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Viruses
Special Issues
Transmission of Retroviruses across Virological Synapses
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Transmission of Retroviruses across Virological Synapses

A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "Animal Viruses".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 April 2010) | Viewed by 93756

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Quentin J. Sattentau

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
Interests: retrovirus-receptor interactions; HIV neutralising antibody vaccine; structure/function studies on the HIV envelope glycoproteins; reactive carbonyls in allergy and autoimmunity

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Published Papers (8 papers)

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Editorial

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25 KiB  
Editorial
Retroviruses and the Third Synapse
by Quentin J. Sattentau
Viruses 2010, 2(4), 1008-1010; https://doi.org/10.3390/v2041008 - 15 Apr 2010
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 7320
Abstract
The direct movement of viruses between contacting cells as a mode of dissemination distinct from the release of cell-free virions was hinted at in pioneering experiments first reported almost eighty years ago [1], and confirmed and extended 30 years later [2,3]. This early [...] Read more.
The direct movement of viruses between contacting cells as a mode of dissemination distinct from the release of cell-free virions was hinted at in pioneering experiments first reported almost eighty years ago [1], and confirmed and extended 30 years later [2,3]. This early work was carried out using the tools of the time in the absence of the modern cell biological, immunological and virological techniques available today. As such, although many of the basic concepts were established for cell-to-cell spread prior to the discovery of retroviruses, descriptions of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon were lacking. Papers from two decades ago revealed that HIV-1 could spread between cultured lymphocytes by cell-to-cell spread [4], proposed that this mechanism of dissemination was substantially more efficient than diffusion-limited spread of cell-free virions [5,6], and suggested that this might be a mechanism of evasion from antibody neutralization [4]. [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transmission of Retroviruses across Virological Synapses)

