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A special issue of Sustainability (ISSN 2071-1050). This special issue belongs to the section "Sustainable Urban and Rural Development".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (5 January 2023) | Viewed by 34420

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Qingsong He

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Guest Editor

College of Public Administration, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
Interests: land use change; spatial optimization; urban modeling; big data application
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Jiayu Wu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Institute of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
Interests: urban landscape; green justice; big data
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Chen Zeng

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Guest Editor

Department of Public Management-Land Management, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
Interests: land use and urban planning; regional governance; remote sensing and GIS
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Linzi Zheng

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Guest Editor

College of Public Administration, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
Interests: urban economics; urban development
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We are now living in a world that is characterized by rapid urbanization, resulting in widely different patterns of land-use changes in different countries and regions. Highly diverse and intensive anthropogenic activities have thereupon aroused the reorganization of the urban landscape in the form of either sprawl or compact land use patterns. In either form, it has been common to see excessive and irrational land uses, which have carried significant burdens in natural resources and environment and caused various eco-environmental problems, such as farmland loss, habitat fragmentation, biodiversity reduction, the urban heat island effect, and climate change. Indeed, the multiscalar relevance and localized influences of rapid urbanization have long made it one of the most prominent issues regarding the sustainable development of our globe. Many urban planners, land-use researchers, and policy makers have devoted themselves to the understanding of spatial patterns in different contexts, their diverse driving forces, and their long-term effects on multi-aspects of a society. A commonly shared view among scholars is that it is of key imperativeness to pursue sustainable land development patterns that accommodate diverse requirements of urbanization while minimizing detrimental social and ecological impacts.

This Special Issue seeks to compile literature regarding contemporary urban planning and land use in different areas from a wide range of disciplines, with an ultimate aim of contributing to the global challenge of sustainable urban development. Original and innovative scholarly papers that address the simultaneous processes/spatial transformation of urban planning and land use are wanted, preferably for making use of state-of-the-art spatial technologies, such as remote sensing, GIS, big data, and social networks. Planning approaches and policy analyses are also welcomed since authorities and governance modes play a vital role in evolutions of urban planning and land uses in many countries or regions across the world.

Relevant topics include but are not limited to the following areas:

Urban design and urban planning;
Urban–rural land use and sustainable development;
Application of Geo-informatics in urban planning and land use;
Planning and public policy analysis in urban areas;
Urban vibrancy and urban spatial pattern;
Regional land use and development;
Sustainable land use goals for SDGs;
Sustainable urban land management approach;
The theory or method of using urban big data to monitor urban development;
Low-carbon oriented urban spatial structure optimization.

Dr. Qingsong He
Dr. Jiayu Wu
Prof. Dr. Chen Zeng
Dr. Linzi Zheng
Guest Editors

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Keywords

urban planning
land use
sustainable development
public policy analysis
urban vibrancy
big data
spatial optimization

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Published Papers (14 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research

4 pages, 174 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Urban Planning and Sustainable Land Use

by Qingsong He

Sustainability 2023, 15(12), 9524; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15129524 - 14 Jun 2023

Viewed by 2959

Abstract

The main purpose of this Special Issue is to gather the literature from diverse disciplines on contemporary urban planning and land use in different regions, in order to contribute to addressing the global challenges of sustainable urban development [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Planning and Sustainable Land Use)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

24 pages, 3708 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Kerbside Parking Assessment Using a Simulation Modelling Approach for Infrastructure Planning—A Metropolitan City Case Study

by Premaratne Samaranayake, Upul Gunawardana and Michael Stokoe

Sustainability 2023, 15(4), 3301; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15043301 - 10 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2871

