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Gas Recognition in E-nose System

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Chemical Sensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 November 2024) | Viewed by 3233

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Department of Electronics and Biomedical Engineering, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
Interests: signal processing for chemical gas sensors; system identification; pattern recognition and machine learning; applications in chemical measurements; electronic noses and machine olfaction; hardware and software development for volatile measurements
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Electronics and Biomedical Engineering, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
Interests: gas sensors; chemical sensing; signal pre-processing; multivariate analysis; chemometrics; metabolomics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

"Electronic noses" refer to instruments that utilize a mechanism for detecting volatile chemicals and incorporate pattern recognition and machine learning. Since the early 1980s, they have undergone significant advancements in terms of sensor technology, machine learning tools, and an expanding range of potential applications. While gas sensors have traditionally served as the sensing mechanism for electronic noses, there is a growing trend to broaden the concept, including instruments, such as ultra-fast chromatography and ion mobility spectrometry, among others. This broader definition enhances gas recognition capabilities, expanding possibilities, but also increases the need for signal processing. Gas recognition algorithms and workflows play a crucial role, and their ability to extract valuable information is correlated with the correct implementation of preprocessing workflows (denoising, baseline correction, peak alignment, outlier detection, etc.) and processing tools (Principal Component Analysis, Linear Discriminant Analysis, Partial Least Squares, k-Nearest Neighbors, Support Vector Machines, Artificial Neural Networks, etc.). However, on the other hand, numerous challenging issues arise when dealing with gas recognition in new electronic noses, including the high dimensionality of raw data, the balance between simplicity and performance of algorithms, managing short- and long-term drifts, facing nonlinear responses, multi-gas recognition in noisy environments, and more.

The topics covered in this Special Issue will include both recent advances in gas recognition and improvements in the practical application of electronic noses. Original research articles are welcomed from a broad diversity of disciplines, such as engineering, computer science, machine learning, medicine, analytical science, environmental science, sensors technologies, and chemometrics, to highlight the latest developments in the topic of gas recognition with electronic noses.

This Special Issue will cover, but is not limited to, the following topics:

  • Gas recognition for electronic noses;
  • Chemometrics, pattern recognition, and machine learning for e-nose instruments;
  • Electronic nose application solutions;
  • Tools and workflows for preprocessing e-nose raw data.

Dr. Antonio Pardo Martínez
Prof. Dr. Luis Fernandez Romero
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • gas recognition
  • electronic noses
  • machine olfaction
  • chemical sensing
  • chemometrics and signal processing
  • pattern recognition and machine learning

