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Veterinary Sciences
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Prevention, Diagnosis, and Management of Bovine Respiratory Diseases
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Prevention, Diagnosis, and Management of Bovine Respiratory Diseases

A special issue of Veterinary Sciences (ISSN 2306-7381). This special issue belongs to the section "Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2023) | Viewed by 16728

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Brad J. White

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Beef Cattle Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
Interests: bovine respiratory disease; beef cattle; disease diagnosis; predictive models
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a frequent and economically important disease in the cattle industry. The overall impact varies by production system and animal demographics. Despite advances in understanding of epidemiology, prevention methods, and therapeutic interventions BRD remains a major disease in the cattle industry. The purpose of this special issue on “Prevention, Diagnosis, and Management of Bovine Respiratory Disease” is to align knowledge from multiple areas of research on this syndrome with the goal of generating a resource for current and future researchers. The scope of this special issue covers all aspects of BRD in cattle ranging from stages of production (pre-weaned and post-weaned cattle) and type of operation (beef, dairy, intensively and extensively managed). Contributions can include a variety of aspects of BRD management including epidemiology, diagnosis, economics, prevention, vaccinations, and therapy. This issue will build on existing literature and create a collection of articles not only summarizing current knowledge, but providing a baseline for the next steps in BRD research.

Prof. Dr. Brad J. White
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • bovine respiratory disease
  • Mannheimia haemolytica
  • Pasteurella multocida
  • Histophilus somni
  • Mycoplasma bovis
  • bovine viral diarrhea
  • infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
  • parainfluenza 3
  • epidemiology
  • vaccinations
  • prevention and control
  • diagnosis
  • mortality
  • economics

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Related Special Issue

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 2455 KiB  
Article
Influence of the At-Arrival Host Transcriptome on Bovine Respiratory Disease Incidence during Backgrounding
by Mollie M. Green, Amelia R. Woolums, Brandi B. Karisch, Kelsey M. Harvey, Sarah F. Capik and Matthew A. Scott
Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(3), 211; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10030211 - 10 Mar 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1980
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) remains the leading disease within the U.S. beef cattle industry. Marketing decisions made prior to backgrounding may shift BRD incidence into a different phase of production, and the importance of host gene expression on BRD incidence as it relates [...] Read more.
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) remains the leading disease within the U.S. beef cattle industry. Marketing decisions made prior to backgrounding may shift BRD incidence into a different phase of production, and the importance of host gene expression on BRD incidence as it relates to marketing strategy is poorly understood. Our objective was to compare the influence of marketing on host transcriptomes measured on arrival at a backgrounding facility on the subsequent probability of being treated for BRD during a 45-day backgrounding phase. This study, through RNA-Seq analysis of blood samples collected on arrival, evaluated gene expression differences between cattle which experienced a commercial auction setting (AUCTION) versus cattle directly shipped to backgrounding from the cow–calf phase (DIRECT); further analyses were conducted to determine differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between cattle which remained clinically healthy during backgrounding (HEALTHY) versus those that required treatment for clinical BRD within 45 days of arrival (BRD). A profound difference in DEGs (n = 2961) was identified between AUCTION cattle compared to DIRECT cattle, regardless of BRD development; these DEGs encoded for proteins involved in antiviral defense (increased in AUCTION), cell growth regulation (decreased in AUCTION), and inflammatory mediation (decreased in AUCTION). Nine and four DEGs were identified between BRD and HEALTHY cohorts in the AUCTION and DIRECT groups, respectively; DEGs between disease cohorts in the AUCTION group encoded for proteins involved in collagen synthesis and platelet aggregation (increased in HEALTHY). Our work demonstrates the clear influence marketing has on host expression and identified genes and mechanisms which may predict BRD risk. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prevention, Diagnosis, and Management of Bovine Respiratory Diseases)
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12 pages, 1820 KiB  
Communication
Assessing the Role of Systems Thinking for Stocker Cattle Operations
by Daniel B. Cummings, John T. Groves and Benjamin L. Turner
Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(2), 69; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10020069 - 18 Jan 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1908
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is recognized as a complex multifactorial disease often resulting in significant economic losses for the stocker industry through reduced health and performance of feeder calves. Conventional approaches to manage BRD in stocker production systems can be challenged with a [...] Read more.