Abstract

The main purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of kerbside parking demand and provision on short-term parking (STP) and freight activity space (FAS) as a benchmark for infrastructure planning, considering the impacts of expected future growth and capacity changes. In this study, we adopted a mixed-methods approach of quantitative analysis including a spatial view of parking using manual and video-captured camera data from the majority of STP and FAS parking bays covering a diverse range of loads/tasks with different levels of elasticity and substitutes, as well as simulation of current demand influenced by various factors, as a basis for the development of strategies and prioritisation of the allocation of limited kerbside spaces in Parramatta, a rapidly transforming/growing CBD city centre environment. Parking demand consisted of a diverse range of FAS and STP categories. Spatial analysis showed a non-homogeneous distribution of parking demand and loads across several sections of the city. A large proportion of short-term parking spaces is attributed to two peak periods during the day and increased traffic volumes at peak times. Comparatively lower average parking times in the northern and western regions compared to those in the city centre indicate the potential to reduce peak parking periods and therefore traffic congestion in the city centre by changing parking limits. The presented simulation model can be used as a reliable benchmarking model for the simulation of future impact scenarios and to make recommendations with respect to infrastructure planning and to develop travel demand management strategies. This research is based on a case study and is therefore subject to limitations in its applications in other contexts. Extension of the baseline simulation with future impact scenarios is planned for the next stage of this research. A simulation model is presented and illustrated as a reliable benchmarking tool for the simulation of future impact scenarios through a case study of a rapidly changing city environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Planning and Sustainable Land Use)

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14 pages, 2725 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Source Data-Based Evaluation of Suitability of Land for Elderly Care and Layout Optimization: A Case Study of Changsha, China

by Jun Yang, Zhifei Lou, Xinglong Tang and Ying Sun

Sustainability 2023, 15(3), 2034; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032034 - 20 Jan 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2259

Abstract

This paper constructs an evaluation index system for the suitability of community home and institutional elderly care land development, respectively, from different elderly care modes with the data of urban POI, OSM road network, and expert questionnaires in Changsha urban area in 2021, in order to alleviate the pressure of insufficient land for elderly care brought on by the increasingly serious aging problem. The suitability evaluation index system is based on the intersection of Thiessen polygons with the current elderly care facilities as the center point as the supplementary land for the elderly and explores the optimization path of the land for the elderly in combination with the existing residential land in Changsha. The results show the following: ① The spatial variation of land suitability for both community home and institutional elderly facilities is significant, exhibiting a pattern of “high in the middle and low in the surroundings, with high-value areas clustered in the center of the city, decreasing in suitability toward the periphery, and occasional scattered clusters in the suburbs.” Among them, Furong District has the highest proportion of suitable areas for the elderly; ② Utilizing Changsha’s Tianxin and Yuhua districts as case studies, the optimal path of land use for the elderly are investigated to provide a foundation for land use planning for the elderly in Changsha. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Planning and Sustainable Land Use)

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19 pages, 3078 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Assessment of Greyfields in Relation to Urban Resilience within the Context of Transect Theory: Exemplar of Kyrenia–Arapkoy

by Vedia Akansu and Aykut Karaman

Sustainability 2023, 15(2), 1181; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15021181 - 8 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2114

Abstract

Greyfields are construction sites that emerge from the expansion of cities towards rural settings. They are unused structures in settlement areas that negatively impact the habitats and lead to ecologically, economically, and socially problematic zones. This study aims to examine the Greyfield problem, which emerges as one of the outcomes of urban sprawl, within the context of Transect Theory and urban resilience. We analyze the Greyfield problem in the Arapkoy rural settlement, which is located along the north coastline of Kyrenia, Cyprus. This study presents the impact of Greyfield sites on environmental, social, and economic values within the framework of Transect Theory. Thus, a road map for the redevelopment of Greyfields into public use is put forward to be used for future planning activities, which is a necessity in enabling urban resilience. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Planning and Sustainable Land Use)

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17 pages, 37341 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Scenario Simulations of Land Use and Habitat Quality Based on a PLUS-InVEST Model: A Case Study of Baoding, China

by Nan Hu, Dong Xu, Ning Zou, Shuxin Fan, Peiyan Wang and Yunyuan Li

Sustainability 2023, 15(1), 557; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15010557 - 28 Dec 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2506

