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Polymers
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Polymeric Materials for Bone Tissue Engineering
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Polymeric Materials for Bone Tissue Engineering

A special issue of Polymers (ISSN 2073-4360). This special issue belongs to the section "Biobased and Biodegradable Polymers".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 April 2022) | Viewed by 15075

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Wei-Wen Hu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, National Central University, Chung-Li 320317, Taiwan
Interests: gene delivery; electrospun nanofibers; tissue engineering; bioreactors

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Although bone and associated tissues possess certain healing and regeneration capacities, large segmental bone defects cannot be accomplished without supporting treatment. Since the concept of “tissue engineering” was proposed in 1987 to facilitate, improve, or replace biological tissues, more and more bone tissue engineering applications have been developed. Through providing biomimic scaffolds for cell adhesion and proliferation and biological signals to guide cell differentiation, mineral tissue can form to heal critical-sized bone defects. Regarding scaffold materials, natural and synthetic polymers and their composites are more favorable than others because of their biodegradability, adjustable mechanical property, biocompatibility, and versatile microstructure. In addition, polymers possess highly flexible design capabilities, so they can be easily tailored for specific requirements by controlling their chemical composition and structure. This Special Issue aims to focus on the recent progress of polymeric materials for bone tissue engineering applications. Both original contributions and reviews which may compile the current state-of-the-art and to highlight their range of application are welcome.

Dr. Wei-Wen Hu
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • polymeric scaffold
  • bone regeneration
  • biodegradation and biocompatibility
  • 3-D printing
  • bioactivity
  • mineralization
  • drug and gene delivery

