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Sustainable Business Models in Tourism

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A special issue of Sustainability (ISSN 2071-1050).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2020) | Viewed by 83014

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Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Adam R. Szromek

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Faculty of Organization and Management, The Silesian University of Technology, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
Interests: tourism; health resorts; business models; spa tourism; management; sustainability
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

I invite you to participate in a Special Issue on business models in tourism, in the context of considering the principles of sustainable development. The progressing transformation of tourist and healing activities in the scope of the broadly understood organizational and market processes reveals, at the same time, that the tools for operating this activity are outdated. The functioning of an enterprise deprived of reliable strategic tools in a turbulent environment is becoming more and more difficult, and the lack of response to the reported market needs may even lead to a crisis.

Sustainable development, in its broader perspective, is another aspect necessary to include in contemporary business models. A tourist and spa company cannot ignore its own environmental impact or fail to see the consequences of its activities.

It is necessary to offer managers modern management tools that cover the broadest possible scope of integration of the elements of the conducted business activities, at the same time adjusted to the specificity of the market and needs of the natural environment in which the enterprises managed by them operate.

The proposed Special Issues in this journal, formulated in the light of the presented needs, aims to use the concept of business models and sustainability business models in the context of a tourism enterprise adapted to the existing conditions of tourist and spa activities. It is also worth presenting exemplifications of business models and other management methods used in tourism activities.

The thematic scope of the issues addressed in this Special Issue of the journal includes the following:

management methods dedicated to tourism enterprises and to the sustainable development of tourism destinations
business models and sustainable business models
sustainable tourism and sustainable management in tourism
tourist activity and its consequences (functions and dysfunctions)
impact of the tourist enterprise on the development of destinations
implementation of sustainability criteria for tourism
tourism (especially, spa tourism, cultural heritage tourism, urban tourism, and rural tourism).

References:

Nosratabadi S., Mosavi A., Shamshirband S., Zavadskas E.K., Rakotonirainy A., Wing Chau K. (2019). Sustainable Business Models: A Review. Sustainability, 11, 1663.
Wybrańczyk K., Szromek A. (2019) Proposal of Value for Customer of Spas: Expectations of Spa Patients and Tourist in Polish Spas, Sustainability, 11(13), 3598;
Abdelkafi, N., Täuscher, K. (2016). Business models for sustainability from a system dynamics perspective. Environ, 29, 74–96.
Naramski, M. Szromek, A.R.; (2019). A Business Model in Spa Tourism Enterprises: Case Study from Poland. Sustainable Tourism—Ways to Counteract the Negative Effects of Overtourism at Tourist Attractions and Destinations. Sustainability, 11, 2880.
Boons, F.; Lüdeke-Freund, F. (2013). Business models for sustainable innovation: State-of-the-art and steps towards a research agenda. Clean. Prod. 45, 9–19.
Cape Town Declaration on Responsible Tourism (2018) The Cape Town Conference on Responsible Tourism in Destinations. Responsible Tourism Partnership and Western Cape Tourism. Cape Town 2018. https://responsibletourismpartnership.org/ cape-town-declaration-on-responsible-tourism/ (Access: August 1, 2019)
Liu, (2003)Sustainable Tourism Development: A Critique,Journal of Sustainable Tourism,11:6,459-475.
Prendeville S., Bocken N. (2017). Sustainable Business Models through Service Design, Procedia Manufacturing, 8, 292-299.
Herman, K., Szromek, A. R.; (2019). A Business Creation in Post-Industrial Tourism Objects: Case of the Industrial Monuments Route. Sustainability, 11, 5, 1451.
Zhenhua L., Sustainable Tourism Development: A Critique. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 11(6), 2003, 459-475.

