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A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Internet of Things".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2021) | Viewed by 21955

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Dongkyun Kim

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Guest Editor

School of Computer Science and Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
Interests: connected cars; vehicular ad hoc networks; the Internet of Things (machine-to-machine/device-to-device); Wi-Fi networks (including Wi-Fi Direct); wireless mesh networks; wireless sensor networks; future Internet
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Juan-Carlos Cano

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Department of Computer Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
Interests: mobile ad hoc networks; vehicular networks; mobile communication; computer networks; wireless networks; MANETs; VANETs
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Wei Wang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Department of Computer Science, College of Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-7720, USA
Interests: wireless networks; wireless multimedia communications; QoE–QoS issues; network economics; IoTs

Dr. Syed Hassan Ahmed

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Computer Science Department, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA
Interests: wireless communications; connected vehicles; named data; networks; information centric networks and ad hoc networks
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

From wired sensor nodes sensing, collecting, and forwarding data underwater, technology has evolved tremendously. In the past few decades, more feasible underwater communication solutions have been introduced, including wireless underwater sensor nodes. These sensor nodes have the capability to communicate underwater via high-frequency signals, acoustic signals, or light signals based on application-specific requirements. The introduction of autonomous robots with sensing and reporting capabilities that have the capability to dive deep within underwater environments has further enhanced the capacity for underwater environment monitoring. Small autonomous submarines equipped with underwater sensing capabilities, commonly known as autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), can communicate and cooperate within a group of AUVs to expand underwater operational capabilities.

Underwater sensing nodes communicate and forward data to the control station, forming the application-specific network of things. These networks of underwater things share resources and interact with other networks forming the Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT). The applications of IoUT include surveillance, oil and gas exploration, tectonic plate monitoring, and marine life and coral reef harvesting. The introduction of artificial intelligence into underwater communication further expands and improves upon the efficiency of underwater communication technologies due to its self-sustainable nature along with self-governance and independent decision making.

Several artificial intelligence (AI) problem-solving algorithms have been proposed, and most of them are still are at early stages, improving and evolving with time. These algorithms have the capability to process huge amounts of data and make intelligent decisions independently. In the absence of intelligence, IoUT systems will operate on a conventional communication system with preset rules of business. In future, the huge number of IoUT devices and massive traffic from these devices means only one thing—a massive amount of data arriving from stationary nodes as well as mobile AUVs. Numerical analysis techniques and state-of-the-art optimization algorithms can also result in intelligence of some level for the IoUT communication system as they can enhance the system performance.

Considering the importance of intelligent AUV in the internet of underwater things and the massive amounts of data generated from the communication system, this Special Issue seeks to collect relevant and original research and review articles to advance the field and encourage researchers. We welcome contributions from both the industry and academia in highlighting and introducing solutions to the challenges associated with the internet of underwater things systems.

Potential topics include but are not limited to the following:

Intelligent green underwater vehicular communication;
Security and privacy for underwater vehicular communication;
Intelligent internet of Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs);
Intelligent applications of the IoUT;
Underwater localization and tracking;
Big data/data mining for underwater vehicular communication;
Protocols and standards of intelligent underwater vehicular communication;
Intelligent IoUT solutions for smart eHealth of marine life monitoring.

Prof. Dr. Dongkyun Kim
Prof. Dr. Juan-Carlos Cano
Dr. Wei Wang
Dr. Syed Hassan Ahmed
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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34 pages, 1906 KiB

Open AccessArticle

TANVEER: Tri-Angular Nearest Vector-Based Energy Efficient Routing for IoT-Enabled Acoustic Sensor and Actor Networks (I-ASANs)

by Umar Draz, Sana Yasin, Muhammad Irfan, Tariq Ali, Amjad Ali, Adam Glowacz, Frantisek Brumercik and Witold Glowacz

Sensors 2021, 21(11), 3578; https://doi.org/10.3390/s21113578 - 21 May 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2311

Abstract

The Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging technology in underwater communication because of its potential to monitor underwater activities. IoT devices enable a variety of applications such as submarine and navy defense systems, pre-disaster prevention, and gas/oil exploration in deep and shallow water. The IoT devices have limited power due to their size. Many routing protocols have been proposed in applications, as mentioned above, in different aspects, but timely action and energy make these a challenging task for marine research. Therefore, this research presents a routing technique with three sub-sections, Tri-Angular Nearest Vector-Based Energy Efficient Routing (TANVEER): Layer-Based Adjustment (LBA-TANVEER), Data Packet Delivery (DPD-TANVEER), and Binary Inter Nodes (BIN-TANVEER). In TANVEER, the path is selected between the source node and sonobuoys by computing the angle three times with horizontal, vertical, and diagonal directions by using the nearest vector-based approach to avoid the empty nodes/region. In order to deploy the nodes, the LBA-TANVEER is used. Furthermore, for successful data delivery, the DPD-TANVEER is responsible for bypassing any empty nodes/region occurrence. BIN-TANVEER works with new watchman nodes that play an essential role in the path/data shifting mechanism. Moreover, achievable empty regions are also calculated by linear programming to minimize energy consumption and throughput maximization. Different evaluation parameters perform extensive simulation, and the coverage area of the proposed scheme is also presented. The simulated results show that the proposed technique outperforms the compared baseline scheme layer-by-layer angle-based flooding (L2-ABF) in terms of energy, throughput, Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) and a fraction of empty regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Internet of Underwater Things)

