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Metrology
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Power and Electronic Measurement Systems
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Power and Electronic Measurement Systems

A special issue of Metrology (ISSN 2673-8244).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 April 2024) | Viewed by 7704

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Pedro M. Ramos

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Instituto de Telecomunicações, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-004 Lisboa, Portugal
Interests: instrumentation and measurement; power quality monitoring/measurements; automatic measurement systems; impedance measurements; impedance spectroscopy; non-destructive electronic measurement systems; sine-fitting algorithms
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Bogdan-Adrian Enache

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 061071 Bucharest, Romania
Interests: measurements; electrical engineering; power sources; artificial intelligence
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In the current energy crisis, attention is drawn to increasing renewable power generation capacity, leading to a considerable transformation of national power networks. Smart grids and their minimal version, micro-grids, are the natural response, but they require critical improvements in network instrumentation and control systems.

The new devices will be bi-directional and require “smart” management to assure power quality standards, grid stability and optimal price for the consumer. In this context, remote terminal units (RTUs) and phasor measurement units (PMUs) monitor the energy flow for distribution system operators (DSOs) and transmission system operators (TSOs), while the consumer uses smart meters (SMs) for energy measurements. However, improved calibration and traceability are needed for all these devices, so that the grid can perform reliably.

Papers are welcomed in areas including but not limited to the following:

  • Smart grid and nano grid advanced metering infrastructure.
  • Power quality measurements in smart grid—power factor, harmonics, frequencies, phasors, etc.
  • Calibration and traceability methods for power network metering equipment.
  • Uncertainty evolution for RTUs, PMUs, SMs.
  • Cyber-attacks for the measurement infrastructure of smart grids and nano grids.
  • Power system state estimation for the detection and prevention of cyber-attacks.

You may choose our Joint Special Issue in Sensors.

Dr. Pedro M. Ramos
Dr. Bogdan-Adrian Enache
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Metrology is an international peer-reviewed open access quarterly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1000 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • smart grid
  • micro-grid
  • power measurements
  • phasor measurement units
  • measurement uncertainty
  • cyber-attack in power networks