Abstract

Habitat quality and ecosystem service value (ESV) are important foundations for sustainable development. Baoding, as the strategic hinterland of Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei, is of great significance to regional ecological conservation and sustainable urban development. Based on land-use data from 2000 to 2020, the land-use scenarios of natural development (ND), water protection (WP), forest rehabilitation (FR), and cultivated land protection (CP) in 2030 were predicted by the PLUS model and adopt the InVEST model and equivalent ESV table to assess ecological sustainability. The results show that: (1) From 2000 to 2020, the construction land in Baoding has increased by 812 km², and the cultivated land and forest land decreased by 708 km² and 154 km². Habitat quality is obviously deteriorating in 4.66% of the city. (2) Under different scenarios, the order of habitat quality is CP > FR > WP > ND. The habitat quality under each scenario is dominated by medium habitat quality. (3) Under different scenarios, the order of ESV is FR > CP> WP > ND. The fluctuation of forest land and cultivated land scale is affecting the ESV. (4) CP and FR will form a land-use pattern that has “high ecological quality and value”, which better balances the economic development and ecological protection of Baoding. This research study will provide a reference for the effective allocation of land resources and will guide the formulation of urban land space planning policy in Baoding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Planning and Sustainable Land Use)

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20 pages, 2749 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Planning and Design of Ocean City Spatial Forms Based on Space Syntax

by Longlong Zhang, Jingwen Yuan and Chulsoo Kim

Sustainability 2022, 14(24), 16620; https://doi.org/10.3390/su142416620 - 12 Dec 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1905

Abstract

The form of an ocean city, as a physical space, has an important impact on the city’s social economy, environment, etc. Whether the internal composition of an ocean city is well organized determines whether its form is sustainable and whether it can better carry out a variety of functions. Considering this context, in this study, we adopted the theory of space syntax (SS) to interpret the sustainability of the ocean city form. This was carried out from the perspective of the composition relationship of the internal organization of the ocean city (OC) physical space. We judged whether the composition relationship of internal space could effectively support the sustainable and healthy functioning of different features of ocean cities through the interpretation of SS-related theories. It is extremely hard to give an accurate definition of the form of a sustainable city. At the same time, it is impossible to make conclusions about which urban form is sustainable. However, combined with the concept of sustainable development, we argue that urban forms that continue to facilitate the virtuous cycle of the society, economy, and environment of a given city and also to be highly habitable for urban residents are sustainable. Thus, based on the above viewpoint, the research object and scope in this study only involved the ontology of the physical space form and whether urban physical space could effectively support the sound and sustainable development of three core elements: urban society, the economy, and the environment. This was comprehensively evaluated through our exploration of the form of urban physical space. Here, space syntax was taken as an analytical theoretical and practical tool to summarize the problems that existed in Shenzhen Bay through data analysis, and corresponding development proposals were put forward. The concept and method behind the strategy analysis of the ocean city (OC) design framework based on SS-related theories were presented and applied to practical cases to perform an objective and rational analysis, guide the design of actual projects, and promote ocean city (OC) design in the transition period in a judicious way. In addition, we discuss how design and planning can promote sustainable urban development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Planning and Sustainable Land Use)

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18 pages, 2956 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Low-Carbon Land Use Management Framework Based on Urban Carbon Metabolism: A Case of a Typical Coal Resource-Based City in China

by Lingwei Li, Yongping Bai, Xuedi Yang, Zuqiao Gao, Fuwei Qiao, Jianshe Liang and Chunyue Zhang

Sustainability 2022, 14(21), 13854; https://doi.org/10.3390/su142113854 - 25 Oct 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1705