Prof. Dr. Adam R. Szromek
Guest Editor

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Keywords

tourism
business models
management
sustainable development

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Published Papers (14 papers)

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Research

16 pages, 1255 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tourism Development in Post-Industrial Facilities as a Regional Business Model

by Marek Jóźwiak and Patrycja Sieg

Sustainability 2021, 13(4), 2028; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13042028 - 13 Feb 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3102

Abstract

In the article presented, the authors have attempted to define the development of post-industrial facilities, on the example of a thematic trail located in Bydgoszcz, as well as to assess the impact of this route on the city’s attractiveness. The TeH₂O thematic trail is an example of a business model that utilizes post-industrial facilities for the development of a business partnership between the route facilities, the objects located in the vicinity, as well as the route participants. The article discusses the use of post-industrial facilities for tourist purposes and the legal aspects associated with the process of transforming such facilities. This paper presents the results of a research carried out on two groups of respondents, i.e., the residents of the city of Bydgoszcz and the tourists who have visited or are about to visit the city of Bydgoszcz. As a result of the research carried out, it has been found that the thematic trail examined affects the attractiveness of the city of Bydgoszcz. Both the respondents from the city of Bydgoszcz as well as the tourists visiting the city acknowledged it. The TeH₂O thematic trail is more popular among the inhabitants of Bydgoszcz than among the visitors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Business Models in Tourism)

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17 pages, 1399 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Visual Component of Destination Brands as a Tool for Communicating Sustainable Tourism Offers

by Anna Adamus-Matuszyńska, Piotr Dzik, Jerzy Michnik and Grzegorz Polok

Sustainability 2021, 13(2), 731; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020731 - 13 Jan 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4966

Abstract

The starting point of the presented research is the theory of destination marketing, in which the concept of destination branding is the key element. Destination branding models include the idea of visual brand identity, which includes the logo as a crucial element. Since the 1980s, the concept of sustainable development has shaped the society and global economy, including tourism. Tourists are increasingly guided by the analysis of the tourist area in terms of the importance of nature and the possibility of spending free time responsibly. They look for a sustainable tourist offer. Therefore, the aim of this work is to evaluate the tourist offers of Polish territorial units in terms of visual message—logo and its content, and to examine whether they comprise design components that reveal the sustainable development of the destination. The research method was content analysis of promotional signs. Sustainable development in tourism focuses on three pillars: nature, responsible tourist activity, and the historical remains protected in a sustainable way. The authors search for such images in the logos. In the conclusion, the authors summarize that elements of nature and historical heritage are strongly present in the logos, which does not mean that the tourist offer is a balanced offer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Business Models in Tourism)

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17 pages, 342 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Winter Sports Resorts and Natural Environment—Systematic Literature Review Presenting Interactions between Them

by Michał Żemła

Sustainability 2021, 13(2), 636; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020636 - 11 Jan 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4482

Abstract

The systematic literature review method was adopted to analyze the content of papers published since 2001 that focused on interactions between winter sports resort operations and the natural environment. A total of 86 papers published in journals indexed in SCOPUS data base were analyzed. Three main groups of topics presented in analyzed papers were found: the environmental impact of winter sports resorts, the management of environmental impacts and sustainable development of winter sports resorts, and finally the impact of climate change on winter sports resort operations. The biggest number of publications were devoted to the latter topic, and interest in conducting research within this area has apparently grown during the last two decades. However, most conclusions reached by the authors of numerous studies are site-specific and difficult to extend to other resorts/destinations. Additionally, the conclusions presented in many papers are contrary to the results achieved in other publications. Several gaps in our contemporary scientific knowledge and directions of future research are suggested in addition to the abovementioned results of the analysis conducted in the presented paper as the final conclusion of the research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Business Models in Tourism)

27 pages, 3395 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Application of ICT and Smart Technologies in Polish Museums—Towards Smart Tourism

by Mateusz Naramski

Sustainability 2020, 12(21), 9287; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12219287 - 9 Nov 2020

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 5948

Abstract

The concept of Smart Tourism is rapidly developing alongside Smart Cities, with increasing numbers of ICT solutions being applied for the convenience of travelers as well as for gathering information, which has become a valuable resource. The vast progress in the development of Information Technologies has also impacted the needs and expectations of tourists. However, various branches of tourism are adopting this concept at a different pace, and thus a growing development gap might emerge. Cases from all over the world show that museums are not immune to this, and it is important for their future to meet these expectations. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to investigate the use of modern technologies in Polish museums and assess their readiness for adopting Smart Tourism. For this purpose, a nationwide online survey was conducted with a sample size of 218 museums (from 500 unique entities in total). The results show that the issue of Smart Tourism in Polish museums is ambiguous. The results reveal that, currently, the status of Smart Tourism adoption in museums is quite low, and significant gaps in some areas are shown; at the same time, other areas revealed a high potential for the future application of Smart Tourism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Business Models in Tourism)

