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Sensors in Electronic Measurement Systems
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Sensors in Electronic Measurement Systems

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Physical Sensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2021) | Viewed by 20720

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Pedro M. Ramos

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Instituto de Telecomunicações, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-004 Lisboa, Portugal
Interests: instrumentation and measurement; power quality monitoring/measurements; automatic measurement systems; impedance measurements; impedance spectroscopy; non-destructive electronic measurement systems; sine-fitting algorithms
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Olfa Kanoun

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Chair of Measurement and Sensor Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Chemnitz university of Technology, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
Interests: energy harvesting; nanocompsoites; design of sensors and sensors systems; impedance spectroscopy
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Pasquale Arpaia

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Interdepartmental Research Center in Health Management and Innovation in Healthcare (CIRMIS), University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy
Interests: instrumentation and measurement for magnets; advanced materials; beam; superconductors; power converters; cryogenics of particle accelerators; biomedical instrumentation; augmented reality; brain–computer interfaces; evolutionary diagnostics; distributed measurement systems; analog-to-digital converter (ADC) modeling and testing
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The development of the analog-to-digital converter (ADC) caused a massive increase in the measurement capabilities of commercial instruments. This initially led to digital readouts and later on, together with the development of the microprocessors and microcontrollers, to added functionalities and the implementation of complex digital processing techniques where algorithms are executed in the instruments.

The combination of the ADC and the increasing processing capabilities drove the development and implementation of embedded measurement systems that are the backbone of our modern way of life.

The other major development that is the cornerstone of our day-to-day devices is the evolution of sensors to be used to measure every physical phenomenon that surrounds us.

The objective of this Special Issue is to publish recent research results related to the use of sensors in electronic measurement systems. Authors are invited to submit their research results where the topics include but are not limited to:

  • Metrology and measurement science of sensors
  • Distributed measurement systems
  • Cyber-physical systems and IOT
  • Multi-sensor fusion
  • Smart sensors
  • Power and energy measurements
  • Sensors in robotics
  • Sensors for nondestructive testing
  • Impedance spectroscopy
  • SoC and SoH of batteries

Dr. Pedro M. Ramos
Prof. Dr. Olfa Kanoun
Prof. Dr. Pasquale Arpaia
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sensors is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Electronic measurement systems
  • Sensor integration
  • Smart sensors
  • Power and energy measurements
  • Impedance spectroscopy

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Further information on MDPI's Special Issue polices can be found here.

