemical stability in terms of (retention) of D-limonene (LM) in the nanoemulsions after emulsification as well as after storing them for 30 days under different temperatures (5 °C, 25 °C, and 50 °C). LM is a cyclic monoterpene and a major component extracted from citrus fruits. The modification of disperse phase with soybean oil (SB) and a nonionic emulsifier (Tween 80) was adequate to prepare stable LM-loaded nanoemulsions. LM blended with SB-loaded nanoemulsions were stable against droplet growth over pH (3–9) and ionic strength (0–500 mM NaCl). Regarding long-term storage, the prepared nanoemulsions demonstrated excellent physical stability with droplet size ranging from 120–130 nm during 30 days of storage at both 5 °C and 25 °C; however, oiling off started in the emulsions, which were stored at 50 °C from day 10. On the other hand, the retention of LM in the emulsions was significantly impacted by storage temperature. Nanoemulsions stored at 5 °C had the highest retention of 91%, while nanoemulsions stored at 25 °C had the lowest retention of 82%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Function of Polymers in Encapsulation Process II)
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17 pages, 3364 KiB  
Article
Layer-by-Layer Surface Modification of Alendronate-Loaded Polyester Microparticles—Enabling Protein Immobilization
by Tomasz Urbaniak and Witold Musiał
Polymers 2022, 14(22), 4943; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14224943 - 15 Nov 2022
Viewed by 1956
Abstract
The highly inert surface of polyester micro- and nano- drug carriers is a challenging substrate for further modification. The presence of surface moieties suitable for macromolecule coupling is crucial in the development of targeted drug delivery systems. Among available methods of surface activation, [...] Read more.
The highly inert surface of polyester micro- and nano- drug carriers is a challenging substrate for further modification. The presence of surface moieties suitable for macromolecule coupling is crucial in the development of targeted drug delivery systems. Among available methods of surface activation, those based on adsorption of charged macromolecules may be carried out in mild conditions. In this work, alendronate-loaded microcores of three polyesters: poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL), poly(l-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) (PLA-co-PCL) and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) were coated with three polyelectrolyte shells composed of chitosan/heparin (CHIT/HEP), polyallylamine/heparin (PAH/HEP), and polyethyleneimine/heparin (PEI/HEP) via the layer-by-layer method. Subsequently, the feasibility of model protein immobilization on obtained shells was assessed. Electrokinetic potential measurements confirmed the possibility of deposition of all investigated coating variants, and a positive correlation between initial core ζ potential and intensity of charge alterations after deposition of subsequent layers was identified. PEI/HEP assembly was stable in physiological-like conditions, while PAH/HEP multilayers disassembled in presence of phosphate ions, and CHIT/HEP shell showed limited stability in pH 7.4. Fluorescence assays of fluorescein tagged lysozyme surface coupled via ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride/N-Hydroxysuccinimide (EDC/NHS) click reaction with all shell variants indicated satisfying reaction efficiency. Poly-ε-caprolactone cores coated with CHIT/HEP tetralayer were selected as suitable for model IgG surface immobilization. Antibodies immobilized on the shell surface exhibited a moderate degree of affinity to fluorescent IgG binding protein. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Function of Polymers in Encapsulation Process II)
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25 pages, 3823 KiB  
Article
Nanocrystallization Improves the Solubilization and Cytotoxic Effect of a Poly (ADP-Ribose)-Polymerase-I Inhibitor
by Amer S. Alali, Mohd Abul Kalam, Mohammed Muqtader Ahmed, M. Ali Aboudzadeh, Sulaiman S. Alhudaithi, Md. Khalid Anwer, Farhat Fatima and Muzaffar Iqbal
Polymers 2022, 14(22), 4827; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14224827 - 9 Nov 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2669
Abstract
Olaparib (OLA) is an anticancer agent that acts by inhibiting the poly (ADP-ribose)-polymerase-I (PARP-I). Due to its low solubility and low permeability, it has been placed as a BCS Class-IV drug and hence its clinical use is limited. In this study, we develop [...] Read more.