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29 pages, 536 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancements and Challenges in CoAP—A Survey

by Muhammad Ashar Tariq, Murad Khan, Muhammad Toaha Raza Khan and Dongkyun Kim

Sensors 2020, 20(21), 6391; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20216391 - 9 Nov 2020

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 7826

Abstract

The Internet of Engineering Task (IETF) developed a lighter application protocol (Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP)) for the constrained IoT devices operating in lossy environments. Based on UDP, CoAP is a lightweight and efficient protocol compared to other IoT protocols such as HTTP, MQTT, etc. CoAP also provides reliable communication among nodes in wireless sensor networks in addition to features such as resource observation, resource discovery, congestion control, etc. These capabilities of CoAP have enabled the implementation of CoAP in various domains ranging from home automation to health management systems. The use of CoAP has highlighted its shortcomings over the time. To overcome shortcomings of CoAP, numerous enhancements have been made in basic CoAP architecture. This survey highlights the shortcomings of basic CoAP architecture and enhancements made in it throughout the time. Furthermore, existing challenges and issue in the current CoAP architecture are also discussed. Finally, some applications with CoAP implementation are mentioned in order to realize the viability of CoAP in real world use cases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Internet of Underwater Things)

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20 pages, 3871 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Underwater Localization via Wideband Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Using Acoustic Arrays of Arbitrary Shape

by Elizaveta Dubrovinskaya, Veronika Kebkal, Oleksiy Kebkal, Konstantin Kebkal and Paolo Casari

Sensors 2020, 20(14), 3862; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20143862 - 10 Jul 2020

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3671

Abstract

Underwater sensing and remote telemetry tasks necessitate the accurate geo-location of sensor data series, which often requires underwater acoustic arrays. These are ensembles of hydrophones that can be jointly operated in order to, e.g., direct acoustic energy towards a given direction, or to estimate the direction of arrival of a desired signal. When the available equipment does not provide the required level of accuracy, it may be convenient to merge multiple transceivers into a larger acoustic array, in order to achieve better processing performance. In this paper, we name such a structure an “array of opportunity” to signify the often inevitable sub-optimality of the resulting array design, e.g., a distance between nearest array elements larger than half the shortest acoustic wavelength that the array would receive. The most immediate consequence is that arrays of opportunity may be affected by spatial ambiguity, and may require additional processing to avoid large errors in wideband direction of arrival (DoA) estimation, especially as opposed to narrowband processing. We consider the design of practical algorithms to achieve accurate detections, DoA estimates, and position estimates using wideband arrays of opportunity. For this purpose, we rely jointly on DoA and rough multilateration estimates to eliminate spatial ambiguities arising from the array layout. By means of emulations that realistically reproduce underwater noise and acoustic clutter, we show that our algorithm yields accurate DoA and location estimates, and in some cases it allows arrays of opportunity to outperform properly designed arrays. For example, at a signal-to-noise ratio of –20 dB, a 15-element array of opportunity achieves lower average and median localization error (27 m and 12 m, respectively) than a 30-element array with proper

λ / 2

element spacing (33 m and 15 m, respectively). We confirm the good accuracy of our approach via emulation results, and through a proof-of-concept lake experiment, where our algorithm applied to a 10-element array of opportunity achieves a 90th-percentile DoA estimation error of 4

^{\circ}

and a 90th-percentile total location error of 5 m when applied to a real 10-element array of opportunity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Internet of Underwater Things)

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Review

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35 pages, 6490 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Systematic Review on Recent Trends, Challenges, Privacy and Security Issues of Underwater Internet of Things

by Delphin Raj Kesari Mary, Eunbi Ko, Seung-Geun Kim, Sun-Ho Yum, Soo-Young Shin and Soo-Hyun Park

Sensors 2021, 21(24), 8262; https://doi.org/10.3390/s21248262 - 10 Dec 2021

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 6310

Abstract

Owing to the hasty growth of communication technologies in the Underwater Internet of Things (UIoT), many researchers and industries focus on enhancing the existing technologies of UIoT systems for developing numerous applications such as oceanography, diver networks monitoring, deep-sea exploration and early warning systems. In a constrained UIoT environment, communication media such as acoustic, infrared (IR), visible light, radiofrequency (RF) and magnet induction (MI) are generally used to transmit information via digitally linked underwater devices. However, each medium has its technical limitations: for example, the acoustic medium has challenges such as narrow-channel bandwidth, low data rate, high cost, etc., and optical medium has challenges such as high absorption, scattering, long-distance data transmission, etc. Moreover, the malicious node can steal the underwater data by employing blackhole attacks, routing attacks, Sybil attacks, etc. Furthermore, due to heavyweight, the existing privacy and security mechanism of the terrestrial internet of things (IoT) cannot be applied directly to UIoT environment. Hence, this paper aims to provide a systematic review of recent trends, applications, communication technologies, challenges, security threats and privacy issues of UIoT system. Additionally, this paper highlights the methods of preventing the technical challenges and security attacks of the UIoT environment. Finally, this systematic review contributes much to the profit of researchers to analyze and improve the performance of services in UIoT applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Internet of Underwater Things)

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