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Vaccines
Special Issues
Immunization Strategies for Animal Health
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Immunization Strategies for Animal Health

A special issue of Vaccines (ISSN 2076-393X). This special issue belongs to the section "Veterinary Vaccines".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 April 2025 | Viewed by 6760

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Eva Calvo-Pinilla

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Guest Editor
CSIC-INIA-CISA—Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Valdeolmos, Spain
Interests: immunology; virology; animal health; vaccination
Dr. Alejandro Marin-Lopez

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Guest Editor
Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
Interests: infectious pathogens; arbovirus; vaccination
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Infectious diseases pose an ongoing threat to animal and human health, significantly impacting both sectors. Animal diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms contribute to losses via reduced productivity, mortality, economic costs, and decreased trade.

Understanding the immunology of infectious disease pathogens is the key to driving control strategies. Currently, novel technologies based on molecular biology make it possible to develop several kinds of vaccines to enable the onset of rapid and effective immune responses.

We are pleased to invite you to submit research articles examining current research in immunization strategies for infectious diseases relevant in animal health, including zoonoses. This Special Issue aims to present articles on vaccine immunogenicity, efficacy, and screening methods to test vaccines. Review articles are also welcome.

Dr. Eva Calvo-Pinilla
Dr. Alejandro Marin-Lopez
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Vaccines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • vaccine immunology
  • virus
  • emerging infectious disease
  • animal health
  • public health
  • vaccination