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is recognized as a complex multifactorial disease often resulting in significant economic losses for the stocker industry through reduced health and performance of feeder calves. Conventional approaches to manage BRD in stocker production systems can be challenged with a restricted view of the system, most importantly the structure, which drives the behavior of the system and fails to anticipate unintended consequences. The translation and implementation of systems thinking into veterinary medicine can offer an alternative method to problem-solving. Fundamental to the success of the systems thinker is the conceptualization of the Iceberg Diagram intended to identify root causes of complex problems such as BRD. Furthermore, veterinary and animal health professionals are well-positioned to serve as facilitators to establish creative tension, the positive energy necessary to identify high-leverage strategies. The interrelationships and interconnected behaviors of complex stocker systems warrant an understanding of various archetypes. Archetypes provide the systems thinker with a decision-making tool to explore tactics in a nonlinear fashion for the purpose of recognizing short- and long-term outcomes. Developing literacy in the discipline of systems thinking will further equip professionals with the skillset necessary to address the multitude of challenges ingrained in complex stocker cattle systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prevention, Diagnosis, and Management of Bovine Respiratory Diseases)
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23 pages, 2371 KiB  
Article
Comprehensive Outcomes Affected by Antimicrobial Metaphylaxis of Feedlot Calves at Medium-Risk for Bovine Respiratory Disease from a Randomized Controlled Trial
by Lucas M. Horton, Brandon E. Depenbusch, Diana M. Dewsbury, Taylor B. McAtee, Nick B. Betts and David G. Renter
Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(2), 67; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10020067 - 17 Jan 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2450
Abstract
The objectives were to evaluate the effects of metaphylaxis (META) and pull-and-treat (PT) programs on health, antimicrobial use, beef production, economics, and greenhouse gas emissions in cattle at medium risk for bovine respiratory disease (BRD). A randomized complete block design was used at [...] Read more.
The objectives were to evaluate the effects of metaphylaxis (META) and pull-and-treat (PT) programs on health, antimicrobial use, beef production, economics, and greenhouse gas emissions in cattle at medium risk for bovine respiratory disease (BRD). A randomized complete block design was used at two US commercial feedlots. Steers and heifers [2366 total; 261 (±11.0) kg initial weight] were blocked by sex and feedlot arrival, and allocated to one of two pens within a block (16 pens total, eight blocks). Pens were randomly assigned to treatment: META, tulathromycin injection at initial processing; or PT, tulathromycin injection only for first clinical BRD treatment. Data were analyzed with linear and generalized linear mixed models. There was greater BRD morbidity in PT than META cattle (17.2% vs. 7.3% respectively; p < 0.01), and greater total mortality (2.5% vs. 1.1% respectively; p = 0.03). Per animal enrolled, 1.1 antimicrobial doses were used for META compared to 0.2 for PT (p < 0.01). Per animal enrolled, final live (p = 0.04) and carcass (p = 0.08) weights were greater for META than PT; however, net returns ($/animal) were not significantly different (p = 0.71). Compared to PT, total lifetime estimated CO2 equivalent emissions from production were reduced by 2% per unit of live weight for META (p = 0.09). While antimicrobial use was reduced with PT, there may be substantial negative impacts on other outcomes if META was not used in this type of cattle population. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prevention, Diagnosis, and Management of Bovine Respiratory Diseases)
14 pages, 1326 KiB  
Article
The Effects of Respiratory Vaccine Type and Timing on Antibody Titers, Immunoglobulins, and Growth Performance in Pre- and Post-Weaned Beef Calves
by Jeff M. Matty, Cassidy Reddout, Jordan Adams, Mike Major, David Lalman, Rosslyn Biggs, Janeen L. Salak-Johnson and Paul A. Beck
Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(1), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10010037 - 4 Jan 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2612
Abstract
In order to examine the effects of vaccine type and timing of crossbred beef calves (n = 151) were assigned to one of three BRD vaccination protocols stratified by breed of sire, sex, and date of birth, which included: (1) KM—a pentavalent [...] Read more.