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 28565 KiB  
Article
Calcium-Silicate-Incorporated Gellan-Chitosan Induced Osteogenic Differentiation in Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
by Krishnamurithy Genasan, Mohammad Mehrali, Tarini Veerappan, Sepehr Talebian, Murali Malliga Raman, Simmrat Singh, Sasikumar Swamiappan, Mehdi Mehrali, Tunku Kamarul and Hanumantha Rao Balaji Raghavendran
Polymers 2021, 13(19), 3211; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13193211 - 22 Sep 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3204
Abstract
Gellan-chitosan (GC) incorporated with CS: 0% (GC-0 CS), 10% (GC-10 CS), 20% (GC-20 CS) or 40% (GC-40 CS) w/w was prepared using freeze-drying method to investigate its physicochemical, biocompatible, and osteoinductive properties in human bone-marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (hBMSCs). The composition [...] Read more.
Gellan-chitosan (GC) incorporated with CS: 0% (GC-0 CS), 10% (GC-10 CS), 20% (GC-20 CS) or 40% (GC-40 CS) w/w was prepared using freeze-drying method to investigate its physicochemical, biocompatible, and osteoinductive properties in human bone-marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (hBMSCs). The composition of different groups was reflected in physicochemical analyses performed using BET, FTIR, and XRD. The SEM micrographs revealed excellent hBMSCs attachment in GC-40 CS. The Alamar Blue assay indicated an increased proliferation and viability of seeded hBMSCs in all groups on day 21 as compared with day 0. The hBMSCs seeded in GC-40 CS indicated osteogenic differentiation based on an amplified alkaline-phosphatase release on day 7 and 14 as compared with day 0. These cells supported bone mineralization on GC-40 CS based on Alizarin-Red assay on day 21 as compared with day 7 and increased their osteogenic gene expression (RUNX2, ALP, BGLAP, BMP, and Osteonectin) on day 21. The GC-40 CS–seeded hBMSCs initiated their osteogenic differentiation on day 7 as compared with counterparts based on an increased expression of type-1 collagen and BMP2 in immunocytochemistry analysis. In conclusion, the incorporation of 40% (w/w) calcium silicate in gellan-chitosan showed osteoinduction potential in hBMSCs, making it a potential biomaterial to treat critical bone defects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymeric Materials for Bone Tissue Engineering)
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18 pages, 9989 KiB  
Article
The Development of Polylactic Acid/Multi-Wall Carbon Nanotubes/Polyethylene Glycol Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Regeneration Application
by Shih-Feng Wang, Yun-Chung Wu, Yu-Che Cheng and Wei-Wen Hu
Polymers 2021, 13(11), 1740; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13111740 - 26 May 2021
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 3278
Abstract
Composite electrospun fibers were fabricated to develop drug loaded scaffolds to promote bone tissue regeneration. Multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were incorporated to polylactic acid (PLA) to strengthen electrospun nanofibers. To modulate drug release behavior, different ratios of hydrophilic polyethylene glycol (PEG) were added [...] Read more.
Composite electrospun fibers were fabricated to develop drug loaded scaffolds to promote bone tissue regeneration. Multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were incorporated to polylactic acid (PLA) to strengthen electrospun nanofibers. To modulate drug release behavior, different ratios of hydrophilic polyethylene glycol (PEG) were added to composite fibers. Glass transition temperature (Tg) can be reduced by the incorporated PEG to enhance the ductility of the nanofibers. The SEM images and the MTT results demonstrated that composite fibers are suitable scaffolds for cell adhesion and proliferation. Dexamethasone (DEX), an osteogenic inducer, was loaded to PLA/MWCNT/PEG fibers. The surface element analysis performed by XPS showed that fluorine of DEX in pristine PLA fibers was much higher than those of the MWCNT-containing fibers, suggesting that the pristine PLA fibers mainly load DEX on their surfaces, whereas MWCNTs can adsorb DEX with evenly distribution in nanofibers. Drug release experiments demonstrated that the release profiles of DEX were manipulated by the ratio of PEG, and that the more PEG in the nanofibers, the faster DEX was released. When rat bone marrow stromal cells (rBMSCs) were seeded on these nanofibers, the Alizarin Red S staining and calcium quantification results demonstrated that loaded DEX were released to promote osteogenic differentiation of rBMSCs and facilitate mineralized tissue formation. These results indicated that the DEX-loaded PLA/MWCNT/PEG nanofibers not only enhanced mechanical strength, but also promoted osteogenesis of stem cells via the continuous release of DEX. The nanofibers should be a potential scaffold for bone tissue engineering application. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymeric Materials for Bone Tissue Engineering)
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13 pages, 16045 KiB  
Article
Endochondral Ossification Induced by Cell Transplantation of Endothelial Cells and Bone Marrow Stromal Cells with Copolymer Scaffold Using a Rat Calvarial Defect Model
by Zhe Xing, Xiaofeng Jiang, Qingzong Si, Anna Finne-Wistrand, Bin Liu, Ying Xue and Kamal Mustafa
Polymers 2021, 13(9), 1521; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13091521 - 9 May 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3091
Abstract
It has been recently reported that, in a rat calvarial defect model, adding endothelial cells (ECs) to a culture of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) significantly enhanced bone formation. The aim of this study is to further investigate the ossification process of newly [...] Read more.
It has been recently reported that, in a rat calvarial defect model, adding endothelial cells (ECs) to a culture of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) significantly enhanced bone formation. The aim of this study is to further investigate the ossification process of newly formed osteoid and host response to the poly(L-lactide-co-1,5-dioxepan-2-one) [poly(LLA-co-DXO)] scaffolds based on previous research. Several different histological methods and a PCR Array were applied to evaluate newly formed osteoid after 8 weeks after implantation. Histological results showed osteoid formed in rat calvarial defects and endochondral ossification-related genes, such as dentin matrix acidic phosphoprotein 1 (Dmp1) and collagen type II, and alpha 1 (Col2a1) exhibited greater expression in the CO (implantation with BMSC/EC/Scaffold constructs) than the BMSC group (implantation with BMSC/Scaffold constructs) as demonstrated by PCR Array. It was important to notice that cartilage-like tissue formed in the pores of the copolymer scaffolds. In addition, multinucleated giant cells (MNGCs) were observed surrounding the scaffold fragments. It was concluded that the mechanism of ossification might be an endochondral ossification process when the copolymer scaffolds loaded with co-cultured ECs/BMSCs were implanted into rat calvarial defects. MNGCs were induced by the poly(LLA-co-DXO) scaffolds after implantation, and more specific in vivo studies are needed to gain a better understanding of host response to copolymer scaffolds. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymeric Materials for Bone Tissue Engineering)
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16 pages, 1814 KiB  
Article
Gelatin Methacryloyl (GelMA) Nanocomposite Hydrogels Embedding Bioactive Naringin Liposomes
by Kamil Elkhoury, Laura Sanchez-Gonzalez, Pedro Lavrador, Rui Almeida, Vítor Gaspar, Cyril Kahn, Franck Cleymand, Elmira Arab-Tehrany and João F. Mano
Polymers 2020, 12(12), 2944; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12122944 - 9 Dec 2020
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 4777
Abstract
The development of nanocomposite hydrogels that take advantage of hierarchic building blocks is gaining increased attention due to their added functionality and numerous biomedical applications. Gathering on the unique properties of these platforms, herein we report the synthesis of bioactive nanocomposite hydrogels comprising [...] Read more.
The development of nanocomposite hydrogels that take advantage of hierarchic building blocks is gaining increased attention due to their added functionality and numerous biomedical applications. Gathering on the unique properties of these platforms, herein we report the synthesis of bioactive nanocomposite hydrogels comprising naringin-loaded salmon-derived lecithin nanosized liposomal building blocks and gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) macro-sized hydrogels for their embedding. This platform takes advantage of liposomes’ significant drug loading capacity and their role in hydrogel network reinforcement, as well as of the injectability and light-mediated crosslinking of bioderived gelatin-based biomaterials. First, the physicochemical properties, as well as the encapsulation efficiency, release profile, and cytotoxicity of naringin-loaded nanoliposomes (LipoN) were characterized. Then, the effect of embedding LipoN in the GelMA matrix were characterized by studying the release behavior, swelling ratio, and hydrophilic character, as well as the rheological and mechanical properties of GelMA and GelMA-LipoN functionalized hydrogels. Finally, the dispersion of nanoliposomes encapsulating a model fluorescent probe in the GelMA matrix was visualized. The formulation of naringin-loaded liposomes via an optimized procedure yielded nanosized (114 nm) negatively charged particles with a high encapsulation efficiency (~99%). Naringin-loaded nanoliposomes administration to human adipose-derived stem cells confirmed their suitable cytocompatibility. Moreover, in addition to significantly extending the release of naringin from the hydrogel, the nanoliposomes inclusion in the GelMA matrix significantly increased its elastic and compressive moduli and decreased its swelling ratio, while showing an excellent dispersion in the hydrogel network. Overall, salmon-derived nanoliposomes enabled the inclusion and controlled release of pro-osteogenic bioactive molecules, as well as improved the hydrogel matrix properties, which suggests that these soft nanoparticles can play an important role in bioengineering bioactive nanocomposites for bone tissue engineering in the foreseeable future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymeric Materials for Bone Tissue Engineering)
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