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Viruses
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Human Norovirus 2024
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Human Norovirus 2024

A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "Human Virology and Viral Diseases".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 December 2024 | Viewed by 6933

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Kosuke Murakami

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
Interests: human norovirus; human intestinal organoids; capsid protein caliciviruses; enteric virus infection

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Human norovirus (HuNoV) causes approximately 18% of all gastroenteritis cases in all ages and is recognized as the leading cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks around the world. While the prevalence of HuNoV disease seems to be similar across the continents, an overwhelming majority of HuNoV-associated deaths occur in WHO-defined developing countries. HuNoV disease also has a significant economic impact, with an estimated global economic burden of 60.3 billion dollars per year, including health care costs and productivity loses. Costs due to productivity losses in high-income countries are particularly high.

Concerted efforts to control HuNoV disease face major challenges, including the genetic diversity of viruses and ongoing evolution, strain-restrictive culture systems with low efficiency, and the limited knowledge of host factors that play a role in HuNoV infection, and protective immunity against HuNoV. The periodical emergence of novel HuNoV strains leading to global pandemics is also a major concern. The vast genetic diversity of HuNoV imposes a hurdle for the development of a vaccine that can provide broad coverage across all strains. Global HuNoV surveillance is necessary even after the introduction of vaccines to monitor vaccine effectiveness. In vitro human norovirus culture is an invaluable tool that requires further optimization to support multiple passages, increase permissiveness to more strains, and achieve high virus titers. The current HIE culture system represents a fairly realistic model that allows researchers to study host factors beyond HBGAs, HuNoV entry and infection, and neutralizing antibody responses.

For this Special Issue, we are inviting the submission of papers focusing on both fundamental and applied aspects of norovirus research. Review papers and original research papers are welcome.

Dr. Kosuke Murakami
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Viruses is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • virus replication and tropism
  • development of cost effective, point-of-care diagnostic assays
  • genetic evolution
  • pathogenesis
  • disinfection
  • antivirals and vaccines
  • foodborne and waterborne norovirus

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Related Special Issue

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 1283 KiB  
Article
Replication of Human Norovirus in Human Intestinal Enteroids Is Affected by Fecal Sample Processing
by Revati Narwankar and Malak A. Esseili
Viruses 2024, 16(2), 241; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16020241 - 2 Feb 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1547
Abstract
Human intestinal enteroids (HIEs) culture is an emerging model for assessing the infectivity of human noroviruses (HuNoVs). The model is based on detecting an increase in HuNoV RNA post-infection of HIEs. HuNoV fecal samples used for HIE infection are traditionally processed by serial [...] Read more.
Human intestinal enteroids (HIEs) culture is an emerging model for assessing the infectivity of human noroviruses (HuNoVs). The model is based on detecting an increase in HuNoV RNA post-infection of HIEs. HuNoV fecal samples used for HIE infection are traditionally processed by serial filtration. Recently, processing HuNoV fecal samples by serial centrifugation was shown to retain vesicles containing HuNoV. The objective of this study was to investigate whether serially centrifuged fecal samples, RNA extraction kit (QIAamp versus MagMaX) and HIE age (newer versus older) affect HuNoV RNA fold increase in HIE. HuNoV GII.1, GII.4 and GII.6 fecal samples were prepared by serial centrifugation and filtration and the viral RNA in HIE was quantified at 1 and 72 h post-infection (hpi) following RNA extraction and RT-qPCR. The serially filtered GII.1, GII.4 and GII.6 showed successful replication in HIE, resulting in mean log increases of 2.2, 2 and 1.2, respectively, at 72 vs. 1 hpi. In contrast, only serially centrifuged GII.1 showed consistently successful replication. However, using newer HIE passages and the MagMAX kit resulted in mean log fold increases for serially centrifuged GII.1, GII.4 and GII.6 (1.6, 2.3 and 1.8 log, respectively) that were similar to serially filtered samples. Therefore, HuNoV fecal sample processing and HIE age can affect virus replication in the HIE model. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Norovirus 2024)
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Review

