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Free and Masked Mycotoxins in Cereals: Occurrence, Detection, and Risk...
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Free and Masked Mycotoxins in Cereals: Occurrence, Detection, and Risk Assessment

A special issue of Toxins (ISSN 2072-6651). This special issue belongs to the section "Mycotoxins".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2021) | Viewed by 6942

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Martina Cirlini

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
Interests: food chemistry; analytical chemistry; mass spectrometry; gas and liquid chromatography; free and masked mycotoxins; food contaminants; food characterization; food flavor; volatile fraction characterization; food contituents modifications; simulated gastro-intestinal digestion
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Chiara Dall'Asta

E-Mail Website
Co-Guest Editor
Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
Interests: characterization of masked mycotoxins; catabolic fate and toxicological relevance of parent and conjugate mycotoxins in humans; profiling of bioactive compounds in plant-derived food; mass spectrometry based methods for the profiling of bioactive compounds
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Mycotoxins, well-known toxic secondary metabolites produced by different fungi species, may contaminate cereals and cereal-based food, and thus represent a serious issue in terms of food safety and, as a consequence, consumer health. In the last few years, several forms of so-called “masked” or “modified” mycotoxins have been identified and their co-occurrence with the native forms has been demonstrated. It is known that modified mycotoxins can be cleaved into the gut to release their native forms, and may therefore contribute to the overall toxic load. As a consequence, occurrence data are of utmost importance to support a comprehensive risk assessment. At the same time, studies focused on the gastro-intestinal and catabolic fate of modified mycotoxins may help us to identify new markers of exposure to be used in biomonitoring research.

This Special Issue aims to present a collection of original research and review articles focused on the determination of the occurrence of free and masked mycotoxins in cereals and cereal-based food, and on the evaluation of risk assessment methods. Studies that describe innovative analytical methods, present new data regarding the occurrence of these contaminants in foods, or focus on the evaluation of the risk of human exposure are welcome.

Prof. Dr. Martina Cirlini
Prof. Dr. Chiara Dall'Asta
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a double-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Toxins is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • free and masked mycotoxins
  • modified form
  • mycotoxin occurrence
  • mycotoxin detection
  • cereal and cereal-based food
  • risk assessment
  • metabolic and catabolic fate

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

13 pages, 2773 KiB  
Article
A Computational Understanding of Inter-Individual Variability in CYP2D6 Activity to Investigate the Impact of Missense Mutations on Ochratoxin A Metabolism
by Jean Lou C. M. Dorne, Martina Cirlini, Jochem Louisse, Lorenzo Pedroni, Gianni Galaverna and Luca Dellafiora
Toxins 2022, 14(3), 207; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14030207 - 14 Mar 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2630
Abstract
Cytochrome P-450 (CYP) enzymes have a key role in the metabolism of xenobiotics of food origin, and their highly polymorphic nature concurs with the diverse inter-individual variability in the toxicokinetics (TK) and toxicodynamics (TD) of food chemicals. Ochratoxin A is a well-known mycotoxin [...] Read more.
Cytochrome P-450 (CYP) enzymes have a key role in the metabolism of xenobiotics of food origin, and their highly polymorphic nature concurs with the diverse inter-individual variability in the toxicokinetics (TK) and toxicodynamics (TD) of food chemicals. Ochratoxin A is a well-known mycotoxin which contaminates a large variety of food and is associated with food safety concerns. It is a minor substrate of CYP2D6, although the effects of CYP2D6 polymorphisms on its metabolism may be overlooked. Insights on this aspect would provide a useful mechanistic basis for a more science-based hazard assessment, particularly to integrate inter-individual differences in CYP2D6 metabolism. This work presents a molecular modelling approach for the analysis of mechanistic features with regard to the metabolic capacity of CYP2D6 variants to oxidise a number of substrates. The outcomes highlighted that a low-frequency CYP2D6 variant (CYP2D6*110) is likely to enhance ochratoxin A oxidation with possible consequences on TK and TD. It is therefore recommended to further analyse such TK and TD consequences. Generally speaking, we propose the identification of mechanistic features and parameters that could provide a semi-quantitative means to discriminate ligands based on the likelihood to undergo transformation by CYP2D6 variants. This would support the development of a fit-for-purpose pipeline which can be extended to a tool allowing for the bulk analysis of a large number of compounds. Such a tool would ultimately include inter-phenotypic differences of polymorphic xenobiotic-metabolising enzymes in the hazard assessment and risk characterisation of food chemicals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Free and Masked Mycotoxins in Cereals: Occurrence, Detection, and Risk Assessment)
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12 pages, 1381 KiB  
Article
Development and Validation of an LC-MS/MS Based Method for the Determination of Deoxynivalenol and Its Modified Forms in Maize
by Iris Fiby, Marta Magdalena Sopel, Herbert Michlmayr, Gerhard Adam and Franz Berthiller
Toxins 2021, 13(9), 600; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13090600 - 27 Aug 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3495
Abstract
The Fusarium mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) is a common contaminant of cereals and is often co-occurring with its modified forms DON-3-glucoside (D3G), 3-acetyl-DON (3ADON) or 15-acetyl-DON (15ADON). A stable-isotope dilution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) based method for their determination in cereals was developed [...] Read more.
The Fusarium mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) is a common contaminant of cereals and is often co-occurring with its modified forms DON-3-glucoside (D3G), 3-acetyl-DON (3ADON) or 15-acetyl-DON (15ADON). A stable-isotope dilution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) based method for their determination in cereals was developed and validated for maize. Therefore, 13C-labelled D3G was enzymatically produced using 13C-DON and [13C6Glc]-sucrose and used as an internal standard (IS) for D3G, while uniformly 13C labelled IS was used for the other mycotoxins. Baseline separation was achieved for the critical peak pair DON/D3G, while 3ADON/15ADON could not be fully baseline separated after testing various reversed phase, fluorinated phase and chiral LC columns. After grinding, weighing and extracting the cereal samples, the raw extract was centrifuged and a mixture of the four 13C-labelled ISs was added directly in a microinsert vial. The subsequent analytical run took 7 min, followed by negative electrospray ionization and selected reaction monitoring on a triple quadrupole MS. Maize was used as a complex cereal model matrix for validation. The use of the IS corrected the occurring matrix effects efficiently from 76 to 98% for D3G, from 86 to 103% for DON, from 68 to 100% for 15ADON and from 63 to 96% for 3ADON. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Free and Masked Mycotoxins in Cereals: Occurrence, Detection, and Risk Assessment)
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