In order to examine the effects of vaccine type and timing of crossbred beef calves (n = 151) were assigned to one of three BRD vaccination protocols stratified by breed of sire, sex, and date of birth, which included: (1) KM—a pentavalent killed viral (KV) vaccine at 2 to 3 months of age (D 0) and a pentavalent modified-live viral (MLV) vaccine at weaning (D 127); (2) MM—MLV on D 0 and revaccinated on D 127 or (3) WN—MLV at weaning and D 140. Vaccination treatment did not affect performance nor BRSV serum-neutralizing antibody titers. Serum-neutralizing antibody titers to BVDV-1 were greatest for the MM through D 154. However, following booster (KM) or initial vaccination (WN) at D 127, titers increased for the other treatment groups to higher values (KM) by the end of the study. Delay of initial vaccination until weaning may have delayed specific antibody response in the WN group and skewed the immune response towards a Th-1 or cell-mediated response. Overall, the inclusion of an MLV in the vaccine protocol resulted in a more robust antibody response, and the timing of vaccination may affect the onset of efficacious and robust vaccine responses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prevention, Diagnosis, and Management of Bovine Respiratory Diseases)
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13 pages, 1113 KiB  
Article
Local and Systemic Antibody Responses in Beef Calves Vaccinated with a Modified-Live Virus Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV) Vaccine at Birth following BRSV Infection
by David A. Martínez, Manuel F. Chamorro, Thomas Passler, Laura Huber, Paul H. Walz, Merrilee Thoresen, Gage Raithel, Scott Silvis, Ricardo Stockler and Amelia R. Woolums
Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10010020 - 29 Dec 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2427
Abstract
Maternal antibodies interfere with BRSV vaccine responses and efficacy in young calves. The objective of this study was to determine if vaccination before the complete absorption of colostral antibodies results in adequate immune priming and clinical protection of beef calves. Within 6 h [...] Read more.
Maternal antibodies interfere with BRSV vaccine responses and efficacy in young calves. The objective of this study was to determine if vaccination before the complete absorption of colostral antibodies results in adequate immune priming and clinical protection of beef calves. Within 6 h of life, calves were randomly assigned to 2 different treatment groups. Group Vacc (n = 25) received a single dose of a modified-live virus (MLV) BRSV vaccine intranasally (IN) and group Control (n = 25) received 2 mL of 0.9% saline IN. At approximately 3 months of age, all calves were experimentally challenged with BRSV. Serum and nasal secretion samples were collected before and after challenge for BRSV real-time RT-PCR and antibody testing. Respiratory signs were not observed before challenge. After challenge, respiratory scores were similar between groups. On the challenge day, >40% of calves in each group were febrile. The mean serum and nasal BRSV-specific antibody titers indicated natural BRSV exposure before the experimental challenge in both groups. All calves tested positive for BRSV and had a similar duration of shedding after challenge. Based on these results, vaccination at birth does not offer advantages for immune priming or clinical protection for beef calves in BRSV-endemic cow-calf herds. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prevention, Diagnosis, and Management of Bovine Respiratory Diseases)
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15 pages, 1844 KiB  
Article
Sexual Dimorphic Innate Immune Response to a Viral–Bacterial Respiratory Disease Challenge in Beef Calves
by Nicole C. Burdick Sanchez, Paul R. Broadway and Jeffery A. Carroll
Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(12), 696; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9120696 - 15 Dec 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2584
Abstract
The potential for sexually dimorphic innate immune responses to respiratory disease was evaluated, where eight steers and seven heifers (280 ± 4 kg) were subjected to a viral–bacterial respiratory disease challenge utilizing bovine herpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1; intranasal; 1 × 108 PFU/nostril) and Mannheimia [...] Read more.