Abstract

It is of great significance to study urban carbon metabolism and explore the low-carbon land use management framework from the perspective of “ecological-production-living” space, an important means for the government to strengthen spatial regulation. In the study, first of all, a carbon metabolism network model was established based on the evolution of the “ecological-production-living” space. Secondly, an ecological network analysis (ENA) method was used to identify the ecological relationships between land use types under the effect of carbon metabolism. In addition, ArcGIS software was used to visualize the spatial distribution of carbon flow and ecological relationships. Finally, a low-carbon oriented land use management framework was proposed based on the above research. Yulin, a typical coal resource-based city in China, was taken as a case study for verification. The results showed that Yulin had net carbon emissions from 2010 to 2020, indicating that the evolution of “ecological-production-living” space had a negative impact on the carbon metabolism. Industrial, mining and transportation land dominated carbon emissions, while forestland played an important role in carbon sequestration. Under the effect of carbon metabolism, a controlling and exploitative relationship was the main ecological relationship, and a mutualism relationship accounted for the smallest proportion, indicating that the urban ecological conflict was obvious in the evolution of the “ecological-production-living” space. Based on the above research, a land use management framework was proposed, which divided urban space into six types of control units. In conclusion, the results provided experience for other coal resource-based cities to promote low-carbon and sustainable land use. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Planning and Sustainable Land Use)

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24 pages, 11475 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Evolution of Ecological Space in an Urban Agglomeration Based on a Suitability Evaluation and Cellular Automata Simulation

by Yipu Chen, Bohong Zheng and Runjiao Liu

Sustainability 2022, 14(12), 7455; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14127455 - 18 Jun 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2436

Abstract

Changing and reconstructing the ecological space of urban agglomerations is inevitable for ecological conservation and a scientific problem that needs urgent attention from geography, ecology, and urban and rural planning. Using ArcGIS and other software for data processing, this study established a spatial attribute database, constructed a land use conversion matrix of the Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan (CZX) urban agglomeration’s ecological space, and quantitatively analyzed the main changes in ecological land. Using a trained cellular automata model with predicted land use in 2035 as the threshold value, the simulation research was presented by creating two simulation scenarios for the spatial distribution of land use by 2035 in the “Green Heart” area of the CZX urban agglomeration. The simulation results were compared, and the constraining role of land use suitability evaluation on ecological space evolution was analyzed. This study found that the total area of ecological space in the Green Heart area saw a rapid reduction, and it predicted that, by 2035, the total area of the CZX Green Heart area will have decreased. Comparing the two simulation scenarios proved the hypothesis that zoning ecological space reconstruction based on a land suitability evaluation can effectively protect ecological space and ensure ecological network functions are harnessed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Planning and Sustainable Land Use)

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19 pages, 5983 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Does Agroforestry Correlate with the Sustainability of Agricultural Landscapes? Evidence from China’s Nationally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems

by Menghan Zhang and Jingyi Liu

Sustainability 2022, 14(12), 7239; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14127239 - 13 Jun 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2371

Abstract

Compared with industrial monoculture, agroforestry has been perceived as a more sustainable approach to landscape management that provides various landscape-specific benefits. However, little is known about agroforestry’s influence on the comprehensive sustainability of agricultural landscapes. This study focused on the importance of agroforestry and its influence on landscape sustainability, using 118 China National Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (China-NIAHS) as cases. In each China-NIAHS, we evaluated the importance of agroforestry and the landscape’s comprehensive sustainability and explored their correlation. The findings indicate that agroforestry is important in most China-NIAHS. Agroforestry’s importance is strongly correlated with most sustainability indicators, including biodiversity, income diversity, resource utilization, hydrogeological preservation, and water regulation. Based on the findings, we discuss the role of agroforestry in promoting sustainability and provide suggestions for sustainable management and policymaking for agricultural landscapes on a national scale. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Planning and Sustainable Land Use)

