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Viruses
Special Issues
Norovirus and Foodborne Diseases
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Norovirus and Foodborne Diseases

A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "General Virology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2023) | Viewed by 22481

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Kim Y. Green

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
Interests: noroviruses; caliciviruses; viral gastroenteritis

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The journal Viruses has offered to publish a Special Issue focused on current research in our field, entitled “Noroviruses and Foodborne Disease”. This issue presents an excellent opportunity to share your findings on this topic with the research community. Areas of research could include (but are not limited to) the following:

  1. Disease burden of noroviruses in foodborne illnesses (regional or global);
  2. Best practices for outbreak investigations;
  3. State-of-the art diagnostic and detection assays;
  4. Outbreak prevention and control;
  5. Epidemiology of noroviruses associated with foodborne outbreaks;
  6. Monitoring sewage and other environment settings;
  7. Infectivity assays for human noroviruses and models;
  8. Norovirus inactivation methods;
  9. Best practices for food safety.

We are inviting you to participate in this Special Issue as an author or co-author. You are also encouraged to propose any other qualified investigators (especially those in the early stages of their career) who may be interested in contributing to this issue. We look forward to hearing from you.

Dr. Kim Y. Green
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Viruses is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • norovirus
  • calicivirus
  • foodborne disease
  • gastroenteritis outbreaks

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Further information on MDPI's Special Issue polices can be found here.

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 999 KiB  
Article
Feasibility of Polyclonal Avian Immunoglobulins (IgY) as Prophylaxis against Human Norovirus Infection
by Chad Artman, Nnebuefe Idegwu, Kyle D. Brumfield, Ken Lai, Shirley Hauta, Darryl Falzarano, Viviana Parreño, Lijuan Yuan, James D. Geyer and Julius G. Goepp
Viruses 2022, 14(11), 2371; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14112371 - 27 Oct 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2171
Abstract
Background: Human norovirus (HuNoV) is the leading viral cause of diarrhea, with GII.4 as the predominant genotype of HuNoV outbreaks globally. However, new genogroup variants emerge periodically, complicating the development of anti-HuNoV vaccines; other prophylactic or therapeutic medications specifically for HuNoV disease are [...] Read more.
Background: Human norovirus (HuNoV) is the leading viral cause of diarrhea, with GII.4 as the predominant genotype of HuNoV outbreaks globally. However, new genogroup variants emerge periodically, complicating the development of anti-HuNoV vaccines; other prophylactic or therapeutic medications specifically for HuNoV disease are lacking. Passive immunization using oral anti-HuNoV antibodies may be a rational alternative. Here, we explore the feasibility of using avian immunoglobulins (IgY) for preventing HuNoV infection in vitro in a human intestinal enteroid (HIE) model. Methods: Hens were immunized with virus-like particles (VLP) of a GII.4 HuNoV strain (GII.4/CHDC2094/1974/US) by intramuscular injection. The resulting IgY was evaluated for inhibition of binding to histo-blood group antigens (HBGA) and viral neutralization against representative GII.4 and GII.6 clinical isolates, using an HIE model. Results: IgY titers were detected by three weeks following initial immunization, persisting at levels of 1:221 (1:2,097,152) from 9 weeks to 23 weeks. Anti-HuNoV IgY significantly (p < 0.05) blocked VLP adhesion to HBGA up to 1:12,048 dilution (0.005 mg/mL), and significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited replication of HuNoV GII.4[P16] Sydney 2012 in HIEs up to 1:128 dilution (0.08 mg/mL). Neutralization was not detected against genotype GII.6. Conclusions: We demonstrate the feasibility of IgY for preventing infection of HIE by HuNoV GII.4. Clinical preparations should cover multiple circulating HuNoV genotypes for comprehensive effects. Plans for animal studies are underway. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Norovirus and Foodborne Diseases)
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7 pages, 836 KiB  
Communication
Evaluation of Heat Inactivation of Human Norovirus in Freshwater Clams Using Human Intestinal Enteroids
by Tsuyoshi Hayashi, Yoko Yamaoka, Atsushi Ito, Takashi Kamaishi, Ryuichi Sugiyama, Mary K. Estes, Masamichi Muramatsu and Kosuke Murakami
Viruses 2022, 14(5), 1014; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14051014 - 10 May 2022
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2675
Abstract
Foodborne disease attributed to the consumption of shellfish contaminated with human norovirus (HuNoV) is one of many global health concerns. Our study aimed to determine the conditions of the heat-inactivation of HuNoV in freshwater clams (Corbicula japonica) using a recently developed [...] Read more.
Foodborne disease attributed to the consumption of shellfish contaminated with human norovirus (HuNoV) is one of many global health concerns. Our study aimed to determine the conditions of the heat-inactivation of HuNoV in freshwater clams (Corbicula japonica) using a recently developed HuNoV cultivation system employing stem-cell derived human intestinal enteroids (HIEs). We first measured the internal temperature of the clam tissue in a water bath during boiling at 90 °C and found that approximately 2 min are required for the tissue to reach 90 °C. Next, GII.4 HuNoV was spiked into the center of the clam tissue, followed by boiling at 90 °C for 1, 2, 3, or 4 min. The infectivity of HuNoV in the clam tissue homogenates was evaluated using HIEs. We demonstrated that HuNoV in unboiled clam tissue homogenates replicated in HIEs, whereas infectivity was lost in all boiled samples, indicating that heat treatment at 90 °C for 1 min inactivates HuNoV in freshwater clams in our current HIE culture system. To our knowledge, this is the first study to determine the thermal tolerability of HuNoV in shellfish using HIEs, and our results could be informative for developing strategies to inactivate HuNoV in shellfish. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Norovirus and Foodborne Diseases)
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Review