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

28 pages, 9147 KiB  
Article
An Overview on Bipolar Junction Transistor as a Sensor for X-ray Beams Used in Medical Diagnosis
by Luiz A. P. Santos
Sensors 2022, 22(5), 1923; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22051923 - 1 Mar 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 8020
Abstract
Although not manufactured to be used under X-ray photons, the commercial bipolar junction transistor (BJT) is an electronic device that can be used as an ionizing radiation sensor. In this article an overview on the BJT and its principle of operation were made [...] Read more.
Although not manufactured to be used under X-ray photons, the commercial bipolar junction transistor (BJT) is an electronic device that can be used as an ionizing radiation sensor. In this article an overview on the BJT and its principle of operation were made for the purpose of better understanding how such a semiconductor device behaves when under diagnostic X-ray beam. Therefore, it addresses some topics such as the structure of the device, the bias configuration when operating in active mode, and so on. Even knowing that the most complete theory to describe the “transistor effect” is based on quantum theory (the energy band theory of solids), here it is preferable to take a simpler experimental approach to clearly understand the operation of the BJT. In electronics, the BJT is used as a current amplifier, and depending on the bias and point of view it also becomes a voltage amplifier. In the analysis of BJT under an X-ray beam, in addition to its operation as a sensor to measure the dose or some diagnostic X-ray tube parameter, it has also led to technological innovation in the technique of digital data storage based on the effect of radiation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors in Electronic Measurement Systems)
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18 pages, 5511 KiB  
Article
Comparative Study of Machine-Learning Frameworks for the Elaboration of Feed-Forward Neural Networks by Varying the Complexity of Impedimetric Datasets Synthesized Using Eddy Current Sensors for the Characterization of Bi-Metallic Coins
by Rohan Munjal, Sohaib Arif, Frank Wendler and Olfa Kanoun
Sensors 2022, 22(4), 1312; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22041312 - 9 Feb 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3313
Abstract
A suitable framework for the development of artificial neural networks is important because it decides the level of accuracy, which can be reached for a certain dataset and increases the certainty about the reached classification results. In this paper, we conduct a comparative [...] Read more.
A suitable framework for the development of artificial neural networks is important because it decides the level of accuracy, which can be reached for a certain dataset and increases the certainty about the reached classification results. In this paper, we conduct a comparative study for the performance of four frameworks, Keras with TensorFlow, Pytorch, TensorFlow, and Cognitive Toolkit (CNTK), for the elaboration of neural networks. The number of neurons in the hidden layer of the neural networks is varied from 8 to 64 to understand its effect on the performance metrics of the frameworks. A test dataset is synthesized using an analytical model and real measured impedance spectra by an eddy current sensor coil on EUR 2 and TRY 1 coins. The dataset has been extended by using a novel method based on interpolation technique to create datasets with different difficulty levels to replicate the scenario with a good imitation of EUR 2 coins and to investigate the limit of the prediction accuracy. It was observed that the compared frameworks have high accuracy performance for a lower level of difficulty in the dataset. As the difficulty in the dataset is raised, there was a drop in the accuracy of CNTK and Keras with TensorFlow depending upon the number of neurons in the hidden layers. It was observed that CNTK has the overall worst accuracy performance with an increase in the difficulty level of the datasets. Therefore, the major comparison was confined to Pytorch and TensorFlow. It was observed for Pytorch and TensorFlow with 32 and 64 neurons in hidden layers that there is a minor drop in the accuracy with an increase in the difficulty level of the dataset and was above 90% until both the coins were 80% closer to each other in terms of electrical and magnetic properties. However, Pytorch with 32 neurons in the hidden layer has a reduction in model size by 70% and 16.3% and predicts the class, 73.6% and 15.6% faster in comparison to TensorFlow and Pytorch with 64 neurons. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors in Electronic Measurement Systems)
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19 pages, 12740 KiB  
Article
Design of a New Seismoelectric Logging Instrument
by Liangchen Zhang, Xiaodong Ju, Junqiang Lu, Baiyong Men and Weiliang He
Sensors 2021, 21(24), 8489; https://doi.org/10.3390/s21248489 - 20 Dec 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2247
Abstract
To increase the accuracy of reservoir evaluation, a new type of seismoelectric logging instrument was designed. The designed tool comprises the invented sonde-structured array complex. The tool includes several modules, including a signal excitation module, data acquisition module, phased array transmitting module, impedance [...] Read more.
To increase the accuracy of reservoir evaluation, a new type of seismoelectric logging instrument was designed. The designed tool comprises the invented sonde-structured array complex. The tool includes several modules, including a signal excitation module, data acquisition module, phased array transmitting module, impedance matching module and a main system control circuit, which are interconnected through high-speed tool bus to form a distributed architecture. UC/OS-II was used for the real-time system control. After constructing the experimental measurement system prototype of the seismoelectric logging detector, its performance was verified in the laboratory. The obtained results showed that the consistency between the multi-channel received waveform amplitude and benchmark spectrum was more than 97%. The binary phased linear array transmitting module of the instrument can realize 0° to 20° deflection and directional radiation. In the end, a field test was conducted to verify the tool’s performance in downhole conditions. The results of this test proved the effectiveness of the developed seismoelectric logging tool. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors in Electronic Measurement Systems)
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25 pages, 5273 KiB  
Article
An Ultrasonic-Capacitive System for Online Characterization of Fuel Oils in Thermal Power Plants
by Mateus Mendes Campos, Luiz Eduardo Borges-da-Silva, Daniel de Almeida Arantes, Carlos Eduardo Teixeira, Erik Leandro Bonaldi, Germano Lambert-Torres, Ronny Francis Ribeiro Junior, Gabriel Pedro Krupa, Wilson Cesar Sant’Ana, Levy Ely Lacerda Oliveira and Renato Guth de Paiva
Sensors 2021, 21(23), 7979; https://doi.org/10.3390/s21237979 - 29 Nov 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3109
Abstract
This paper presents a ultrasonic-capacitive system for online analysis of the quality of fuel oils (FO), which are widely used to produce electric energy in Thermal Power Plants (TPP) due to their elevated heating value. The heating value, in turn, is linked to [...] Read more.
This paper presents a ultrasonic-capacitive system for online analysis of the quality of fuel oils (FO), which are widely used to produce electric energy in Thermal Power Plants (TPP) due to their elevated heating value. The heating value, in turn, is linked to the quality of the fuel (i.e., the density and the amount of contaminants, such as water). Therefore, the analysis of the quality is of great importance for TPPs, either in order to avoid a decrease in generated power or in order to avoid damage to the TPP equipment. The proposed system is composed of two main strategies: a capacitive system (in order to estimate the water content in the fuel) and an ultrasonic system (in order to estimate the density). The conjunction of the two strategies is used in order to estimate the heating value of the fuel, online, as it passes through the pipeline and is an important tool for the TPP in order to detect counterfeit fuel. In addition, the ultrasonic system allows the estimation of the flow rate through the pipeline, hence estimating the amount of oil transferred and obtaining the total mass transferred as a feature of the system. Experimental results are provided for both sensors installed in a TPP in Brazil. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors in Electronic Measurement Systems)
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17 pages, 887 KiB  
Article
The Minimum AC Signal Model of Bipolar Transistor in Amplification Region for Weak Signal Detection
by Lidong Huang, Qiuyan Miao, Xiruo Su, Bin Wu and Kaichen Song
Sensors 2021, 21(21), 7102; https://doi.org/10.3390/s21217102 - 26 Oct 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2550
Abstract
This paper presents a minimum signal model via the AC small-signal model and the uncertainty principle, which reveals the minimum AC signal that can be amplified by a bipolar transistor. The Ebers—Moll model (EM3) can describe the small signal amplification process, but it [...] Read more.
This paper presents a minimum signal model via the AC small-signal model and the uncertainty principle, which reveals the minimum AC signal that can be amplified by a bipolar transistor. The Ebers—Moll model (EM3) can describe the small signal amplification process, but it is difficult to define the minimum amplifiable signal of the bipolar transistor. In this study, the correspondence relationship between the non-equilibrium carrier and the electric injection is proved, and the relationship between the life of the non-equilibrium carrier and the measurable signal is proposed by the uncertainty principle. Next, the limit of perceived minimum voltage is also derived in this paper. Then, combining with EM3 model, the minimum AC signal model of bipolar transistor is presented to calculate the minimum voltage signal of bipolar transistor that can be amplified. Finally, a number of the simulation and experiment results show that when the minimum signal in the model is used as input, the carrier concentration of the bipolar transistor does not change and the base electrode cannot perceive the signal, which verifies the validity of the minimum AC signal model. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors in Electronic Measurement Systems)
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