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 1168 KiB  
Article
Dynamics of PCV2 and PCV3 in the Serum and Oral Fluids of Pigs After PCV2 Vaccination in a Commercial Farm
by Jesús Hernández, Yuly A. Henao-Díaz, Mónica Reséndiz-Sandoval, Angel Cota-Valdez, Verónica Mata-Haro and Luis G. Gimenez-Lirola
Vaccines 2024, 12(12), 1318; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12121318 - 26 Nov 2024
Viewed by 135
Abstract
Objectives: This study investigated the dynamics of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and PCV3 on a commercial farm following PCV2 vaccination. Methods: Serum samples from 35 pigs, starting at 3 weeks of age, were collected weekly until 21 weeks of age. Oral fluids [...] Read more.
Objectives: This study investigated the dynamics of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and PCV3 on a commercial farm following PCV2 vaccination. Methods: Serum samples from 35 pigs, starting at 3 weeks of age, were collected weekly until 21 weeks of age. Oral fluids from six pens of pigs of the same age were also analyzed. Viral DNA was assessed in pooled sera and individual oral fluid samples, while antibodies (IgG and IgA) were measured in the serum and oral fluids. Productive parameters, including weekly mortality and cumulative mortality, were evaluated. Results: The results revealed that PCV2 and PCV3 co-infection was detected in pigs at 8 weeks of age, with PCV3 being detected in oral fluids two weeks earlier. PCV3 DNA was detected in oral fluids at 4 weeks of age. PCV2 IgG antibodies in the serum increased gradually after vaccination, peaking at 7 weeks of age, then declined and stabilized until 21 weeks of age. PCV3 IgG antibodies fluctuated early but were uniformly positive after 13 weeks of age. In oral fluids, PCV2 IgG and IgA antibodies showed a strong response only at 3 and 23 weeks of age. In contrast, a strong and consistent IgG response was observed in oral fluids in the absence of PCV2 and PCV3 co-infection of pigs at 3 to 11 weeks of age. The farm’s productive parameters remained stable throughout the study. Conclusions: These findings suggest that PCV2 and PCV3 co-infection, along with high PCV3 detection levels in serum and oral fluids, may have an impact on the efficacy of PCV2 vaccination. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunization Strategies for Animal Health)
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17 pages, 3326 KiB  
Article
Partial Protection of Goats against Haemonchus contortus Achieved with ADP-Ribosylation Factor 1 Encapsulated in PLGA Nanoparticles
by Muhammad Waqqas Hasan, Javaid Ali Gadahi, Muhammad Haseeb, Qiangqiang Wang, Muhammad Ehsan, Shakeel Ahmad Lakho, Ali Haider, Tahir Aleem, Mingmin Lu, Ruofeng Yan, Xiaokai Song, Xiangrui Li and Lixin Xu
Vaccines 2024, 12(10), 1188; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12101188 - 18 Oct 2024
Viewed by 855
Abstract
Background: Haemonchus contortus (H. contortus), a nematode with global prevalence, poses a major threat to the gastrointestinal health of sheep and goats. In an effort to combat this parasite, a nanovaccine was created using a recombinant ADP-ribosylation factor 1 (ARF1) antigen [...] Read more.
Background: Haemonchus contortus (H. contortus), a nematode with global prevalence, poses a major threat to the gastrointestinal health of sheep and goats. In an effort to combat this parasite, a nanovaccine was created using a recombinant ADP-ribosylation factor 1 (ARF1) antigen encapsulated within poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA). This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of this nanovaccine in providing protection against H. contortus infection. Methods: Fifteen goats were randomly divided into three groups. The experimental group received two doses of the PLGA encapsulated rHcARF1 (rHcARF1-PLGA) nanovaccine on days 0 and 14. Fourteen days after the second immunization, both the experimental and positive control groups were challenged with 8000 infective larvae (L3) of H. contortus, while the negative control group remained unvaccinated and unchallenged. At the end of the experiment on the 63rd day, all animals were humanly euthanized. Results: The results showed that the experimental group had significantly higher levels of sera IgG, IgA, and IgE antibodies, as well as increased concentrations of cytokines, such as IL-4, IL-9, IL-17, and TGF-β, compared to the negative control group after immunization. Following the L3 challenge, the experimental group exhibited a 47.5% reduction in mean eggs per gram of feces (EPG) and a 55.7% reduction in worm burden as compared to the positive control group. Conclusions: These findings indicate that the nanovaccine expressing rHcARF1 offers significant protective efficacy against H. contortus infection in goats. The results also suggest the need for more precise optimization of the antigen dose or a reassessment of the vaccination regimen. Additionally, the small sample size limits the statistical rigor and the broader applicability of the findings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunization Strategies for Animal Health)
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23 pages, 3901 KiB  
Article
Generation and Genetic Stability of a PolX and 5′ MGF-Deficient African Swine Fever Virus Mutant for Vaccine Development
by Daniel Pérez-Núñez, Daniel W. Madden, Gonzalo Vigara-Astillero, David A. Meekins, Chester D. McDowell, Bianca Libanori-Artiaga, Raquel García-Belmonte, Dashzeveg Bold, Jessie D. Trujillo, Konner Cool, Taeyong Kwon, Velmurugan Balaraman, Igor Morozov, Natasha N. Gaudreault, Yolanda Revilla and Juergen A. Richt
Vaccines 2024, 12(10), 1125; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12101125 - 30 Sep 2024
Viewed by 959
Abstract
The African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes fatal disease in pigs and is currently spreading globally. Commercially safe vaccines are urgently required. Aiming to generate a novel live attenuated vaccine (LAV), a recombinant ASFV was generated by deleting the viral O174L (PolX) gene. [...] Read more.
The African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes fatal disease in pigs and is currently spreading globally. Commercially safe vaccines are urgently required. Aiming to generate a novel live attenuated vaccine (LAV), a recombinant ASFV was generated by deleting the viral O174L (PolX) gene. However, during in vitro generation, an additional spontaneous deletion of genes belonging to the multigene families (MGF) occurred, creating a mixture of two viruses, namely, Arm-ΔPolX and Arm-ΔPolX-ΔMGF. This mixture was used to inoculate pigs in a low and high dose to assess the viral dynamics of both populations in vivo. Although the Arm-ΔPolX population was a much lower proportion of the inoculum, in the high-dose immunized animals, it was the only resulting viral population, while Arm-ΔPolX-ΔMGF only appeared in low-dose immunized animals, revealing the role of deleted MGFs in ASFV fitness in vivo. Furthermore, animals in the low-dose group survived inoculation, whereas animals in the high-dose group died, suggesting that the lack of MGF and PolX genes, and not the PolX gene alone, led to attenuation. The two recombinant viruses were individually isolated and inoculated into piglets, confirming this hypothesis. However, immunization with the Arm-ΔPolX-ΔMGF virus did not induce protection against challenge with the virulent parental ASFV strain. This study demonstrates that deletion of the PolX gene alone neither leads to attenuation nor induces an increased mutation rate in vivo. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunization Strategies for Animal Health)
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9 pages, 2313 KiB  
Communication
A Simple and Versatile Method for Ex Vivo Monitoring of Goat Vaginal Mucosa Transduction by Viral Vector Vaccines
by Sergio Minesso, Amienwanlen Eugene Odigie, Valentina Franceschi, Camilla Cotti, Sandro Cavirani, Maria Tempesta and Gaetano Donofrio
Vaccines 2024, 12(8), 851; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12080851 - 29 Jul 2024
Viewed by 864
Abstract
Goat may represent a valid large animal model for human pathogens and new vaccines testing. Appropriate vaccine administration is a critical component of a successful immunization program. The wrong route of administration may reduce the efficacy of the vaccine, whereas the proper administration [...] Read more.
Goat may represent a valid large animal model for human pathogens and new vaccines testing. Appropriate vaccine administration is a critical component of a successful immunization program. The wrong route of administration may reduce the efficacy of the vaccine, whereas the proper administration strategy can enhance it. Viral vectors have been employed successfully for goat and sheep immunization; however, no data concerning the vaginal route are available. A viral vector’s ability to transduce the site of inoculation is of primary interest. In this study, a fast and reliable ex vivo assay for testing the transduction capability of an Ad5-based vector when intravaginally administered was developed. An Ad5 vector delivering an expression cassette with a bicistronic reporter gene, Ad5-CMV-turboGFP-IRES-Luc2, was constructed. We demonstrated Ad5-CMV-turboGFP-IRES-Luc2’s ability to transduce caprine vaginal mucosa by ex vivo bioluminescent imaging (BLI) employing a simple CCD camera apparatus for chemiluminescence western immunoblotting. These data, though simple, provide valuable insights into developing a vaginal immunization strategy using a viral vector-based vaccine to protect against pathogens causing genital diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunization Strategies for Animal Health)
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Review