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19 pages, 445 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sharing Economy and Lifestyle Changes, as Exemplified by the Tourism Market

by Agnieszka Niezgoda and Klaudyna Kowalska

Sustainability 2020, 12(13), 5351; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12135351 - 2 Jul 2020

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4892

Abstract

The aim of the article is to analyze the relationship between lifestyle changes and willingness to use sharing economy services in tourism, including peer-to-peer accommodation. On the one hand, knowledge of lifestyle changes can help adapt the product offer to the requirements of consumers. On the other hand, products that consumers use can reflect lifestyle changes. The following classification of motivations for sharing economy activity selection resulting from the subjects’ lifestyles has been proposed: personal motivations—related to economic advantages; social (conformist) motivations—resulting from the need to fit in with others; and ideological motivation—resulting from the understanding of the processes of natural environment degradation and excessive consumption. In order to gather opinions and to understand behaviors, attitudes, and preferences regarding sharing economy activities (i.e., the sharing of transportation, food, clothes, equipment, and accommodation), the focus group interview method was used (6 groups, 5–8 participants each). Discussions were conducted separately for two populations: young with time (YT) and older rich (OR). The study demonstrates lifestyle changes between the generations. YT actions are the consequence of personal and ideological motivations. OR have lifestyles that result from personal and conformist motivations. Neither population sees a relationship between participating in the sharing economy and caring for the environment and preventing excessive consumption. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Business Models in Tourism)

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20 pages, 1112 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Model of Business Relations in Spa Tourism Enterprises and Their Business Environment

by Adam R. Szromek

Sustainability 2020, 12(12), 4941; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12124941 - 17 Jun 2020

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3776

Abstract

Sustainable tourism, carried out on spa tourism enterprises, is a key issue that requires the combination of the implementation of economic goals of business activity and, at the same time, the limitation of negative influences on the tourist areas, which are valuable from the point of nature. The main objective of this article and, at the same time, the objective of theoretical–cognitive and empirical research, is to find links and mutual relations between the entities carrying out tourist and therapeutic activity in health resorts in a model approach, taking into account sustainable tourism elements. The implementation of the goal will be carried out on the basis of empirical studies, covering business models of 17 of the largest health resorts in Poland. The article describes relations occurring in the health resort environment and defines a model of relations between health resort enterprises and other entities functioning within this sector. The network approach of the studied issue is analyzed from the point of view of relations found in the complementary cooperation of entities, among which one is ready to implement the benefit and others express their need for the said benefit and are willing to be its recipients. The network relation of the second type, where the entities combine their forces to meet a common goal, is presented in the form of exemplification of the health resort enterprise network in the Polish market. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Business Models in Tourism)

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11 pages, 254 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Economic Impact of the Health Insurance System on Slovak Medical Spas and Mineral Spring Spas

by Ján Derco, Piotr Romaniuk and Michal Cehlár

Sustainability 2020, 12(8), 3384; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12083384 - 21 Apr 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2925

Abstract

The article deals with the financing of spa undertakings through the health insurance system. The analysis is based on the financial statements of 28 spa undertakings operating in the Slovak Republic, their contracts with the individual health insurance companies and secondary data sources (accommodation statistics of these undertakings, the number of medical stays paid by clients themselves and of those covered by public health insurance, the spa treatment expenditure of the health insurance companies, the percentage of this expenditure out of the total expenditure spent by the health insurance companies on health care). The still significant percentage of revenues from the health insurance companies out of the total revenues of spa undertakings shows the prevalence of the medical nature of spa care. At the same time, it reflects the current tax measures related to the spa industry and shows that the introduction of a recreation allowance might influence the future development of spa care. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Business Models in Tourism)

28 pages, 1434 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Model of the Sustainable Management of the Natural Environment in National Parks—A Case Study of National Parks in Poland

by Piotr Oleśniewicz, Sławomir Pytel, Julita Markiewicz-Patkowska, Adam R. Szromek and Soňa Jandová

Sustainability 2020, 12(7), 2704; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12072704 - 30 Mar 2020

