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Viruses
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Bovine Influenza
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Bovine Influenza

A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "Animal Viruses".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 December 2024 | Viewed by 4867

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Dan Wang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
Interests: influenza virology; bovine influenza C and D; coronavirus; rotavirus; vaccine development; reverse genetics system; pathogen discovery
Prof. Dr. Feng Li

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Veterinary Science, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
Interests: bovine influenza; influenza virology; rotavirus; veterinary virology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Cattle had not been proposed or established as a reservoir or susceptible host for influenza viruses until the discovery of influenza D in bovines in 2014. The recent observations of human influenza C virus spillover to cattle further strengthen the idea that cattle are susceptible to influenza virus infections. In March 2024, an in-depth clinical investigation of causative agents associated with a mystery disease complex affecting dairy cows in the Texas panhandle region of United States led to the unexpected identification of a highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus in diseased dairy cows with a significant drop in milk production. To date, cow influenza H5N1 has been found in at least five states of the U.S., including Texas, Kansas, Michigan, New Mexico, and Idaho. The sudden emergence of the H5N1 virus in dairy cows provides convincing evidence that cattle are also a susceptible host to the influenza A virus. This new discovery also raises many important questions, such as how the bird influenza virus jumps to dairy cows with high levels of the virus detected in raw milk, and how to protect cattle herds as well as people who work for this important industry. This Special Issue will feature the most recent research and findings on influenza viruses in cattle, including epidemiology and public health, tropism, adaptation to bovines and cross-species transmission, infection biology, evolution, virus–host interactions, immune responses, and vaccine development. In addition, this SI also welcome topics on influenza viruses in other ruminating mammals, including goats, sheep, and deer.

Dr. Dan Wang
Prof. Dr. Feng Li
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Viruses is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • cattle
  • influenza viruses
  • avian influenza
  • replication
  • virulence
  • transmission
  • host adaptation
  • reservoir
  • epidemiology
  • one health
  • vaccine
  • immune response

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Review

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19 pages, 1138 KiB  
Review
Emerging Threats of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A (H5N1) in US Dairy Cattle: Understanding Cross-Species Transmission Dynamics in Mammalian Hosts
by Chithra C. Sreenivasan, Feng Li and Dan Wang
Viruses 2024, 16(11), 1703; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16111703 - 30 Oct 2024
Viewed by 1779
Abstract
The rapid geographic spread of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus in poultry, wild birds, and other mammalian hosts, including humans, raises significant health concerns globally. The recent emergence of HPAI A(H5N1) in agricultural animals such as cattle and goats indicates [...] Read more.
The rapid geographic spread of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus in poultry, wild birds, and other mammalian hosts, including humans, raises significant health concerns globally. The recent emergence of HPAI A(H5N1) in agricultural animals such as cattle and goats indicates the ability of the virus to breach unconventional host interfaces, further expanding the host range. Among the four influenza types—A, B, C, and D, cattle are most susceptible to influenza D infection and serve as a reservoir for this seven-segmented influenza virus. It is generally thought that bovines are not hosts for other types of influenza viruses, including type A. However, this long-standing viewpoint has been challenged by the recent outbreaks of HPAI A(H5N1) in dairy cows in the United States. To date, HPAI A(H5N1) has spread into fourteen states, affecting 299 dairy herds and causing clinical symptoms such as reduced appetite, fever, and a sudden drop in milk production. Infected cows can also transmit the disease through raw milk. This review article describes the current epidemiological landscape of HPAI A(H5N1) in US dairy cows and its interspecies transmission events in other mammalian hosts reported across the globe. The review also discusses the viral determinants of tropism, host range, adaptative mutations of HPAI A(H5N1) in various mammalian hosts with natural and experimental infections, and vaccination strategies. Finally, it summarizes some immediate questions that need to be addressed for a better understanding of the infection biology, transmission, and immune response of HPAI A(H5N1) in bovines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bovine Influenza)
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Other

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7 pages, 1228 KiB  
Brief Report
The Thermal Stability of Influenza Viruses in Milk
by Wanke Hu, Zhao Wang, Yunxia Chen, Siyu Wu, Tianyu Li, Shao-Lun Zhai, Xianghong Ju, Yipeng Sun, Wen-Kang Wei and Jieshi Yu
Viruses 2024, 16(11), 1766; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16111766 - 13 Nov 2024
Viewed by 1104
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) of the H5N1 subtype (clade 2.3.4.4b) have been detected in raw milk from infected cows. Several studies have examined the time and temperature parameters to ascertain whether influenza viruses in milk can be inactivated completely under commercial [...] Read more.
Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) of the H5N1 subtype (clade 2.3.4.4b) have been detected in raw milk from infected cows. Several studies have examined the time and temperature parameters to ascertain whether influenza viruses in milk can be inactivated completely under commercial pasteurization conditions, yielding conflicting results. This study aimed to investigate whether milk could help protect influenza viruses from heat treatment. After heat treatment at 49 °C for one hour, the titer reduction of the influenza A/WSN/1933 (A/H1) virus in milk was approximately 1.6 log10TCID50/mL, which was significantly lower than that (3 log10TCID50/mL) observed in the Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) control media. The influenza D/bovine/CHN/JY3002/2022 (D/Yama2019) virus in milk retained a high residual infectivity (4.68 × 103 log10TCID50/mL) after treatment at 53 °C; however, the virus in DMEM completely lost its infectivity under the same conditions. Moreover, the influenza A/chicken/CHN/Cangzhou03/2023 (A/H5) virus in DMEM could be inactivated completely using any of the three heat treatment methods: 63 °C for 30 min, 72 °C for 15 s, or 80 °C for 15 s. For the virus present in milk, only heat treatment at 80 °C for 15 s completely inactivated it. These results suggest that milk prevents influenza viruses from pasteurization inactivation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bovine Influenza)
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4 pages, 193 KiB  
Brief Report
Bovine Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Stability and Inactivation in the Milk Byproduct Lactose
by Taeyong Kwon, Jordan T. Gebhardt, Eu Lim Lyoo, Mohammed Nooruzzaman, Natasha N. Gaudreault, Igor Morozov, Diego G. Diel and Juergen A. Richt
Viruses 2024, 16(9), 1451; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16091451 - 12 Sep 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1410
Abstract
The recent incursion of highly pathogenic influenza viruses into dairy cattle opens new insights for influenza virus ecology and its interspecies transmission and may have a significant impact on public health and agriculture. The aim of this study was to determine the stability [...] Read more.
The recent incursion of highly pathogenic influenza viruses into dairy cattle opens new insights for influenza virus ecology and its interspecies transmission and may have a significant impact on public health and agriculture. The aim of this study was to determine the stability of a bovine highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus isolate in the milk byproduct lactose and to evaluate two inactivation methods using industrial procedures. The bovine isolate of the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus was stable for 14 days in a concentrated lactose solution under refrigerated conditions. Heat or citric acid treatments successfully inactivated the virus in lactose. This study highlights the persistence of HPAIV in lactose and its efficient inactivation under industrial standards. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bovine Influenza)
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