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Bioimpedance Sensors: Instrumentation, Models, and Applications
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Bioimpedance Sensors: Instrumentation, Models, and Applications

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Electronic Sensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 November 2021) | Viewed by 34552

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Mart Min

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Thomas Johann Seebeck, Department of Electronics, Tallinn University of Technology, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia
Interests: bioimpedance; sensors and sensing; signals and signal processing; impedance spectroscopy; impedance tomography; electronic design; wearable devices
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The scientific approach to electrical impedance of chemical and biological environments has already been explored for more than a century. During the first decades of the last century, Peter Debye and Hugo Fricke derived a mathematical treatment for the frequency dependence of electrochemical and bioelectrical impedance. Since then, thousands of scientists and engineers have further developed both a theoretical understanding and a practical treatment of electrical bioimpedance. Their results are believed to be greatly promising for practical applications, especially in experimental biology and medicine.

We have experienced successful implementations of bioimpedance-based sensing technology in rate adaptive cardiac pacemakers, in cardiopulmonary analyzers and lung tomography devices, cell counters and analyzers. Unfortunately, the results of these were not as convincingly successful as expected. This is highly concerning. The implementation process has slowed down, for the following reasons.

First, we do not know enough about the distribution of electrical current in living tissues with variable parameters changing due to breathing, heart beating, blood oxygenation and circulation. Second, we do not know enough about the spectral and spatial distribution of the permittivity in living structures and their capacitive characteristics. Third, we do not know enough about the role of magnetic properties of tissues on their electrical impedance.

From an engineering point of view, we need more efficient configurations of sensing electrodes and materials in this respect, especially for microelectrodes. Contactless sensing methods and circuits are of interest. The deeper developed signal processing and data handling methods, together with including artificial intelligence algorithms, can give impressive results when it comes to obtaining new data, information and knowledge about living organisms.

Above highlighted and other theoretical and experimental developments, leading to practical implementations, are welcome in the Special Issue.

Prof. Dr. Mart Min
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • electrical bioimpedance
  • sensing and sensors
  • living tissues
  • electrical and magnetic properties
  • current distribution
  • spectral properties
  • electrodes
  • signals and data processing
  • measurement methods
  • practical implementations

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Published Papers (8 papers)

