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Viruses
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Emerging Fruit and Vegetable Viruses
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Emerging Fruit and Vegetable Viruses

A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "Viruses of Plants, Fungi and Protozoa".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2022) | Viewed by 26710

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Kai-Shu Ling

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, USA
Interests: virus; molecular detection; high-throughput sequencing; host resistance; marker-assisted selection; RNAi; CRISPR gene editing; vegetables; whitefly
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Elizabeth Jeannette Cieniewicz

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
Interests: virus; molecular detection; high-throughput sequencing; virus ecology; host resistance; marker-assisted selection; fruits
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

With the threat of climate change, increasing seed trade activities, and advancement in high-throughput sequencing for virus detection in the last decade, we have experienced an exponential increase in the number of new and emerging viruses identified on fruit and vegetable crops. Many plant viruses are transmitted by insect vectors which are expanding in range and distribution. With the expansion of protected and controlled environment systems for fruit and vegetable production, seed-borne and mechanically transmitted viruses can spread quickly. High-throughput sequencing has allowed scientists to identify an unprecedented number of novel and emerging viruses, while the biological characterization of novel viruses comes later. Finally, management strategies, including the use of disinfectants, breeding for disease resistance and biotechnology (e.g., RNA interference and CRISPR gene editing) are welcome. In this Special Issue, we aim to capture recent advancements in disease diagnosis, virus detection, epidemiology, and the management of new and emerging viruses and viroids affecting fruit and vegetable crops.

Dr. Kai-Shu Ling
Dr. Elizabeth Jeannette Cieniewicz
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • virus
  • molecular detection
  • high-throughput sequencing
  • host resistance
  • marker-assisted selection
  • RNAi
  • CRISPR gene editing
  • fruits
  • vegetables
  • whitefly