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14 pages, 1392 KiB  
Review
Elucidating the Implications of Norovirus N- and O-Glycosylation, O-GlcNAcylation, and Phosphorylation
by Chia-Chi Cheng, Guan-Ming Ke, Pei-Yu Chu and Liang-Yin Ke
Viruses 2023, 15(3), 798; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15030798 - 21 Mar 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2824
Abstract
Norovirus is the most common cause of foodborne gastroenteritis, affecting millions of people worldwide annually. Among the ten genotypes (GI–GX) of norovirus, only GI, GII, GIV, GVIII, and GIX infect humans. Some genotypes reportedly exhibit post-translational modifications (PTMs), including N- and O [...] Read more.
Norovirus is the most common cause of foodborne gastroenteritis, affecting millions of people worldwide annually. Among the ten genotypes (GI–GX) of norovirus, only GI, GII, GIV, GVIII, and GIX infect humans. Some genotypes reportedly exhibit post-translational modifications (PTMs), including N- and O-glycosylation, O-GlcNAcylation, and phosphorylation, in their viral antigens. PTMs have been linked to increased viral genome replication, viral particle release, and virulence. Owing to breakthroughs in mass spectrometry (MS) technologies, more PTMs have been discovered in recent years and have contributed significantly to preventing and treating infectious diseases. However, the mechanisms by which PTMs act on noroviruses remain poorly understood. In this section, we outline the current knowledge of the three common types of PTM and investigate their impact on norovirus pathogenesis. Moreover, we summarize the strategies and techniques for the identification of PTMs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Norovirus and Foodborne Diseases)
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21 pages, 3351 KiB  
Review
Norovirus: An Overview of Virology and Preventative Measures
by Natalie Winder, Sara Gohar and Munitta Muthana
Viruses 2022, 14(12), 2811; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14122811 - 16 Dec 2022
Cited by 35 | Viewed by 11779
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is an enteric non-enveloped virus which is the leading cause of gastroenteritis across all age groups. It is responsible for around 200,000 deaths annually and outbreaks are common in small communities such as educational and care facilities. 40% of all NoV [...] Read more.
Norovirus (NoV) is an enteric non-enveloped virus which is the leading cause of gastroenteritis across all age groups. It is responsible for around 200,000 deaths annually and outbreaks are common in small communities such as educational and care facilities. 40% of all NoV outbreaks occur in long-term and acute-care facilities, forming the majority of outbreaks. Nosocomial settings set ideal environments for ease of transmission, especially due to the presence of immunocompromised groups. It is estimated to cost global economies around £48 billion a year, making it a global issue. NoV is transmitted via the faecal-oral route and infection with it results in asymptomatic cases or gastrointestinal disease. It has high mutational rates and this allows for new variants to emerge and be more resistant. The classification system available divides NoV into 10 genogroups and 49 genotypes based on whole amino acid sequencing of VP1 capsid protein and partial sequencing of RdRp, respectively. The most predominant genotypes which cause gastroenteritis in humans include GI.1 and GII.4, where GII.4 is responsible for more extreme clinical implications such as hospitalisation. In addition, GII.4 has been responsible for 6 pandemic strains, the last of which is the GII.4 Sydney (2012) variant. In recent years, the successful cultivation of HuNoV was reported in stem cell-derived human intestinal enteroids (HIEs), which promises to assist in giving a deeper understanding of its underlying mechanisms of infection and the development of more personalized control measures. There are no specific control measures against NoV, therefore common practices are used against it such as hand washing. No vaccine is available, but the HIL-214 candidate passed clinical phase 2b and shows promise. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Norovirus and Foodborne Diseases)
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Other

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12 pages, 2066 KiB  
Brief Report
Norovirus Genetic Diversity in Children under Five Years Old with Acute Diarrhea in Mozambique (2014–2015)
by Jorfélia J. Chilaúle, Benilde Munlela, Janet Mans, Victor V. Mabasa, Selma Marques, Adilson Fernando Loforte Bauhofer, Graziela Jane, Elda Anapakala, Fernanda Oliveira, Idalécia Cossa-Moiane, Esperança Guimarães, Júlia Sambo, Diocreciano Matias Bero, Assucênio Chissaque, Nilsa de Deus and Maureen B. Taylor
Viruses 2022, 14(9), 2001; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14092001 - 9 Sep 2022
Viewed by 2026
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is the second most important cause of viral diarrheal disease in children worldwide after rotavirus and is estimated to be responsible for 17% of acute diarrhea in low-income countries. This study aimed to identify and report NoV genotypes in Mozambican children [...] Read more.
Norovirus (NoV) is the second most important cause of viral diarrheal disease in children worldwide after rotavirus and is estimated to be responsible for 17% of acute diarrhea in low-income countries. This study aimed to identify and report NoV genotypes in Mozambican children under the age of five years with acute diarrhea. Between May 2014 and December 2015, stool specimens were collected within the Mozambique Diarrhea National Surveillance (ViNaDia) and tested for NoV genogroups I (GI) and II (GII) using conventional reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Partial capsid and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) nucleotide sequences were aligned using the Muscle tool, and phylogenetic analyses were performed using MEGA X. A total of 204 stool specimens were tested for NoV. The detection rate of NoV was 14.2% (29/204). The presence of NoV was confirmed, by real-time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR), in 24/29 (82.8%) specimens, and NoV GII predominated (70.8%; 17/24). NoV GII.4 Sydney 2012[P31] was the predominant genotype/P-type combination detected (30.4%; 7/23). This is the first study which highlights the high genetic diversity of NoV in Mozambican children and the need to establish a continuous NoV surveillance system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Norovirus and Foodborne Diseases)
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