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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21 pages, 10599 KiB  
Article
Optimizing Low-Cost Gas Analysis with a 3D Printed Column and MiCS-6814 Sensor for Volatile Compound Detection
by Nela Skowronkova, Martin Adamek, Magdalena Zvonkova, Jiri Matyas, Anna Adamkova, Stepan Dlabaja, Martin Buran, Veronika Sevcikova, Jiri Mlcek, Zdenek Volek and Martina Cernekova
Sensors 2024, 24(20), 6594; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24206594 - 13 Oct 2024
Viewed by 688
Abstract
This paper explores an application of 3D printing technology on the food industry. Since its inception in the 1980s, 3D printing has experienced a huge rise in popularity. This study uses cost-effective, flexible, and sustainable components that enable specific features of certain gas [...] Read more.
This paper explores an application of 3D printing technology on the food industry. Since its inception in the 1980s, 3D printing has experienced a huge rise in popularity. This study uses cost-effective, flexible, and sustainable components that enable specific features of certain gas chromatography. This study aims to optimize the process of gas detection using a 3D printed separation column and the MiCS-6814 sensor. The principle of the entire device is based on the idea of utilizing a simple capillary chromatographic column manufactured by 3D printing for the separation of samples into components prior to their measurement using inexpensive chemiresistive sensors. An optimization of a system with a 3D printed PLA block containing a capillary, a mixing chamber, and a measuring chamber with a MiCS-6814 sensor was performed. The optimization distributed the sensor output signal in the time domain so that it was possible to distinguish the peak for the two most common alcohols, ethanol and methanol. The paper further describes some optimization types and their possibilities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gas Recognition in E-nose System)
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20 pages, 1252 KiB  
Article
Distinguishing between Wheat Grains Infested by Four Fusarium Species by Measuring with a Low-Cost Electronic Nose
by Piotr Borowik, Miłosz Tkaczyk, Przemysław Pluta, Adam Okorski, Marcin Stocki, Rafał Tarakowski and Tomasz Oszako
Sensors 2024, 24(13), 4312; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24134312 - 2 Jul 2024
Viewed by 1181
Abstract
An electronic device based on the detection of volatile substances was developed in response to the need to distinguish between fungal infestations in food and was applied to wheat grains. The most common pathogens belong to the fungi of the genus Fusarium: [...] Read more.
An electronic device based on the detection of volatile substances was developed in response to the need to distinguish between fungal infestations in food and was applied to wheat grains. The most common pathogens belong to the fungi of the genus Fusarium: F. avenaceum, F. langsethiae, F. poae, and F. sporotrichioides. The electronic nose prototype is a low-cost device based on commercially available TGS series sensors from Figaro Corp. Two types of gas sensors that respond to the perturbation are used to collect signals useful for discriminating between the samples under study. First, an electronic nose detects the transient response of the sensors to a change in operating conditions from clean air to the presence of the gas being measured. A simple gas chamber was used to create a sudden change in gas composition near the sensors. An inexpensive pneumatic system consisting of a pump and a carbon filter was used to supply the system with clean air. It was also used to clean the sensors between measurement cycles. The second function of the electronic nose is to detect the response of the sensor to temperature disturbances of the sensor heater in the presence of the gas to be measured. It has been shown that features extracted from the transient response of the sensor to perturbations by modulating the temperature of the sensor heater resulted in better classification performance than when the machine learning model was built from features extracted from the response of the sensor in the gas adsorption phase. By combining features from both phases of the sensor response, a further improvement in classification performance was achieved. The E-nose enabled the differentiation of F. poae from the other fungal species tested with excellent performance. The overall classification rate using the Support Vector Machine model reached 70 per cent between the four fungal categories tested. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gas Recognition in E-nose System)
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Review

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21 pages, 1976 KiB  
Review
Non-Invasive Diagnostic Approaches for Kidney Disease: The Role of Electronic Nose Systems
by Francesco Sansone and Alessandro Tonacci
Sensors 2024, 24(19), 6475; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24196475 - 8 Oct 2024
Viewed by 927
Abstract
Kidney diseases are a group of conditions related to the functioning of kidneys, which are in turn unable to properly filter waste and excessive fluids from the blood, resulting in the presence of dangerous levels of electrolytes, fluids, and waste substances in the [...] Read more.
Kidney diseases are a group of conditions related to the functioning of kidneys, which are in turn unable to properly filter waste and excessive fluids from the blood, resulting in the presence of dangerous levels of electrolytes, fluids, and waste substances in the human body, possibly leading to significant health effects. At the same time, the toxins amassing in the organism can lead to significant changes in breath composition, resulting in halitosis with peculiar features like the popular ammonia breath. Starting from this evidence, scientists have started to work on systems that can detect the presence of kidney diseases using a minimally invasive approach, minimizing the burden to the individuals, albeit providing clinicians with useful information about the disease’s presence or its main related features. The electronic nose (e-nose) is one of such tools, and its applications in this specific domain represent the core of the present review, performed on articles published in the last 20 years on humans to stay updated with the latest technological advancements, and conducted under the PRISMA guidelines. This review focuses not only on the chemical and physical principles of detection of such compounds (mainly ammonia), but also on the most popular data processing approaches adopted by the research community (mainly those relying on Machine Learning), to draw exhaustive conclusions about the state of the art and to figure out possible cues for future developments in the field. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gas Recognition in E-nose System)
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