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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21 pages, 2210 KiB  
Article
Characterization of Cucurbit Aphid-Borne Yellows Virus (CABYV) from Passion Fruit in Brazil: Evidence of a Complex of Species within CABYV Isolates
by Andreza H. Vidal, Cristiano Lacorte, Marcio M. Sanches, Dione M. T. Alves-Freitas, Emanuel F. M. Abreu, Bruna Pinheiro-Lima, Raul C. Carriello Rosa, Onildo N. Jesus, Magnólia A. Campos, Gustavo P. Felix, Ana Clara R. Abreu, Yam S. Santos, Ana Luiza M. Lacerda, Arvind Varsani, Fernando L. Melo and Simone G. Ribeiro
Viruses 2023, 15(2), 410; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15020410 - 1 Feb 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2942
Abstract
High-throughput sequencing (HTS) has been an important tool for the discovery of plant viruses and their surveillance. In 2015, several virus-like symptoms were observed in passion fruit (PF) plants in Bahia state, Brazil. Using HTS technology, bioinformatics tools, RT-PCR, and Sanger sequencing, we [...] Read more.
High-throughput sequencing (HTS) has been an important tool for the discovery of plant viruses and their surveillance. In 2015, several virus-like symptoms were observed in passion fruit (PF) plants in Bahia state, Brazil. Using HTS technology, bioinformatics tools, RT-PCR, and Sanger sequencing, we identified the cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus (CABYV, Polerovirus, Solemoviridae) in co-infection with cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CABMV, Potyvirus, Potyviridae) in PF, in green manure, and spontaneous plants in several localities in Bahia. Complete genomes of CABYV-PF isolates were determined and analyzed with other CABYV isolates available in GenBank that have been identified in various countries. Phylogenetic analysis and pairwise identity comparison with CABYV isolates showed that CABYV-PFs are more closely related to French and Spanish isolates. Overall, analyses of all the CABYV genomes revealed that these could represent ten distinct species, and we thus proposed reclassifying these CABYV as isolates into ten species, tentatively named “Polerovirus curcubitaeprimum” to “Polerovirus curcubitaenonum”, and “Polerovirus melo”. CABYV-PF is a member of “Polerovirus curcubitaeprimum”. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Fruit and Vegetable Viruses)
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18 pages, 6487 KiB  
Article
Sida Golden Mosaic Virus, an Emerging Pathogen of Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in the Southeastern United States
by Saurabh Gautam, James W. Buck, Bhabesh Dutta, Timothy Coolong, Tatiana Sanchez, Hugh A. Smith, Scott Adkins and Rajagopalbabu Srinivasan
Viruses 2023, 15(2), 357; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15020357 - 26 Jan 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2345
Abstract
Sida golden mosaic virus (SiGMV) was first detected from snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Florida in 2006 and recently in Georgia in 2018. Since 2018, it has caused significant economic losses to snap bean growers in Georgia. This study, using a [...] Read more.
Sida golden mosaic virus (SiGMV) was first detected from snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Florida in 2006 and recently in Georgia in 2018. Since 2018, it has caused significant economic losses to snap bean growers in Georgia. This study, using a SiGMV isolate field-collected from prickly sida (Sida spinosa L.), examined the putative host range, vector-mediated transmission, and SiGMV-modulated effects on host–vector interactions. In addition, this study analyzed the phylogenetic relationships of SiGMV with other begomoviruses reported from Sida spp. Host range studies confirmed that SiGMV can infect seasonal crops and perennial weed species such as snap bean, hollyhock (Alcea rosea L.), marsh mallow (Althaea officinalis L.), okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench), country mallow (Sida cordifolia L.), prickly sida (S. spinosa), and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). The incidence of infection ranged from 70 to 100%. SiGMV-induced symptoms and virus accumulation varied between hosts. The vector, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius, was able to complete its life cycle on all plant species, irrespective of SiGMV infection status. However, SiGMV infection in prickly sida and country mallow positively increased the fitness of whiteflies, whereas SiGMV infection in okra negatively influenced whitefly fitness. Whiteflies efficiently back-transmitted SiGMV from infected prickly sida, hollyhock, marsh mallow, and okra to snap bean, and the incidence of infection ranged from 27 to 80%. Complete DNA-A sequence from this study shared 97% identity with SiGMV sequences reported from Florida and it was determined to be closely related with sida viruses reported from the New World. These results suggest that SiGMV, a New World begomovirus, has a broad host range that would allow its establishment in the farmscapes/landscapes of the southeastern United States and is an emerging threat to snap bean and possibly other crops. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Fruit and Vegetable Viruses)
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14 pages, 1323 KiB  
Article
Comparative Analysis of Tomato Brown Rugose Fruit Virus Isolates Shows Limited Genetic Diversity
by Peter Abrahamian, Weili Cai, Schyler O. Nunziata, Kai-Shu Ling, Namrata Jaiswal, Vessela A. Mavrodieva, Yazmín Rivera and Mark K. Nakhla
Viruses 2022, 14(12), 2816; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14122816 - 17 Dec 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3154
Abstract
Tomato is an important vegetable in the United States and around the world. Recently, tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV), an emerging tobamovirus, has impacted tomato crops worldwide and can result in fruit loss. ToBRFV causes severe symptoms, such as mosaic, puckering, and [...] Read more.
Tomato is an important vegetable in the United States and around the world. Recently, tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV), an emerging tobamovirus, has impacted tomato crops worldwide and can result in fruit loss. ToBRFV causes severe symptoms, such as mosaic, puckering, and necrotic lesions on leaves; other symptoms include brown rugose and marbling on fruits. More importantly, ToBRFV can overcome resistance in tomato cultivars carrying the Tm-22 locus. In this study, we recovered ToBRFV sequences from tomato seeds, leaves, and fruits from the U.S., Mexico, and Peru. Samples were pre-screened using a real-time RT-PCR assay prior to high-throughput sequencing. Virus draft genomes from 22 samples were assembled and analyzed against more than 120 publicly available genomes. Overall, most sequenced isolates were similar to each other and did not form a distinct population. Phylogenetic analysis revealed three clades within the ToBRFV population. Most of the isolates (95%) clustered in clade 3. Genetic analysis revealed differentiation between the three clades indicating minor divergence occurring. Overall, pairwise identity showed limited genetic diversity among the isolates in this study with worldwide isolates, with a pairwise identity ranging from 99.36% and 99.97%. The overall population is undergoing high gene flow and population expansion with strong negative selection pressure at all ToBRFV genes. Based on the results of this study, it is likely that the limited ToBRFV diversity is associated with the rapid movement and eradication of ToBRFV-infected material between countries. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Fruit and Vegetable Viruses)