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16 pages, 1172 KiB  
Review
T-Cell Epitope-Based Vaccines: A Promising Strategy for Prevention of Infectious Diseases
by Xin Song, Yongfeng Li, Hongxia Wu, Huaji Qiu and Yuan Sun
Vaccines 2024, 12(10), 1181; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12101181 - 17 Oct 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1206
Abstract
With the development of novel vaccine strategies, T-cell epitope-based vaccines have become promising prophylactic and therapeutic tools against infectious diseases that cannot be controlled via traditional vaccines. T-cell epitope-based vaccines leverage specific immunogenic peptides to elicit protective T-cell responses against infectious pathogens. Compared [...] Read more.
With the development of novel vaccine strategies, T-cell epitope-based vaccines have become promising prophylactic and therapeutic tools against infectious diseases that cannot be controlled via traditional vaccines. T-cell epitope-based vaccines leverage specific immunogenic peptides to elicit protective T-cell responses against infectious pathogens. Compared to traditional vaccines, they provide superior efficacy and safety, minimizing the risk of adverse side effects. In this review, we summarized and compared the prediction and identification methods of T-cell epitopes. By integrating bioinformatic prediction and experimental validation, efficient and precise screening of T-cell epitopes can be achieved. Importantly, we delved into the development approaches to diverse T-cell epitope-based vaccines, comparing their merits and demerits, as well as discussing the prevalent challenges and perspectives in their applications. This review offers fresh perspectives for the formulation of safe and efficacious epitope-based vaccines for the devastating diseases against which no vaccines are currently available. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunization Strategies for Animal Health)
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33 pages, 1253 KiB  
Review
A Comprehensive Review on Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus with Emphasis on Immunity
by Jorian Fiers, Ann Brigitte Cay, Dominiek Maes and Marylène Tignon
Vaccines 2024, 12(8), 942; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12080942 - 22 Aug 2024
Viewed by 1853
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the most important pathogens in pig production worldwide and responsible for enormous production and economic losses. PRRSV infection in gestating gilts and sows induces important reproductive failure. Additionally, respiratory distress is observed in [...] Read more.
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the most important pathogens in pig production worldwide and responsible for enormous production and economic losses. PRRSV infection in gestating gilts and sows induces important reproductive failure. Additionally, respiratory distress is observed in infected piglets and fattening pigs, resulting in growth retardation and increased mortality. Importantly, PRRSV infection interferes with immunity in the respiratory tract, making PRRSV-infected pigs more susceptible to opportunistic secondary pathogens. Despite the availability of commercial PRRSV vaccines for more than three decades, control of the disease remains a frustrating and challenging task. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of PRRSV, covering its history, economic and scientific importance, and description of the viral structure and genetic diversity. It explores the virus’s pathogenesis, including cell tropism, viral entry, replication, stages of infection and epidemiology. It reviews the porcine innate and adaptative immune responses to comprehend the modulation mechanisms employed by PRRS for immune evasion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunization Strategies for Animal Health)
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