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Recent Developments of Integrated Photonic Sensors
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Recent Developments of Integrated Photonic Sensors

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Optical Sensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2022) | Viewed by 35242

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Muhammad Ali Butt

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Microelectronics and Optoelectronics, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland
Interests: silicon photonics; plasmonic sensors; metamaterials; metasurfaces; non-diffractive beams; their applications
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Nikolay L. Kazanskiy

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Samara National Research University, Samara, Russi
Interests: computer optics; diffractive nanophotonics; computer vision
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear colleagues,

I am delighted to invite you to submit your valuable work for a Special Issue of the Journal Sensors on "Recent Developments of Integrated Photonic Sensors". In recent years, the development of highly integrated photonic sensors is taking place at a rapid pace. These devices can be employed in several eye-catching applications, such as monitoring/sensing of temperature, proximity, pressure, light, ultrasonic, chemicals, etc. This Special Issue will cover new developments and recent advances in the design, fabrication, and performance evaluation of integrated photonic sensors based on different platforms. Original research work, letters, and review papers based on theoretical, numerical, and experimental data are welcomed in this Special Issue.

Topics of interest include but are not limited to the following:

  • Sensing applications based on metasurface/metamaterials;
  • Plasmonic sensors;
  • Photonic crystal sensors;
  • Applications of integrated photonic sensors in, for instance, biomedicine, environmental monitoring, aeronautic, biochemical, etc.

We look forward to receiving your proposals.

Dr. M. Ali Butt
Prof. Dr. Nikolay L. Kazanskiy
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sensors is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • optical waveguide
  • plasmonic sensor
  • photonic sensor
  • metamaterials
  • integrated photonic sensor

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 17671 KiB  
Article
Near Infrared Efficiency Enhancement of Silicon Photodiodes by Integration of Metal Nanostructures Supporting Surface Plasmon Polaritrons
by Elia Scattolo, Alessandro Cian, Luisa Petti, Paolo Lugli, Damiano Giubertoni and Giovanni Paternoster
Sensors 2023, 23(2), 856; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23020856 - 11 Jan 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2992
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed a growing interest in detectors capable of detecting single photons in the near-infrared (NIR), mainly due to the emergence of new applications such as light detection and ranging (LiDAR) for, e.g., autonomous driving. A silicon single-photon avalanche diode is [...] Read more.
Recent years have witnessed a growing interest in detectors capable of detecting single photons in the near-infrared (NIR), mainly due to the emergence of new applications such as light detection and ranging (LiDAR) for, e.g., autonomous driving. A silicon single-photon avalanche diode is surely one of the most interesting and available technologies, although it yields a low efficiency due to the low absorption coefficient of Si in the NIR. Here, we aim at overcoming this limitation through the integration of complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) -compatible nanostructures on silicon photodetectors. Specifically, we utilize silver grating arrays supporting surface plasmons polaritons (SPPs) to superficially confine the incoming NIR photons and therefore to increase the probability of photons generating an electron-hole pair. First, the plasmonic silver array is geometrically designed using time domain simulation software to achieve maximum detector performance at 950 nm. Then, a plasmonic silver array characterized by a pitch of 535 nm, a dot width of 428 nm, and a metal thickness of 110 nm is integrated by means of the focused ion beam technique on the detector. Finally, the integrated detector is electro-optically characterized, demonstrating a QE of 13% at 950 nm, 2.2 times higher than the reference. This result suggests the realization of a silicon device capable of detecting single NIR photons, at a low cost and with compatibility with standard CMOS technology platforms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Developments of Integrated Photonic Sensors)
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12 pages, 5010 KiB  
Communication
Spatial-Light-Modulator-Based Multichannel Data Transmission by Vortex Beams of Various Orders
by Svetlana N. Khonina, Sergey V. Karpeev and Muhammad A. Butt
Sensors 2021, 21(9), 2988; https://doi.org/10.3390/s21092988 - 24 Apr 2021
Cited by 46 | Viewed by 3042
Abstract
We report an atmospheric multichannel data transmission system with channel separation by vortex beams of various orders, including half-integer values. For the demultiplexing of the communication channels, a multichannel diffractive optical element (DOE) is proposed, being matched with the used vortex beams. The [...] Read more.
We report an atmospheric multichannel data transmission system with channel separation by vortex beams of various orders, including half-integer values. For the demultiplexing of the communication channels, a multichannel diffractive optical element (DOE) is proposed, being matched with the used vortex beams. The considered approach may be realized without digital processing of the output images, but only based on the numbers of informative diffraction orders, similar to sorting. The system is implemented based on two spatial light modulators (SLMs), one of which forms a multiplexed signal on the transmitting side, and the other implements a multichannel DOE for separating the vortex beams on the receiving side. The stability of the communication channel to atmospheric interference and the crosstalk between the channels are investigated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Developments of Integrated Photonic Sensors)
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14 pages, 4397 KiB  
Article
Carbon Dioxide Gas Sensor Based on Polyhexamethylene Biguanide Polymer Deposited on Silicon Nano-Cylinders Metasurface
by Nikolay Lvovich Kazanskiy, Muhammad Ali Butt and Svetlana Nikolaevna Khonina
Sensors 2021, 21(2), 378; https://doi.org/10.3390/s21020378 - 7 Jan 2021
Cited by 65 | Viewed by 7497
Abstract
In this paper, we have numerically investigated a metasurface based perfect absorber design, established on the impedance matching phenomena. The paper comprises of two parts. In the first part, the device performance of the perfect absorber—which is composed of silicon nano-cylindrical meta-atoms, periodically [...] Read more.
In this paper, we have numerically investigated a metasurface based perfect absorber design, established on the impedance matching phenomena. The paper comprises of two parts. In the first part, the device performance of the perfect absorber—which is composed of silicon nano-cylindrical meta-atoms, periodically arranged on a thin gold layer—is studied. The device design is unique and works for both x-oriented and y-oriented polarized light, in addition to being independent of the angle of incidence. In the second part of the paper, a CO2 gas sensing application is explored by depositing a thin layer of functional host material—a polyhexamethylene biguanide polymer—on the metasurface. The refractive index of the host material decreases due to the absorption of the CO2 gas. As a result, the resonance wavelength of the perfect absorber performs a prominent blueshift. With the help of the proposed sensor design, based on metasurface, the CO2 gas concentration range of 0–524 ppm was detected. A maximum sensitivity of 17.3 pm/ppm was acquired for a gas concentration of 434 ppm. The study presented in this work explores the opportunity of utilizing the metasurface perfect absorber for gas sensing applications by employing functional host materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Developments of Integrated Photonic Sensors)
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Review