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17 pages, 5001 KiB  
Article
An Unwanted Association: The Threat to Papaya Crops by a Novel Potexvirus in Northwest Argentina
by Dariel Cabrera Mederos, Humberto Debat, Carolina Torres, Orelvis Portal, Margarita Jaramillo Zapata, Verónica Trucco, Ceferino Flores, Claudio Ortiz, Alejandra Badaracco, Luis Acuña, Claudia Nome, Diego Quito-Avila, Nicolas Bejerman, Onias Castellanos Collazo, Aminael Sánchez-Rodríguez and Fabián Giolitti
Viruses 2022, 14(10), 2297; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14102297 - 19 Oct 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3040
Abstract
An emerging virus isolated from papaya (Carica papaya) crops in northwestern (NW) Argentina was sequenced and characterized using next-generation sequencing. The resulting genome is 6667-nt long and encodes five open reading frames in an arrangement typical of other potexviruses. This virus [...] Read more.
An emerging virus isolated from papaya (Carica papaya) crops in northwestern (NW) Argentina was sequenced and characterized using next-generation sequencing. The resulting genome is 6667-nt long and encodes five open reading frames in an arrangement typical of other potexviruses. This virus appears to be a novel member within the genus Potexvirus. Blast analysis of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and coat protein (CP) genes showed the highest amino acid sequence identity (67% and 71%, respectively) with pitaya virus X. Based on nucleotide sequence similarity and phylogenetic analysis, the name papaya virus X is proposed for this newly characterized potexvirus that was mechanically transmitted to papaya plants causing chlorotic patches and severe mosaic symptoms. Papaya virus X (PapVX) was found only in the NW region of Argentina. This prevalence could be associated with a recent emergence or adaptation of this virus to papaya in NW Argentina. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Fruit and Vegetable Viruses)
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13 pages, 1781 KiB  
Article
Persistent, and Asymptomatic Viral Infections and Whitefly-Transmitted Viruses Impacting Cantaloupe and Watermelon in Georgia, USA
by Ismaila Adeyemi Adeleke, Saritha Raman Kavalappara, Cecilia McGregor, Rajagopalbabu Srinivasan and Sudeep Bag
Viruses 2022, 14(6), 1310; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14061310 - 15 Jun 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3257
Abstract
Cucurbits in Southeastern USA have experienced a drastic decline in production over the years due to the effect of economically important viruses, mainly those transmitted by the sweet potato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Gennadius). In cucurbits, these viruses can be found as a [...] Read more.
Cucurbits in Southeastern USA have experienced a drastic decline in production over the years due to the effect of economically important viruses, mainly those transmitted by the sweet potato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Gennadius). In cucurbits, these viruses can be found as a single or mixed infection, thereby causing significant yield loss. During the spring of 2021, surveys were conducted to evaluate the incidence and distribution of viruses infecting cantaloupe (n = 80) and watermelon (n = 245) in Georgia. Symptomatic foliar tissues were collected from six counties and sRNA libraries were constructed from seven symptomatic samples. High throughput sequencing (HTS) analysis revealed the presence of three different new RNA viruses in Georgia: cucumis melo endornavirus (CmEV), cucumis melo amalgavirus (CmAV1), and cucumis melo cryptic virus (CmCV). Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis revealed the presence of CmEV and CmAV1 in 25% and 43% of the total samples tested, respectively. CmCV was not detected using RT-PCR. Watermelon crinkle leaf-associated virus 1 (WCLaV-1), recently reported in GA, was detected in 28% of the samples tested. Furthermore, RT-PCR and PCR analysis of 43 symptomatic leaf tissues collected from the fall-grown watermelon in 2019 revealed the presence of cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus (CCYV), cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus (CYSDV), and cucurbit leaf crumple virus (CuLCrV) at 73%, 2%, and 81%, respectively. This finding broadens our knowledge of the prevalence of viruses in melons in the fall and spring, as well as the geographical expansion of the WCLaV-1 in GA, USA. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Fruit and Vegetable Viruses)
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14 pages, 1892 KiB  
Article
Transmission of Grapevine Red Blotch Virus by Spissistilus festinus [Say, 1830] (Hemiptera: Membracidae) between Free-Living Vines and Vitis vinifera ‘Cabernet Franc’
by Victoria Hoyle, Madison T. Flasco, Jiyeong Choi, Elizabeth J. Cieniewicz, Heather McLane, Keith Perry, Gerald Dangl, Maher Al Rwahnih, Michelle Heck, Greg Loeb and Marc F. Fuchs
Viruses 2022, 14(6), 1156; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14061156 - 26 May 2022
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3570
Abstract
Grapevine red blotch disease emerged within the past decade, disrupting North American vine stock production and vineyard profitability. Our understanding of how grapevine red blotch virus (GRBV), the causal agent of the disease, interacts with its Vitis hosts and insect vector, Spissistilus festinus [...] Read more.
Grapevine red blotch disease emerged within the past decade, disrupting North American vine stock production and vineyard profitability. Our understanding of how grapevine red blotch virus (GRBV), the causal agent of the disease, interacts with its Vitis hosts and insect vector, Spissistilus festinus, is limited. Here, we studied the capabilities of S. festinus to transmit GRBV from and to free-living vines, identified as first-generation hybrids of V. californica and V. vinifera ‘Sauvignon blanc’ (Vcal hybrids), and to and from V. vinifera ‘Cabernet franc’ (Vvin Cf) vines. The transmission rate of GRBV was high from infected Vcal hybrid vines to healthy Vcal hybrid vines (77%, 10 of 13) and from infected Vvin Cf vines to healthy Vcal hybrid vines (100%, 3 of 3). In contrast, the transmission rate of GRBV was low from infected Vcal hybrid vines to healthy Vvin Cf vines (15%, 2 of 13), and from infected Vvin Cf vines to healthy Vvin Cf vines (19%, 5 of 27). No association was found between transmission rates and GRBV titer in donor vines used in transmission assays, but the virus titer was higher in the recipient leaves of Vcal hybrid vines compared with recipient leaves of Vvin Cf vines. The transmission of GRBV from infected Vcal hybrid vines was also determined to be trans-stadial. Altogether, our findings revealed that free-living vines can be a source for the GRBV inoculum that is transmissible by S. festinus to other free-living vines and a wine grape cultivar, illustrating the interconnected roles of the two virus hosts in riparian areas and commercial vineyards, respectively, for virus spread. These new insights into red blotch disease epidemiology will inform the implementation of disease management strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Fruit and Vegetable Viruses)
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Review

