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Advances in Applications of Optical Fiber Sensors
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Advances in Applications of Optical Fiber Sensors

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Optical Sensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 November 2024 | Viewed by 5111

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Daniel Homa

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Materials Science and Engineering Department, Center for Photonics Technology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
Interests: optical fiber sensing; harsh environment optical fibers; optical fiber fabrication
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Gary R. Pickrell

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Materials Science and Engineering Department; Rolls Royce Commonwealth Director of Surface Engineering, Commonwealth Center for Advanced Manufacturing; Director, NanoBioMaterials Laboratory; Associate Director, Center for Photonics Technology, Electrical and Computer, Engineering Department, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
Interests: sensors; optical properties of materials; optical fiber design and fabrication; glass manufacturing science; experimental design training and implementation; plasma spray processing
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Fiber optic sensors have found commercial success in a wide array of applications, to include reservoir monitoring and exploration in oil and gas, structural health monitoring of critical infrastructures, and health and condition monitoring of telecommunication cables. Historically, optical fiber sensors have been an area of intense interest, in part because of their small size, immunity to electromagnetic interference, and high precision. The maturation of fiber optic sensing technologies has presented opportunities in applied research to enhance performance and expand capabilities through innovations in sensor materials, design, packaging, and interrogation schemes. The goal of this Special Issue is to compile and highlight the most recent developments in fiber sensors based on specialized optical fibers and their applications. We encourage the submission of original research papers or review articles that discuss the design and experimental performance of fiber sensors, as well as the design, development, and applications of novel specialty optical fibers.

Dr. Daniel Homa
Prof. Dr. Gary R. Pickrell
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sensors is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • novel optical fiber sensor designs, materials, and fabrication
  • chemical and biological fiber optical sensors
  • microstructured fiber sensors
  • fiber optic shape, temperature, vibration, and acoustic sensing
  • Fiber Bragg grating sensors, Fabry–Perot interferometric fiber optic sensors
  • Rayleigh, Brillouin backscatter fiber optic sensing
  • harsh environment fiber optic sensors
  • intelligent optical fiber sensing networks