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13 pages, 2858 KiB  
Article
Smart Bio-Impedance-Based Sensor for Guiding Standard Needle Insertion
by Ivan Kudashov, Sergey Shchukin, Mugeb Al-harosh and Andrew Shcherbachev
Sensors 2022, 22(2), 665; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22020665 - 15 Jan 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2915
Abstract
A venipuncture is the most common non-invasive medical procedure, and is frequently used with patients; however, a high probability of post-injection complications accompanies intravenous injection. The most common complication is a hematoma, which is associated with puncture of the uppermost and lowermost walls. [...] Read more.
A venipuncture is the most common non-invasive medical procedure, and is frequently used with patients; however, a high probability of post-injection complications accompanies intravenous injection. The most common complication is a hematoma, which is associated with puncture of the uppermost and lowermost walls. To simplify and reduce complications of the venipuncture procedure, and as well as automation of this process, a device that can provide information of the needle tip position into patient’s tissues needs to be developed. This paper presents a peripheral vascular puncture control system based on electrical impedance measurements. A special electrode system was designed to achieve the maximum sensitivity for puncture identification using a traditional needle, which is usually used in clinical practice. An experimental study on subjects showed that the electrical impedance signal changed significantly once the standard needle entered the blood vessel. On basis of theoretical and experimental studies, a decision rule of puncture identification based on the analysis of amplitude-time parameters of experimental signals was proposed. The proposed method was tested on 15 test and 9 control samples, with the results showing that 97% accuracy was obtained. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioimpedance Sensors: Instrumentation, Models, and Applications)
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13 pages, 4479 KiB  
Article
Patient Specific Numerical Modeling for Renal Blood Monitoring Using Electrical Bio-Impedance
by Mugeb Al-harosh, Egor Chernikov and Sergey Shchukin
Sensors 2022, 22(2), 606; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22020606 - 13 Jan 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2237
Abstract
Knowledge of renal blood circulation is considered as an important physiological value, particularly for fast detection of acute allograft rejection as well as the management of critically ill patients with acute renal failure. The electrical impedance signal obtained from kidney with an appropriate [...] Read more.
Knowledge of renal blood circulation is considered as an important physiological value, particularly for fast detection of acute allograft rejection as well as the management of critically ill patients with acute renal failure. The electrical impedance signal obtained from kidney with an appropriate electrode system and optimal electrode system position regarding to the kidney projection on skin surface reflects the nature of renal blood circulation and tone of renal blood vessels. This paper proposes a specific numerical modelling based on prior information from MRI-data. The numerical modelling was conducted for electrical impedance change estimation due to renal blood distribution. The proposed model takes into the account the geometrical and electrophysiological parameters of tissues around the kidney as well as the actual blood distribution within the kidney. The numerical modelling had shown that it is possible to register the electrical impedance signal caused by renal blood circulation with an electrode system commensurate with the size of kidney, which makes it possible to reduce the influence of surrounding tissues and organs. Experimental studies were obtained to prove the numerical modelling and the effectiveness of developed electrode systems based on the obtained simulation results. The obtained electrical impedance signal with the appropriate electrode system shows very good agreement with the renal blood change estimated using Doppler ultrasound. For the measured electrical impedance signal, it is possible to obtain the amplitude-time parameters, which reflect the hemodynamic characteristics of the kidneys and used in diagnostics, which is the subject of further research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioimpedance Sensors: Instrumentation, Models, and Applications)
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16 pages, 3712 KiB  
Article
A Way of Bionic Control Based on EI, EMG, and FMG Signals
by Andrey Briko, Vladislava Kapravchuk, Alexander Kobelev, Ahmad Hammoud, Steffen Leonhardt, Chuong Ngo, Yury Gulyaev and Sergey Shchukin
Sensors 2022, 22(1), 152; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22010152 - 27 Dec 2021
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4317
Abstract
Creating highly functional prosthetic, orthotic, and rehabilitation devices is a socially relevant scientific and engineering task. Currently, certain constraints hamper the development of such devices. The primary constraint is the lack of an intuitive and reliable control interface working between the organism and [...] Read more.