The potential for sexually dimorphic innate immune responses to respiratory disease was evaluated, where eight steers and seven heifers (280 ± 4 kg) were subjected to a viral–bacterial respiratory disease challenge utilizing bovine herpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1; intranasal; 1 × 108 PFU/nostril) and Mannheimia haemolytica (MH; intratracheal; 1.3 × 107 CFU/head) administered 72 h later. Body temperature was lesser in heifers than steers (p < 0.01). There was a sex × time interaction (p = 0.05) for white blood cells where heifers had reduced concentrations compared with steers at −72 and 0 h but greater concentrations from 36 to 60 h post-MH. Concentrations of neutrophils were lesser in heifers compared to steers from 0 to 4 h, and from 8 to 12 h (p = 0.03). Lymphocytes were greater in heifers compared to steers at 12 h and from 36 to 60 h post-MH (p < 0.01). The neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio was lesser in heifers compared to steers from 2 to 24 h and at 48 h post-MH (p < 0.01). Monocytes were greater in heifers compared to steers from 24 to 60 h post-MH (p < 0.01), while eosinophils were greater in heifers compared to steers at 48 and 60 h (p < 0.01). Serum IL-4 was lesser in heifers compared to steers at 0 h and from 2 to 72 h post-MH challenge (p = 0.02). Non-esterified fatty acid concentrations were lesser (p < 0.01) in heifers compared to steers from 2 to 4 h post-MH challenge. Urea nitrogen concentrations were greater (p < 0.01) in heifers than steers at 36 h post-MH challenge. Data from this study reveal distinct differences in the acute phase response following a respiratory disease challenge where steers produced an early response, while the response in heifers appeared to be delayed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prevention, Diagnosis, and Management of Bovine Respiratory Diseases)
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10 pages, 852 KiB  
Article
Impact of Water Sources and Shared Fence Lines on Bovine Respiratory Disease Incidence in the First 45 Days on Feed
by Hector A. Rojas, Brad J. White, David E. Amrine, Robert L. Larson, Sarah F. Capik and Brandon E. Depenbusch
Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(11), 646; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9110646 - 21 Nov 2022
Viewed by 1657
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a frequent disease in feedlot cattle, but little is known on the role of pen housing conditions. The objective of this research is to use a retrospective analysis with data from 10 U.S. feedlots to determine potential associations [...] Read more.
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a frequent disease in feedlot cattle, but little is known on the role of pen housing conditions. The objective of this research is to use a retrospective analysis with data from 10 U.S. feedlots to determine potential associations between BRD risk during the first 45 days after arrival with pen-level management factors including the number of water sources, shared water sources, and shared fence lines. Generalized linear mixed models were used to evaluate associations between management factors, cattle demographics, and BRD incidence. The effect of shared water sources on BRD risk was modified by arrival weight and cohort size (p < 0.05). Cattle with two water sources had lower BRD morbidity (5.55% ± 0.98) compared to cattle with one water source (8.80% ± 1.50) when arrival weight was 227 kg to 272 kg, while there were few differences in heavier weight cattle. Cattle with two water sources had lower BRD morbidity (3.11% ± 0.56) compared to one water (5.50% ± 0.10) when cohort size was 100–175 head, but there were no BRD morbidity differences when bigger or smaller cohorts were evaluated. Shared fence lines and water sources were associated with BRD risk; however, no biologically meaningful results were identified. The number of water sources was associated with BRD risk, and effects were modified by cohort size and arrival weight. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prevention, Diagnosis, and Management of Bovine Respiratory Diseases)
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