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17 pages, 315 KiB  
Review
Virus Shedding and Diarrhea: A Review of Human Norovirus Genogroup II Infection in Gnotobiotic Pigs
by Charlotte Nyblade and Lijuan Yuan
Viruses 2024, 16(9), 1432; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16091432 - 7 Sep 2024
Viewed by 806
Abstract
For nearly twenty years, gnotobiotic (Gn) pigs have been used as a model of human norovirus (HuNoV) infection and disease. Unique in their ability to develop diarrhea and shed virus post oral challenge, Gn pigs have since been used to evaluate the infectivity [...] Read more.
For nearly twenty years, gnotobiotic (Gn) pigs have been used as a model of human norovirus (HuNoV) infection and disease. Unique in their ability to develop diarrhea and shed virus post oral challenge, Gn pigs have since been used to evaluate the infectivity of several genogroup II HuNoV strains. Nearly all major pandemic GII.4 variants have been tested in Gn pigs, with varying rates of infectivity. Some induce an asymptomatic state despite being shed in large quantities in stool, and others induce high incidence of both diarrhea and virus shedding. Non-GII.4 strains, including GII.12 and GII.6, have also been evaluated in Gn pigs. Again, rates of diarrhea and virus shedding tend to vary between studies. Several factors may influence these findings, including age, dosage, biological host factors, or bacterial presence. The impact of these factors is nuanced and requires further evaluation to elucidate the exact mechanisms behind increases or decreases in infection rates. Regardless, the value of Gn pig models in HuNoV research cannot be understated, and the model will surely continue to contribute to the field in years to come. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Norovirus 2024)
13 pages, 266 KiB  
Review
The Influence of Simulated Organic Matter on the Inactivation of Viruses: A Review
by Christina Allingham, Miyu Taniguchi, Amanda J. Kinchla and Matthew D. Moore
Viruses 2024, 16(7), 1026; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16071026 - 26 Jun 2024
Viewed by 1462
Abstract
Viruses impose a significant public health burden globally, and one of the key elements in controlling their transmission is the ability to inactivate them using disinfectants. However, numerous challenges to inactivating foodborne viruses exist due to inherent viral characteristics (such as recalcitrance to [...] Read more.
Viruses impose a significant public health burden globally, and one of the key elements in controlling their transmission is the ability to inactivate them using disinfectants. However, numerous challenges to inactivating foodborne viruses exist due to inherent viral characteristics (such as recalcitrance to commonly used inactivation agents) and external factors (such as improper cleaning before application of inactivation agent, improper contact time, etc.). Given the potential for improper application of disinfectants (such as shorter than recommended contact time, improper disinfectant concentration, etc.), understanding the performance of a disinfectant in the presence of an organic load is important. To accomplish this, the introduction of simulated organic loads is often used when studying the efficacy of a disinfectant against different viruses. However, the different types of simulated organic loads used in foodborne virus inactivation studies or their relative effects on inactivation have not been reviewed. The purpose of this review is to survey different simulated organic load formulations used in studying foodborne virus inactivation, as well as present and compare the influence of these different formulations on viral inactivation. The findings included in this review suggest that many simulated organic load formulations can reduce disinfectants’ efficacy against viruses. Based on the findings in this review, blood, particularly serum or feces, are among the most commonly used and efficacious forms of simulated organic load in many tests. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Norovirus 2024)
20 pages, 357 KiB  
Review
Improving the Detection and Understanding of Infectious Human Norovirus in Food and Water Matrices: A Review of Methods and Emerging Models
by Sahaana Chandran and Kristen E. Gibson
Viruses 2024, 16(5), 776; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16050776 - 14 May 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2272
Abstract
Human norovirus (HuNoV) is a leading global cause of viral gastroenteritis, contributing to numerous outbreaks and illnesses annually. However, conventional cell culture systems cannot support the cultivation of infectious HuNoV, making its detection and study in food and water matrices particularly challenging. Recent [...] Read more.
Human norovirus (HuNoV) is a leading global cause of viral gastroenteritis, contributing to numerous outbreaks and illnesses annually. However, conventional cell culture systems cannot support the cultivation of infectious HuNoV, making its detection and study in food and water matrices particularly challenging. Recent advancements in HuNoV research, including the emergence of models such as human intestinal enteroids (HIEs) and zebrafish larvae/embryo, have significantly enhanced our understanding of HuNoV pathogenesis. This review provides an overview of current methods employed for HuNoV detection in food and water, along with their associated limitations. Furthermore, it explores the potential applications of the HIE and zebrafish larvae/embryo models in detecting infectious HuNoV within food and water matrices. Finally, this review also highlights the need for further optimization and exploration of these models and detection methods to improve our understanding of HuNoV and its presence in different matrices, ultimately contributing to improved intervention strategies and public health outcomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Norovirus 2024)
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