Creating highly functional prosthetic, orthotic, and rehabilitation devices is a socially relevant scientific and engineering task. Currently, certain constraints hamper the development of such devices. The primary constraint is the lack of an intuitive and reliable control interface working between the organism and the actuator. The critical point in developing these devices and systems is determining the type and parameters of movements based on control signals recorded on an extremity. In the study, we investigate the simultaneous acquisition of electric impedance (EI), electromyography (EMG), and force myography (FMG) signals during basic wrist movements: grasping, flexion/extension, and rotation. For investigation, a laboratory instrumentation and software test setup were made for registering signals and collecting data. The analysis of the acquired signals revealed that the EI signals in conjunction with the analysis of EMG and FMG signals could potentially be highly informative in anthropomorphic control systems. The study results confirm that the comprehensive real-time analysis of EI, EMG, and FMG signals potentially allows implementing the method of anthropomorphic and proportional control with an acceptable delay. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioimpedance Sensors: Instrumentation, Models, and Applications)
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14 pages, 3733 KiB  
Article
Multi-Channel Bioimpedance System for Detecting Vascular Tone in Human Limbs: An Approach
by Ahmad Hammoud, Alexey Tikhomirov, Galina Myasishcheva, Zein Shaheen, Alexander Volkov, Andrey Briko and Sergey Shchukin
Sensors 2022, 22(1), 138; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22010138 - 26 Dec 2021
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4626
Abstract
Vascular tone plays a vital role in regulating blood pressure and coronary circulation, and it determines the peripheral vascular resistance. Vascular tone is dually regulated by the perivascular nerves and the cells in the inside lining of blood vessels (endothelial cells). Only a [...] Read more.
Vascular tone plays a vital role in regulating blood pressure and coronary circulation, and it determines the peripheral vascular resistance. Vascular tone is dually regulated by the perivascular nerves and the cells in the inside lining of blood vessels (endothelial cells). Only a few methods for measuring vascular tone are available. Because of this, determining vascular tone in different arteries of the human body and monitoring tone changes is a vital challenge. This work presents an approach for determining vascular tone in human extremities based on multi-channel bioimpedance measurements. Detailed steps for processing the bioimpedance signals and extracting the main parameters from them have been presented. A graphical interface has been designed and implemented to display the vascular tone type in all channels with the phase of breathing during each cardiac cycle. This study is a key step towards understanding the way vascular tone changes in the extremities and how the nervous system regulates these changes. Future studies based on records of healthy and diseased people will contribute to increasing the possibility of early diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioimpedance Sensors: Instrumentation, Models, and Applications)
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20 pages, 9700 KiB  
Article
Determination of the Geometric Parameters of Electrode Systems for Electrical Impedance Myography: A Preliminary Study
by Andrey Briko, Vladislava Kapravchuk, Alexander Kobelev, Alexey Tikhomirov, Ahmad Hammoud, Mugeb Al-Harosh, Steffen Leonhardt, Chuong Ngo, Yury Gulyaev and Sergey Shchukin
Sensors 2022, 22(1), 97; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22010097 - 24 Dec 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3779
Abstract
The electrical impedance myography method is widely used in solving bionic control problems and consists of assessing the change in the electrical impedance magnitude during muscle contraction in real time. However, the choice of electrode systems sizes is not always properly considered when [...] Read more.
The electrical impedance myography method is widely used in solving bionic control problems and consists of assessing the change in the electrical impedance magnitude during muscle contraction in real time. However, the choice of electrode systems sizes is not always properly considered when using the electrical impedance myography method in the existing approaches, which is important in terms of electrical impedance signal expressiveness and reproducibility. The article is devoted to the determination of acceptable sizes for the electrode systems for electrical impedance myography using the Pareto optimality assessment method and the electrical impedance signals formation model of the forearm area, taking into account the change in the electrophysical and geometric parameters of the skin and fat layer and muscle groups when performing actions with a hand. Numerical finite element simulation using anthropometric models of the forearm obtained by volunteers’ MRI 3D reconstructions was performed to determine a sufficient degree of the forearm anatomical features detailing in terms of the measured electrical impedance. For the mathematical description of electrical impedance relationships, a forearm two-layer model, represented by the skin-fat layer and muscles, was reasonably chosen, which adequately describes the change in electrical impedance when performing hand actions. Using this model, for the first time, an approach that can be used to determine the acceptable sizes of electrode systems for different parts of the body individually was proposed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioimpedance Sensors: Instrumentation, Models, and Applications)
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17 pages, 7240 KiB  
Article
Bio-Impedance Sensor for Real-Time Artery Diameter Waveform Assessment
by Mugeb Al-harosh, Marat Yangirov, Dmitry Kolesnikov and Sergey Shchukin
Sensors 2021, 21(24), 8438; https://doi.org/10.3390/s21248438 - 17 Dec 2021
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3583