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33 pages, 8885 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Innovative Framework on Spatial Boundary Optimization of Multiple International Designated Land Use

by Hei Gao, Yubing Weng, Yutian Lu and Yan Du

Sustainability 2022, 14(2), 587; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14020587 - 6 Jan 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1788

Abstract

The continuous improvement of international protection awareness has dramatically increased the number of protection organizations and promoted various reserve-naming methods. However, the existing global natural reserves have either fully or partially overlapped, thereby allowing the same region to hold various international titles, resulting in serious issues, which are especially manifested in the boundary delimitation process of natural reserves. Therefore, delimiting the titles of reserve borders will become an enormous challenge in protected-area governance worldwide. This study conducted an in-depth investigation of the technical methods for delineating the spatial boundaries of natural reserves. Taking Jiangshan Nature Reserve in China as the case object, the Candidate Area–Natural background–Heritage Resource–Construction (C-NHC) framework was constructed, and the boundaries of the new reserves were delineated. This study has changed the status quo of the spatial overlap of the reserve through the quantitative evaluation of the conflict patches and the triple optimization of the boundary of the reserve. The area of the new reserve is 150.524 km², which is 6.682 km² larger than the original one. The original reserves are all included within the scope of the new one. This study provides guidance and new insights into the boundary delineation of integrated nature reserves worldwide. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Planning and Sustainable Land Use)

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24 pages, 7024 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Two-Stage Fuzzy Optimization Model for Urban Land Use: A Case Study of Chongzhou City

by Jinjiang Yao, Bingkui Qiu, Min Zhou, Aiping Deng and Siqi Li

Sustainability 2021, 13(24), 13961; https://doi.org/10.3390/su132413961 - 17 Dec 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1867

Abstract

Under the background of New-type Urbanization, with the continuous advancement of urbanization and the all-round development of cities, all kinds of demands are also rising. In the case of demand, it is difficult to quickly adjust from the land supply side and to guide the optimization of the structure and layout of land use is one of the methods to achieve this based on the current situation and shortage of urban land use structure and spatial arrangement. Because of the complexity, uncertainty and dynamics of the land use system, it is necessary to use an uncertain model to accurately describe and propose the approximate optimal solution, so this study analyzes the influencing mechanism of land use and optimize the land use structure under uncertainties by using a Bayesian network and fuzzy mathematical programming. Based on the results of the two stages of analysis, the cellular automata simulation is completed. The framework is applied to Chongzhou city in western China. The results indicated that the optimal land space for cultivated land is in the middle and the south based on the joint influence probability of arable land and urban construction land. The conversion probability of the area near the east is low, and the joint impact probability of construction land in all areas is generally similar except for the western protection area. After the optimization of the fuzzy planning, the optimal construction land scale is 69.42 km². Under the condition that the cultivated land’s red line is guaranteed, there is still 98.87 km² of space for the increase in cultivated land. It is found through simulation that the increase in construction land would occur in the central and western parts of Chongzhou, which may be caused by the urban siphon effect. According to Monte Carlo verification, when the conversion probability exceeds 50%, the cultivated land could be turned into urban construction land, with an accuracy of 91.99%. Therefore, this proposed framework is helpful to understand the process of land use and provides a reference for making scientific and reasonable territorial spatial planning and guiding land use practice under uncertainties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Planning and Sustainable Land Use)

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17 pages, 1708 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Green Utilization Efficiency of Urban Land in Yangtze River Delta

by Qiaowen Lin and Huiting Ling

Sustainability 2021, 13(21), 11907; https://doi.org/10.3390/su132111907 - 28 Oct 2021