Olaparib (OLA) is an anticancer agent that acts by inhibiting the poly (ADP-ribose)-polymerase-I (PARP-I). Due to its low solubility and low permeability, it has been placed as a BCS Class-IV drug and hence its clinical use is limited. In this study, we develop the nanocrystals of OLA as a way to improve its solubility and other performances. The OLA-NCs were prepared by antisolvent precipitation method through homogenization and probe sonication technique using a novel amphiphilic polymeric stabilizer (Soluplus®). Particle characterization resulted approximately 103.13 nm, polydispersity-index was 0.104 with positive zeta-potential of +8.67 mV. The crystal morphology by SEM of OLA-NCs (with and without mannitol) exhibited nano-crystalline prism-like structures as compared to the elongated OLA-pure. The DSC, XRD and FTIR were performed to check the interaction of Soluplus, mannitol and OLA did not exhibit any physical interaction among the OLA, Soluplus® and mannitol that is indicated by the presence of parent wave number peak. Two-fold increased solubility of OLA was found in PBS with Soluplus® from the NCs (69.3 ± 6.2 µgmL−1) as compared to pure drug (35.6 ± 7.2 µgmL−1). In vitro release of drug from OLA-NCs was higher (78.2%) at 12 h at pH 6.8 and relatively lower (53.1%) at pH 1.2. In vitro cellular cytotoxicity and anticancer effects were examined on MCF-7 cells. OLA-NCs were found effectively potent to MCF-7 cells compared with OLA-pure with approximately less than half IC50 value during MTT assay. Estimation of p53, Caspase-3 and Caspase-9 in MCF-7 cells indicated that OLA-NCs have significantly (p < 0.05) increased their expressions. After single oral dose in rats, 12 h plasma drug concentration-time profile indicated approximately 2.06-, 2.29-, 2–25- and 2.62-folds increased Cmax, AUC0-12 h, AUC0-∞ and AUMC0-∞, respectively, from the NCs as compared to OLA-pure. Storage stability indicated that the OLA-NCs was physically and chemically stable at 4 °C, 25 °C and 40 °C up to 6-months. Overall, OLA-NCs were deliberated; its potential feasibility to overwhelm the formulation challenges related to poorly soluble drugs and its future clinical applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Function of Polymers in Encapsulation Process II)
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24 pages, 6196 KiB  
Review
Silica Hydrogels as Entrapment Material for Microalgae
by Sarah Vanessa Homburg and Anant V. Patel
Polymers 2022, 14(7), 1391; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14071391 - 29 Mar 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4979
Abstract
Despite being a promising feedstock for food, feed, chemicals, and biofuels, microalgal production processes are still uneconomical due to slow growth rates, costly media, problematic downstreaming processes, and rather low cell densities. Immobilization via entrapment constitutes a promising tool to overcome these drawbacks [...] Read more.
Despite being a promising feedstock for food, feed, chemicals, and biofuels, microalgal production processes are still uneconomical due to slow growth rates, costly media, problematic downstreaming processes, and rather low cell densities. Immobilization via entrapment constitutes a promising tool to overcome these drawbacks of microalgal production and enables continuous processes with protection against shear forces and contaminations. In contrast to biopolymer gels, inorganic silica hydrogels are highly transparent and chemically, mechanically, thermally, and biologically stable. Since the first report on entrapment of living cells in silica hydrogels in 1989, efforts were made to increase the biocompatibility by omitting organic solvents during hydrolysis, removing toxic by-products, and replacing detrimental mineral acids or bases for pH adjustment. Furthermore, methods were developed to decrease the stiffness in order to enable proliferation of entrapped cells. This review aims to provide an overview of studied entrapment methods in silica hydrogels, specifically for rather sensitive microalgae. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Function of Polymers in Encapsulation Process II)
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