Abstract
The real-time artery diameter waveform assessment during cardio cycle can allow the measurement of beat-to-beat pressure change and the long-term blood pressure monitoring. The aim of this study is to develop a self-calibrated bio-impedance-based sensor, which can provide regular measurement of the blood-pressure-dependence [...] Read more.
The real-time artery diameter waveform assessment during cardio cycle can allow the measurement of beat-to-beat pressure change and the long-term blood pressure monitoring. The aim of this study is to develop a self-calibrated bio-impedance-based sensor, which can provide regular measurement of the blood-pressure-dependence time variable parameters such as the artery diameter waveform and the elasticity. This paper proposes an algorithm based on analytical models which need prior geometrical and physiological patient parameters for more appropriate electrode system selection and hence location to provide accurate blood pressure measurement. As a result of this study, the red cell orientation effect contribution was estimated and removed from the bio-impedance signal obtained from the artery to keep monitoring the diameter waveform correspondence to the change of blood pressure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioimpedance Sensors: Instrumentation, Models, and Applications)
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17 pages, 607 KiB  
Article
Artefact Detection in Impedance Pneumography Signals: A Machine Learning Approach
by Jonathan Moeyersons, John Morales, Nick Seeuws, Chris Van Hoof, Evelien Hermeling, Willemijn Groenendaal, Rik Willems, Sabine Van Huffel and Carolina Varon
Sensors 2021, 21(8), 2613; https://doi.org/10.3390/s21082613 - 8 Apr 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3312
Abstract
Impedance pneumography has been suggested as an ambulatory technique for the monitoring of respiratory diseases. However, its ambulatory nature makes the recordings more prone to noise sources. It is important that such noisy segments are identified and removed, since they could have a [...] Read more.
Impedance pneumography has been suggested as an ambulatory technique for the monitoring of respiratory diseases. However, its ambulatory nature makes the recordings more prone to noise sources. It is important that such noisy segments are identified and removed, since they could have a huge impact on the performance of data-driven decision support tools. In this study, we investigated the added value of machine learning algorithms to separate clean from noisy bio-impedance signals. We compared three approaches: a heuristic algorithm, a feature-based classification model (SVM) and a convolutional neural network (CNN). The dataset consists of 47 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients who performed an inspiratory threshold loading protocol. During this protocol, their respiration was recorded with a bio-impedance device and a spirometer, which served as a gold standard. Four annotators scored the signals for the presence of artefacts, based on the reference signal. We have shown that the accuracy of both machine learning approaches (SVM: 87.77 ± 2.64% and CNN: 87.20 ± 2.78%) is significantly higher, compared to the heuristic approach (84.69 ± 2.32%). Moreover, no significant differences could be observed between the two machine learning approaches. The feature-based and neural network model obtained a respective AUC of 92.77±2.95% and 92.51±1.74%. These findings show that a data-driven approach could be beneficial for the task of artefact detection in respiratory thoracic bio-impedance signals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioimpedance Sensors: Instrumentation, Models, and Applications)
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26 pages, 5142 KiB  
Technical Note
Localized Bioimpedance Measurements with the MAX3000x Integrated Circuit: Characterization and Demonstration
by Shelby Critcher and Todd J. Freeborn
Sensors 2021, 21(9), 3013; https://doi.org/10.3390/s21093013 - 25 Apr 2021
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 6814
Abstract
The commercial availability of integrated circuits with bioimpedance sensing functionality is advancing the opportunity for practical wearable systems that monitor the electrical impedance properties of tissues to identify physiological features in support of health-focused applications. This technical note characterizes the performance of the [...] Read more.
The commercial availability of integrated circuits with bioimpedance sensing functionality is advancing the opportunity for practical wearable systems that monitor the electrical impedance properties of tissues to identify physiological features in support of health-focused applications. This technical note characterizes the performance of the MAX3000x (resistance/reactance accuracy, power modes, filtering, gains) and is available for on-board processing (electrode detection) for localized bioimpedance measurements. Measurements of discrete impedances that are representative of localized tissue bioimpedance support that this IC has a relative error of <10% for the resistance component of complex impedance measurements, but can also measure relative alterations in the 250 mΩ range. The application of the MAX3000x for monitoring localized bicep tissues during activity is presented to highlight its functionality, as well as its limitations, for multi-frequency measurements. This device is a very-small-form-factor single-chip solution for measuring multi-frequency bioimpedance with significant on-board processing with potential for wearable applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioimpedance Sensors: Instrumentation, Models, and Applications)
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