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 7267

Abstract

This paper aimed to present a model of natural environment management in national parks in Poland in the context of increased tourist traffic. The research area comprised Polish national parks as they are characterized by barely altered nature, little human impact, and undisturbed natural phenomena. The methods involved the observational method, literature analysis and criticism, and the in-depth interview method employed in November 2019. The respondents included national park management staff. The questions were prepared in accordance with the Berlin Declaration principles of sustainable tourism development and were extended with the authors’ own items. The questionnaire contained 17 questions, grouped in four parts: science and documentation; tourism; cooperation and education; environmental threats. The results indicate that in order for actions to prove efficient in a park, a conservation plan should be carefully developed. Its correctness requires monitoring the state of the environment, tourist traffic size and trends, and tourists’ impact on the environment. An important condition for effective tourism management in parks is to increase the competences of the administering bodies and knowledge regarding individuals’ responsibilities. Boards should be able to evaluate and modify conservation plans, spatial development plans, municipality development strategies, and projects for investments within the parks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Business Models in Tourism)

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23 pages, 2356 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Carbon Footprint Evaluation Based on Tourist Consumption toward Sustainable Tourism in Japan

by Yusuke Kitamura, Yuki Ichisugi, Selim Karkour and Norihiro Itsubo

Sustainability 2020, 12(6), 2219; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12062219 - 12 Mar 2020

Cited by 36 | Viewed by 13075

Abstract

The importance of the contribution of tourism to climate change has been noted by the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). By combining a process-based life cycle assessment (LCA) and input–output analysis, several researchers have attempted to evaluate the impacts of the tourism industry, as well as its products and services. Indeed, the tourism sector has a wide range of industries, including travel and tours, transportation, accommodation, food and beverage, amusement, souvenirs, etc. However, the existing cases do not show a breakdown of the impact on climate change. In this paper, the carbon footprint (CFP) of the Japanese tourism industry was calculated based on tourist consumption, using the Japanese input–output table and the Japanese tourism industry. We demonstrate that the total emissions were approximately 136 million t-CO2 per year. The contribution ratio of each stage is as follows: Transport 56.3%, Souvenirs 23.2%, Petrol (direct emissions) 16.9%, Accommodation 9.8%, Food and Beverage 7.5%, and Activities 3.0%. Then, in the breakdown, the impacts are in the following order: Air transport 24.7%, Petrol (direct emissions) 16.9%, Accommodation 9.8%, Food and Beverage 7.5%, Petrol 6.1%, Textile products 5.3%, Food items 4.9%, Confectionery 4.8%, Rail transport 3.9%, Cosmetics 1.9%, and Footwear 1.8%. In addition to transportation, this research also highlights the contribution from souvenirs, accommodation, and food and beverages. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Business Models in Tourism)

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12 pages, 268 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Identification of Values in Business Models of Tourism Enterprises in the Context of the Phenomenon of Overtourism

by Zygmunt Kruczek and Adam R. Szromek

Sustainability 2020, 12(4), 1457; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12041457 - 15 Feb 2020

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2948

Abstract

This article presents considerations on business models, overtourism, and sustainable development on an example of the most important Polish tourist destination, which is Krakow. The purpose of the article is to identify the values generated and captured by tourist enterprises in the context of the occurrence of a specific level of overtourism. The authors have attempted to identify the values of sustainable tourism declared by entrepreneurs, referring to the companies providing services as well as tourists and the local community. The research, conducted on a sample of 518 respondents including 371 residents and 147 entrepreneurs, not only allowed us to determine the attitudes of Krakow inhabitants toward the phenomenon of overtourism related to the Doxey model of irritation, but also to assess the impact of having/using a business model based on the acceptance of principles in sustainable tourism development. A comparison of the results obtained between enterprises declaring having and not having a business model indicates a great similarity in terms of declared value propositions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Business Models in Tourism)

22 pages, 1135 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Development of Mobile Tourism in the Upper Silesian Metropolitan Area of Poland

by Mateusz Naramski and Krzysztof Herman

Sustainability 2020, 12(1), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12010044 - 19 Dec 2019

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3486

Abstract

Smart tourism is a concept that is becoming more and more popular worldwide in modern tourism. It is a tourism orientated part of the smart city concept, which can also be treated as a specific type of business model. Support and presence of tourist attractions for smartphone users through various apps is one of the first technological stages in the process of adapting this concept in a touristic region. Therefore, the paper’s aim was to observe and measure the development of touristic sites’ presence in mobile applications, in a developing touristic region. In order to do so, we compared data obtained from mobile applications in the years 2015 and 2019. The selected apps contain databases of touristic sites and allow tourists to search for attractions, hotels and restaurants. The comparison showed quantitative changes in the number of those types of objects found by mobile apps in the Upper Silesian metropolitan area, picturing the development and use of those apps in this given region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Business Models in Tourism)