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 13008 KiB  
Article
An SNR Enhancement Method for Φ-OTDR Vibration Signals Based on the PCA-VSS-NLMS Algorithm
by Xiaojuan Chen, Haoyu Yu, Jingyao Xu and Funan Gao
Sensors 2024, 24(13), 4340; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24134340 - 4 Jul 2024
Viewed by 826
Abstract
To improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of vibration signals in a phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometer (Φ-OTDR) system, a principal component analysis variable step-size normalized least mean square (PCA-VSS-NLMS) denoising method was proposed in this study. First, the mathematical principle of the PCA-VSS-NLMS algorithm [...] Read more.
To improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of vibration signals in a phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometer (Φ-OTDR) system, a principal component analysis variable step-size normalized least mean square (PCA-VSS-NLMS) denoising method was proposed in this study. First, the mathematical principle of the PCA-VSS-NLMS algorithm was constructed. This algorithm can adjust the input signal to achieve the best filter effect. Second, the effectiveness of the algorithm was verified via simulation, and the simulation results show that compared with the wavelet denoising (WD), Wiener filtering, variational mode decomposition (VMD), and variable step-size normalized least mean square (VSS-NLMS) algorithms, the PCA-VSS-NLMS algorithm can improve the SNR to 30.68 dB when the initial SNR is −1.23 dB. Finally, the PCA-VSS-NLMS algorithm was embedded into the built Φ-OTDR system, an 11.22 km fiber was measured, and PZT was added at 10.19–10.24 km to impose multiple sets of fixed-frequency disturbances. The experimental results show that the SNR of the vibration signal is 8.77 dB at 100 Hz and 0.07 s, and the SNR is improved to 26.17 dB after PCA-VSS-NLMS filtering; thus, the SNR is improved by 17.40 dB. This method can improve the SNR of the system’s position information without the need to change the existing hardware conditions, and it provides a new scheme for the detection and recognition of long-distance vibration signals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Applications of Optical Fiber Sensors)
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14 pages, 2391 KiB  
Article
Monitoring of Curing Process of Epoxy Resin by Long-Period Fiber Gratings
by Oleg V. Ivanov, Kaushal Bhavsar, Oliver Morgan-Clague and James M. Gilbert
Sensors 2024, 24(11), 3397; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24113397 - 25 May 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1087
Abstract
The curing of epoxy resin is a complex thermo-chemical process that is difficult to monitor using existing sensing systems. We monitored the curing process of an epoxy resin by using long-period fiber gratings. The refractive index of the epoxy resin increases during the [...] Read more.
The curing of epoxy resin is a complex thermo-chemical process that is difficult to monitor using existing sensing systems. We monitored the curing process of an epoxy resin by using long-period fiber gratings. The refractive index of the epoxy resin increases during the curing process and can be measured to determine the degree of curing. We employed long-period fiber gratings that are sensitive to the refractive index of an external medium for the measurement of refractive index changes in the resin. We observed that the resonances of long-period fiber gratings increased their depth with the increased refractive index of the resin, which was well described by our simulation taking the coupling to radiation modes into account. We demonstrated that the degree of cure can be estimated from the depth of the grating resonances using a phenomenological model. At the same time, long-period fiber gratings are sensitive to temperature variations and internal strains that are induced during curing. These factors may affect the measurements of curing degree and should also be addressed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Applications of Optical Fiber Sensors)
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18 pages, 6145 KiB  
Article
Brake Fluid Condition Monitoring by a Fiber Optic Sensor Using Silica Nanomaterials as Sensing Components
by Mayza Ibrahim and Stanislav Petrík
Sensors 2024, 24(8), 2524; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24082524 - 15 Apr 2024
Viewed by 1137
Abstract
In the automotive industry, there has been considerable focus on developing various sensors for engine oil monitoring. However, when it comes to monitoring the condition of brake fluid, which is crucial for ensuring safety, there has been a lack of a secure online [...] Read more.
In the automotive industry, there has been considerable focus on developing various sensors for engine oil monitoring. However, when it comes to monitoring the condition of brake fluid, which is crucial for ensuring safety, there has been a lack of a secure online method for this monitoring. This study addresses this gap by developing a hybrid silica nanofiber mat, or an aerogel integrated with an optical fiber sensor, to monitor brake fluid condition. The incorporation of silica nanofibers in this hybrid enhances the sensitivity of the optical fiber glass surface by at least 3.75 times. Furthermore, creating an air gap between the glass surface of the optical fiber and the nanofibers boosts sensitivity by at least 5 times, achieving a better correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.98). In the case of silica aerogel, the sensitivity is enhanced by 10 times, but this enhancement relies on the presence of the established air gap. The air gap was adjusted to range from 0.5 mm to 1 mm, without any significant change in the measurement within this range. The response time of the developed sensor is a minimum of 15 min. The sensing material is irreversible and has a diameter of 2.5 mm, making it easily replaceable. Overall, the sensor demonstrates strong repeatability, with approximately 90% consistency, and maintains uncertainty levels below 5% across specific ranges: from 3% to 6% for silica aerogel and from 5% to 6% for silica nanofibers in the presence of an air gap. These findings hold promise for integrating such an optical fiber sensor into a car’s electronic system, enabling the direct online monitoring of brake fluid quality. Additionally, the study elucidates the effect of water absorption on the refractive index of brake fluid, as well as on the silica nanomaterials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Applications of Optical Fiber Sensors)
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14 pages, 4544 KiB  
Article
InAsSb Photodiode Fibre Optic Thermometry for High-Speed, near-Ambient Temperature Measurements
by Emilios Leonidas, Matthew J. Hobbs, Sabino Ayvar-Soberanis, Hatim Laalej, Callum Fisk, Stephen Fitzpatrick and Jon R. Willmott
Sensors 2023, 23(23), 9514; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23239514 - 30 Nov 2023
Viewed by 1437
Abstract
Infrared radiation thermometers (IRTs) overcome many of the limitations of thermocouples, particularly responsiveness and calibration drift. The main challenge with radiation thermometry is the fast and reliable measurement of temperatures close to room temperature. A new IRT which is sensitive to wavelengths between [...] Read more.
Infrared radiation thermometers (IRTs) overcome many of the limitations of thermocouples, particularly responsiveness and calibration drift. The main challenge with radiation thermometry is the fast and reliable measurement of temperatures close to room temperature. A new IRT which is sensitive to wavelengths between 3 μm and 11 μm was developed and tested in a laboratory setting. It is based on an uncooled indium arsenide antimony (InAsSb) photodiode, a transimpedance amplifier, and a silver halogenide fibre optic cable transmissive in the mid- to long-wave infrared region. The prototype IRT was capable of measuring temperatures between 35 °C and 100 °C at an integration time of 5 ms and a temperature range between 40 °C and 100 °C at an integration time of 1 ms, with a root mean square (RMS) noise level of less than 0.5 °C. The thermometer was calibrated against Planck’s law using a five-point calibration, leading to a measurement uncertainty within ±1.5 °C over the aforementioned temperature range. The thermometer was tested against a thermocouple during drilling operations of polyether ether ketone (PEEK) plastic to measure the temperature of the drill bit during the material removal process. Future versions of the thermometer are intended to be used as a thermocouple replacement in high-speed, near-ambient temperature measurement applications, such as electric motor condition monitoring; battery protection; and machining of polymers and composite materials, such as carbon-fibre-reinforced plastic (CFRP). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Applications of Optical Fiber Sensors)
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