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30 pages, 30367 KiB  
Review
Modern Types of Axicons: New Functions and Applications
by Svetlana N. Khonina, Nikolay L. Kazanskiy, Pavel A. Khorin and Muhammad A. Butt
Sensors 2021, 21(19), 6690; https://doi.org/10.3390/s21196690 - 8 Oct 2021
Cited by 69 | Viewed by 11468
Abstract
Axicon is a versatile optical element for forming a zero-order Bessel beam, including high-power laser radiation schemes. Nevertheless, it has drawbacks such as the produced beam’s parameters being dependent on a particular element, the output beam’s intensity distribution being dependent on the quality [...] Read more.
Axicon is a versatile optical element for forming a zero-order Bessel beam, including high-power laser radiation schemes. Nevertheless, it has drawbacks such as the produced beam’s parameters being dependent on a particular element, the output beam’s intensity distribution being dependent on the quality of element manufacturing, and uneven axial intensity distribution. To address these issues, extensive research has been undertaken to develop nondiffracting beams using a variety of advanced techniques. We looked at four different and special approaches for creating nondiffracting beams in this article. Diffractive axicons, meta-axicons-flat optics, spatial light modulators, and photonic integrated circuit-based axicons are among these approaches. Lately, there has been noteworthy curiosity in reducing the thickness and weight of axicons by exploiting diffraction. Meta-axicons, which are ultrathin flat optical elements made up of metasurfaces built up of arrays of subwavelength optical antennas, are one way to address such needs. In addition, when compared to their traditional refractive and diffractive equivalents, meta-axicons have a number of distinguishing advantages, including aberration correction, active tunability, and semi-transparency. This paper is not intended to be a critique of any method. We have outlined the most recent advancements in this field and let readers determine which approach best meets their needs based on the ease of fabrication and utilization. Moreover, one section is devoted to applications of axicons utilized as sensors of optical properties of devices and elements as well as singular beams states and wavefront features. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Developments of Integrated Photonic Sensors)
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27 pages, 16602 KiB  
Review
Recent Advances in Generation and Detection of Orbital Angular Momentum Optical Beams—A Review
by Denis M. Fatkhiev, Muhammad A. Butt, Elizaveta P. Grakhova, Ruslan V. Kutluyarov, Ivan V. Stepanov, Nikolay L. Kazanskiy, Svetlana N. Khonina, Vladimir S. Lyubopytov and Albert K. Sultanov
Sensors 2021, 21(15), 4988; https://doi.org/10.3390/s21154988 - 22 Jul 2021
Cited by 59 | Viewed by 8493
Abstract
Herein, we have discussed three major methods which have been generally employed for the generation of optical beams with orbital angular momentum (OAM). These methods include the practice of diffractive optics elements (DOEs), metasurfaces (MSs), and photonic integrated circuits (PICs) for the production [...] Read more.
Herein, we have discussed three major methods which have been generally employed for the generation of optical beams with orbital angular momentum (OAM). These methods include the practice of diffractive optics elements (DOEs), metasurfaces (MSs), and photonic integrated circuits (PICs) for the production of in-plane and out-of-plane OAM. This topic has been significantly evolved as a result; these three methods have been further implemented efficiently by different novel approaches which are discussed as well. Furthermore, development in the OAM detection techniques has also been presented. We have tried our best to bring novel and up-to-date information to the readers on this interesting and widely investigated topic. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Developments of Integrated Photonic Sensors)
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