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16 pages, 5001 KiB  
Review
Viruses of Economic Impact on Tomato Crops in Mexico: From Diagnosis to Management—A Review
by Raymundo Saúl García-Estrada, Alfredo Diaz-Lara, Vivian Hayde Aguilar-Molina and Juan Manuel Tovar-Pedraza
Viruses 2022, 14(6), 1251; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14061251 - 9 Jun 2022
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 7194
Abstract
Tomato is the most economically important vegetable crop worldwide and the second most important for Mexico. However, viral diseases are among the main limiting factors that affect the productivity of this crop, causing total losses in some cases. This review provides key information [...] Read more.
Tomato is the most economically important vegetable crop worldwide and the second most important for Mexico. However, viral diseases are among the main limiting factors that affect the productivity of this crop, causing total losses in some cases. This review provides key information and findings on the symptoms, distribution, transmission, detection, and management of diseases caused by viruses of major importance in tomato crops in Mexico. Currently, about 25 viruses belonging to nine different families have been reported infecting tomato in Mexico, but not all of them cause economically significant diseases. Viruses of economic importance include tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV), tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), pepino mosaic virus (PepMV), and tomato marchitez virus (ToMarV). The topics discussed here will provide updated information about the status of these plant viruses in Mexico as well as diverse management strategies that can be implemented according to the specific circumstances of each viral pathosystem. Additionally, a list of tomato-affecting viruses not present in Mexico that are continuous threats to the crop health is included. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Fruit and Vegetable Viruses)
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