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19 pages, 1165 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Perception of Overtourism from the Perspective of Different Generations

by Adam R. Szromek, Beata Hysa and Aneta Karasek

Sustainability 2019, 11(24), 7151; https://doi.org/10.3390/su11247151 - 13 Dec 2019

Cited by 39 | Viewed by 9734

Abstract

The problem of overtourism, i.e., tourist congestion in visited places, and the negative impacts of tourists on the environment and residents, are increasingly noticeable with the increase in popularity of tourism. In addition, human impact on the environment is often negative in relation to the assumptions of the concept of sustainable development. However, the attitude of tourists to the problem of overtourism may vary depending on their ages, because, as in every aspect of life, there are intergenerational differences arising from the political, economic or technological development of the times in which a given generation grew up. The main purpose of the article is to examine the public awareness of the phenomenon of overtourism in the context of intergenerational differences, as well as to determine the impact of tourists on the places visited and the local community. The study was conducted on a sample of 386 respondents representing the X, Y, and Z generations. The study results showed that there is awareness among all generations of respondents about the problem of overtourism, although indifference to this phenomenon was demonstrated by the youngest respondents (Z generation). The respondents also agreed on individual elements of their own impact on the environment and residents, but with different determinations. The article ends with recommendations on the introduction of various management practices that should be implemented in order to make tourism more responsible and sustainable in the future. It is proposed that a road map should be compiled at the local level for sustainable tourism development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Business Models in Tourism)

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16 pages, 1667 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Analytical Model of Tourist Destination Development and Characteristics of the Development Stages: Example of the Island of Bornholm

by Adam R. Szromek

Sustainability 2019, 11(24), 6989; https://doi.org/10.3390/su11246989 - 7 Dec 2019

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 7225

Abstract

This paper presents the basis of the tourism area life cycle (TALC) concept and its extension in the context of the implementation of sustainable development practices in the tourist business model. The author uses the logistic function to determine the level of tourist absorption and capacity. The empirical basis of the methods used was statistics on the development of the tourist industry on Bornholm. The objective of the paper is to determine the stage of development of the tourist area of Bornholm and the consequences of this stage for business models of tourist enterprises functioning there. The results of the analysis indicate that the range of tourist absorption was reached in the 1960s–1970s, and that it is currently getting closer to the upper threshold of that range. Tourism on Bornholm, in line with the TALC concept, is currently in the stabilization stage. Future tourist trends on Bornholm depend on many factors; however, if tourist development goes into the decline stage, the offered products may require transformation, in terms of both transport and the form and availability of tourist attractions. Perhaps this will involve a total transformation of the island into a facility with a specific entertainment, leisure, or business profile. The listed solutions will require entrepreneurs to react within the scope of a transformation of their business models into sustainable models of tourist business. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Business Models in Tourism)

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19 pages, 775 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Incorporating the Value Proposition for Society with Business Models of Health Tourism Enterprises

by Richard W. Butler and Adam R. Szromek

Sustainability 2019, 11(23), 6711; https://doi.org/10.3390/su11236711 - 27 Nov 2019

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 6994

Abstract

This article discusses the need to expand the concept of the value proposition, in order that this business model component includes the value for a customer, the value captured by the enterprise, and the value for the community, as well as benefits for the natural environment. The objective of the article is to identify sustainable development components that have been proposed for tourist enterprises in the research literature. The article proposes actions to complement existing tourist enterprises business models in order to give them the characteristics of a sustainable business model and to implement practices of value creation for the community. The research notes that the value captured by an enterprise determines the level of implementation of its economic objectives resulting from the value creation for the customer and implementation of social objectives (including pro-ecologic ones). The revenues of an enterprise depend, first of all, on meeting the expectations of the customer, meaning that they depend on the value proposition for the customer, and their volume will allow researchers to determine the possibility of creating value for the community. The expected tendency to create value for the community is argued to be proportional to the effectiveness of customer value influence, less the value captured by the enterprise. After an initial review of relevant literature, attention is focused on health tourism enterprises and how these principals can be applied in that context. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Business Models in Tourism)

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