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

20 pages, 1957 KiB  
Article
Accurate Technique for the Calibration of High-Voltage Capacitance and Dissipation Factor Bridges up to 1 kHz
by Mohamed Agazar and Hanane Saadeddine
Metrology 2024, 4(4), 578-597; https://doi.org/10.3390/metrology4040036 - 12 Oct 2024
Viewed by 609
Abstract
This paper presents a comprehensive methodology for the precise calibration of high-voltage capacitance and dissipation factor (DF) bridges. The technique involves meticulous adjustments using a digital high-precision phase and ratio-measuring system to determine correction factors for DF and capacitance measurements. Unlike other methods [...] Read more.
This paper presents a comprehensive methodology for the precise calibration of high-voltage capacitance and dissipation factor (DF) bridges. The technique involves meticulous adjustments using a digital high-precision phase and ratio-measuring system to determine correction factors for DF and capacitance measurements. Unlike other methods that are limited to a narrow range, this approach allows calibration across the entire operational working spectrum of any bridge. While the method has been developed up to 1 kHz, its adaptability for future requirements is facilitated by the developed software. This method has been carried out by calibrating a highly accurate bridge for a capacitor ratio of up to 100, with DFs ranging from −0.01 to 0.01 and currents ranging from 0.1 mA to 1 A. Linear correction factors are established, with their accuracies being rigorously quantified. This methodology achieves expanded uncertainties as low as 3.5 µF/F (3.5 ppm) for capacitance and 2.2 × 10−⁶ for DFs, significantly enhancing measurement reliability across diverse high-voltage capacitor applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power and Electronic Measurement Systems)
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24 pages, 8430 KiB  
Article
An Advanced Synchronized Time Digital Grid Twin Testbed for Relay Misoperation Analysis of Electrical Fault Type Detection Algorithms
by Emilio C. Piesciorovsky, Mathew J. Reno, Maximiliano Ferrari Maglia and Adam K. Summers
Metrology 2024, 4(3), 374-397; https://doi.org/10.3390/metrology4030023 - 28 Jul 2024
Viewed by 1006
Abstract
Distributed energy resources and the number of relays are expected to rise in modern electrical grids; consequently, relay misoperations are also expected to grow. Relays can detect electrical fault types using an internal algorithm and can display the result using light indicators on [...] Read more.
Distributed energy resources and the number of relays are expected to rise in modern electrical grids; consequently, relay misoperations are also expected to grow. Relays can detect electrical fault types using an internal algorithm and can display the result using light indicators on the front of the relay. However, some relays’ internal algorithms for predicting types of electrical faults could be improved. This study assesses a relay’s external and internal algorithms with an Advanced Synchronized Time Digital Grid Twin (ASTDGT) testbed with paired relays. A misoperation relay analysis focused on measuring the accuracy of using the boundary admittance (the external algorithm) versus the set-default (the internal algorithm) relay method to determine the electrical fault types was performed. In this study, the internal and external relay algorithms were assessed with a synchronized time digital grid twin testbed using a real-time simulator. This testbed evaluated two sets of logic at the same time with the digital grid twin and paired relays in the loop. Different types of electrical faults were simulated, and the relays’ recorded events and electrical fault light indicator states were collected from the human–machine interfaces. This ASTDGT testbed with paired relays successfully evaluated the relay algorithm misoperations. The boundary admittance method had an accuracy of 100% for line-to-line, line-to-ground, and line-to-line ground faults. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power and Electronic Measurement Systems)
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14 pages, 2956 KiB  
Article
Digital Impedance Bridge for Four-Terminal-Pair AC Resistor Calibration up to 20 kHz
by Mohamed Ouameur, Renata Vasconcellos and Mohamed Agazar
Metrology 2024, 4(1), 1-14; https://doi.org/10.3390/metrology4010001 - 4 Jan 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1215
Abstract
For this study, a substitution principle-based impedance bridge has been developed to calibrate AC resistors in a four-terminal-pair (4TP) configuration. The calibration is performed in the full complex plane for resistances ranging from 100 mΩ to 400 Ω and frequencies of between 50 [...] Read more.
For this study, a substitution principle-based impedance bridge has been developed to calibrate AC resistors in a four-terminal-pair (4TP) configuration. The calibration is performed in the full complex plane for resistances ranging from 100 mΩ to 400 Ω and frequencies of between 50 Hz and 20 kHz. The automated bridge is based on four resistors associated with two high-impedance stages. The balancing of the bridge is achieved by means of PXI modules. The bridge is automatically balanced via a simplex top-down algorithm. The new bridge is primarily used for the measurement chain of AC standard resistors defined in a 4TP configuration at LNE, which are used for routine customer calibrations. The traceability of LNE’s standard resistors when defined in a 4TP configuration is ensured by a measurement chain from a 1 kΩ reference resistor using the new bridge. The reference resistor was calibrated previously via comparison with a calculable resistor up to 20 kHz. The bridge was validated via comparison with calibration results obtained in 1983 and 2009. For a resistor of 1 Ω at 1 kHz, the uncertainty of the series resistance variation and the phase shift are less than 6 µΩ/Ω (k = 1) and 6 µrad (k = 1), respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power and Electronic Measurement Systems)
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18 pages, 13447 KiB  
Article
Predictive Modeling of Photovoltaic Panel Power Production through On-Site Environmental and Electrical Measurements Using Artificial Neural Networks
by Oscar Lobato-Nostroza, Gerardo Marx Chávez-Campos, Antony Morales-Cervantes, Yvo Marcelo Chiaradia-Masselli, Rafael Lara-Hernández, Adriana del Carmen Téllez-Anguiano and Miguelangel Fraga-Aguilar
Metrology 2023, 3(4), 347-364; https://doi.org/10.3390/metrology3040021 - 30 Oct 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1361
Abstract
Weather disturbances pose a significant challenge when estimating the energy production of photovoltaic panel systems. Energy production and forecasting models have recently been used to improve energy estimations and maintenance tasks. However, these models often rely on environmental measurements from meteorological units far [...] Read more.
Weather disturbances pose a significant challenge when estimating the energy production of photovoltaic panel systems. Energy production and forecasting models have recently been used to improve energy estimations and maintenance tasks. However, these models often rely on environmental measurements from meteorological units far from the photovoltaic systems. To enhance the accuracy of the developed model, a measurement Internet of Things (IoT) prototype was developed in this study, which collects on-site voltage and current measurements from the panel, as well as the environmental factors of lighting, temperature, and humidity in the system’s proximity. The measurements were then subjected to correlation analysis, and various artificial neural networks (ANNs) were implemented to develop energy estimations and forecasting models. The most effective model utilizes lighting, temperature, and humidity. The model achieves a root mean squared error (RMSE) of 0.255326464. The ANN models are compared to an MLR model using the same data. Using previous power measurements and actual weather data, a non-autoregressive neural network (Non-AR-NN) model forecasts future output power values. The best Non-AR-NN model produces an RMSE of 0.1160, resulting in accurate predictions based on the IoT device. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power and Electronic Measurement Systems)
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14 pages, 2337 KiB  
Article
Time Synchronization Sensitivity in SV-based PMU Consistency Assessment
by Marco Agustoni, Paolo Castello, Guglielmo Frigo and Giacomo Gallus
Metrology 2023, 3(1), 99-112; https://doi.org/10.3390/metrology3010006 - 9 Mar 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2506
Abstract
Modern power systems are rapidly transitioning towards a fully digital substation paradigm. Based on the IEC 61850, a common communication protocol between the different intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) promises a significant enhancement in terms of efficiency and interoperability. In this context, synchronization represents [...] Read more.
Modern power systems are rapidly transitioning towards a fully digital substation paradigm. Based on the IEC 61850, a common communication protocol between the different intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) promises a significant enhancement in terms of efficiency and interoperability. In this context, synchronization represents a crucial aspect as it allows us to rigorously compare measurements taken at the same time in different locations. In this paper, we consider a measurement chain for synchrophasor estimation based on digital inputs: an instrument transformer, a stand-alone merging unit (SAMU) and a phasor measurement unit (PMU). Both the SAMU and the PMU are equipped with independent synchronization sources. In case the SAMU loses its synchronization, the final measurement result would be considered invalid until a complete restoration of the SAMU synchronization status. In view of a longer continuity of operation, this paper proposes an alternative approach to evaluate the PMU Time Quality in real-time. This approach allows for continuing crucial monitoring and control operations, such as state estimation and fault detection, even in the presence of temporary loss of synchronization. A characterization, in both simulated and experimental conditions, proves the potential and reliability of the proposed approach. In the considered test case, the come-back within a sufficient time quality is correctly detected in less than 200 s, while waiting for the full restoration of the SAMU time reference would cost several minutes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power and Electronic Measurement Systems)
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