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2213

Abstract

Based on the panel data of 41 cities in the Yangtze River Delta region from 2006–2018, this paper constructed an index system of measuring green urban land use efficiency (green land use efficiency), including input-expected output-unexpected output (input-expected output-unexpected output) and used the unexpected output-SBM model to calculate the green land use efficiency of the region. The spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of urban land green use efficiency in this area were studied by the Dagum Gini coefficient, decomposition, and exploratory spatial data analysis. The results show that (1) the temporal evolution characteristics of green land use efficiency in the whole region of the Yangtze River Delta, provinces (municipalities directly under the central government), and cities all show an upward trend of fluctuation. Among them, the green land use efficiency of the whole region is between 0.258 and 0.377, the gap in the green land use efficiency of the provinces (municipalities directly under the central government) is accelerating, and the green land use efficiency of the cities is gradually advancing to the middle and high efficiency areas. (2) Spatial evolution: On the one hand, the spatial difference in the green use efficiency of urban land in this region is gradually expanding. On the other hand, the green use efficiency of urban land in this region has a significant positive spatial correlation, the agglomeration pattern is dominated by high agglomeration and low agglomeration, and the low high agglomeration is supplemented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Planning and Sustainable Land Use)

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21 pages, 10937 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Scenario Simulation of Urban Growth under Integrated Urban Spatial Planning: A Case Study of Wuhan, China

by Haofeng Wang, Yaolin Liu, Guangxia Zhang, Yiheng Wang and Jun Zhao

Sustainability 2021, 13(20), 11279; https://doi.org/10.3390/su132011279 - 13 Oct 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2552

Abstract

Although many publications have noted the impact of urban planning on urban development and land-use change, the incorporation of planning constraints into urban growth simulation has not been adequately addressed so far. This study aims to develop a planning-constrained cellular automata (CA) model by combining cell-based trade-off between urban growth and natural conservation with a zoning-based planning implementation mechanism. By adjusting the preference parameters of different planning zones, multiple planning-constrained scenarios can be generated. Taking the Wuhan Urban Development Area (WUDA), China as a case study, the planning-constrained CA model was applied to simulate current and future urban scenarios. The results show a higher simulation accuracy compared to the model without planning constraints. With the weakening of planning constraints, urban growth tends to occupy more ecological and agricultural land with high conservation priority. With the increase in preference on urban growth or natural conservation, the future urban land pattern will become more fragmented. Furthermore, new urban land beyond the planned urban development area can be captured in future urban scenarios, which will provide certain early warning. The simulation of the current urban spatial pattern should help planners and decisionmakers to evaluate the past implementation of urban planning, and scenarios simulation can provide effective support for future urban planning by evaluating the consequences. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Planning and Sustainable Land Use)

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22 pages, 6944 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hybrid Economic-Environment-Ecology Land Planning Model under Uncertainty—A Case Study in Mekong Delta

by Yuxiang Ma, Min Zhou, Chaonan Ma, Mengcheng Wang and Jiating Tu

Sustainability 2021, 13(19), 10978; https://doi.org/10.3390/su131910978 - 3 Oct 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1782

Abstract

The research on land natural resources as the leading factor in the Mekong Delta (MD) is insufficient. Facing the fragile and sensitive ecological environment of MD, how to allocate limited land resources to different land use types to obtain more economic benefits is a challenge that local land managers need to face. Three uncertainties in land use system, interval uncertainty, fuzzy uncertainty, and random uncertainty, are fully considered and an interval probabilistic fuzzy land use allocation (IPF-LUA) model is proposed and applied to multiple planning periods for MD. IPF-LUA considers not only the crucial socio-economic factors (food security, output of wood products, etc.) but also the ecological/environmental constraints in agricultural production (COD discharge, BOD5 discharge, antibiotic consumption, etc.). Therefore, it can effectively reflect the interaction among different aspects of MD land use system. The degree of environmental subordination is between 0.51 and 0.73, the net benefit of land system is between USD 23.31 × 10⁹ and USD 24.24 × 10⁹ in period 1, and USD 25.44 × 10⁹ to 25.68 × 10⁹ in period 2. The results show that the IPF-LUA model can help the decision-makers weigh the economic and ecological benefits under different objectives and work out an optimized land use allocation scheme. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Planning and Sustainable Land Use)

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