Review

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641 KiB  
Review
Dendritic Cells and HIV-1 Trans-Infection
by David McDonald
Viruses 2010, 2(8), 1704-1717; https://doi.org/10.3390/v2081704 - 17 Aug 2010
Cited by 44 | Viewed by 13989
Abstract
Dendritic cells initiate and sustain immune responses by migrating to sites of pathogenic insult, transporting antigens to lymphoid tissues and signaling immune specific activation of T cells through the formation of the immunological synapse. Dendritic cells can also transfer intact, infectious HIV-1 to [...] Read more.
Dendritic cells initiate and sustain immune responses by migrating to sites of pathogenic insult, transporting antigens to lymphoid tissues and signaling immune specific activation of T cells through the formation of the immunological synapse. Dendritic cells can also transfer intact, infectious HIV-1 to CD4 T cells through an analogous structure, the infectious synapse. This replication independent mode of HIV-1 transmission, known as trans-infection, greatly increases T cell infection in vitro and is thought to contribute to viral dissemination in vivo. This review outlines the recent data defining the mechanisms of trans-infection and provides a context for the potential contribution of trans-infection in HIV-1 disease. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transmission of Retroviruses across Virological Synapses)
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311 KiB  
Review
HIV-1 Virological Synapse: Live Imaging of Transmission
by Jerome Feldmann and Olivier Schwartz
Viruses 2010, 2(8), 1666-1680; https://doi.org/10.3390/v2081666 - 12 Aug 2010
Cited by 36 | Viewed by 7404
Abstract
A relatively new aspect of HIV-1 biology is the ability of the virus to infect cells by direct cellular contacts across a specialized structure, the virological synapse. This process was recently described through live cell imaging. Together with the accumulated knowledge on cellular [...] Read more.
A relatively new aspect of HIV-1 biology is the ability of the virus to infect cells by direct cellular contacts across a specialized structure, the virological synapse. This process was recently described through live cell imaging. Together with the accumulated knowledge on cellular and molecular structures involved in cell-to-cell transmission of HIV-1, the visualization of the virological synapse in video-microscopy has brought exciting new hypotheses on its underlying mechanisms. This review will recapitulate current knowledge with a particular emphasis on the questions live microscopy has raised. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transmission of Retroviruses across Virological Synapses)
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816 KiB  
Review
Macrophages and Cell-Cell Spread of HIV-1
by Kayoko Waki and Eric O. Freed
Viruses 2010, 2(8), 1603-1620; https://doi.org/10.3390/v2081603 - 5 Aug 2010
Cited by 37 | Viewed by 12321
Abstract
Macrophages have been postulated to play an important role in the pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection. Their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier and their resistance to virus-induced cytopathic effects allows them to serve as reservoirs for long-term infection. Thus, exploring the mechanisms of [...] Read more.
Macrophages have been postulated to play an important role in the pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection. Their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier and their resistance to virus-induced cytopathic effects allows them to serve as reservoirs for long-term infection. Thus, exploring the mechanisms of virus transmission from macrophages to target cells such as other macrophages or T lymphocytes is central to our understanding of HIV-1 pathogenesis and progression to AIDS, and is vital to the development of vaccines and novel antiretroviral therapies. This review provides an overview of the current understanding of cell-cell transmission in macrophages. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transmission of Retroviruses across Virological Synapses)
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716 KiB  
Review
The HTLV-1 Virological Synapse
by Mohamed Nejmeddine and Charles R.M. Bangham
Viruses 2010, 2(7), 1427-1447; https://doi.org/10.3390/v2071427 - 7 Jul 2010
Cited by 50 | Viewed by 13852
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1) spreads efficiently between T-cells via a tight and highly organized cell-cell contact known as the virological synapse. It is now thought that many retroviruses and other viruses spread via a virological synapse, which may be defined as a virus-induced, [...] Read more.
Human T-lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1) spreads efficiently between T-cells via a tight and highly organized cell-cell contact known as the virological synapse. It is now thought that many retroviruses and other viruses spread via a virological synapse, which may be defined as a virus-induced, specialized area of cell-to-cell contact that promotes the directed transmission of the virus between cells. We summarize here the mechanisms leading to the formation of the HTLV-1 virological synapse and the role played by HTLV-1 Tax protein. We propose a model of HTLV-1 transmission between T-cells based on the three-dimensional ultrastructure of the virological synapse. Finally, in the light of recent advances, we discuss the possible routes of HTLV-1 spread across the virological synapse. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transmission of Retroviruses across Virological Synapses)
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221 KiB  
Review
Cell-to-Cell Spread of Retroviruses
by Quentin J. Sattentau
Viruses 2010, 2(6), 1306-1321; https://doi.org/10.3390/v2061306 - 10 Jun 2010
Cited by 100 | Viewed by 13804
Abstract
Viruses from several families use direct cell-to-cell infection to disseminate between cells. Retroviruses are a relatively recent addition to this list, and appear to spread cell-to-cell by induction of multimolecular complexes termed virological synapses that assemble at the interface between infected and receptor-expressing [...] Read more.
Viruses from several families use direct cell-to-cell infection to disseminate between cells. Retroviruses are a relatively recent addition to this list, and appear to spread cell-to-cell by induction of multimolecular complexes termed virological synapses that assemble at the interface between infected and receptor-expressing target cells. Over the past five years, detailed insight into the cellular and molecular basis of virological synapse-mediated retroviral cell-to-cell spread has been obtained, but important questions and controversies have been raised that remain to be resolved. This review will focus on recent advances in the field with emphasis on areas in which work still needs to be done. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transmission of Retroviruses across Virological Synapses)
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167 KiB  
Review
T Cell Polarization at the Virological Synapse
by Clare Jolly
Viruses 2010, 2(6), 1261-1278; https://doi.org/10.3390/v2061261 - 31 May 2010
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 11008
Abstract
Cell-to-cell spread of HIV-1 between CD4+ T cells takes place at multimolecular structures called virological synapses. A defining feature of the virological synapse is polarization of viral assembly and budding at sites of T cell-T cell contact. Recent work is beginning to [...] Read more.
Cell-to-cell spread of HIV-1 between CD4+ T cells takes place at multimolecular structures called virological synapses. A defining feature of the virological synapse is polarization of viral assembly and budding at sites of T cell-T cell contact. Recent work is beginning to address how viral proteins are targeted to the virological synapse and the molecular mechanisms that regulate HIV-1 egress by cell-to-cell spread. This review discusses our current understanding of these processes and considers how T cell polarization during other forms of intercellular communication may provide insight into HIV-1 assembly and dissemination. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transmission of Retroviruses across Virological Synapses)
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337 KiB  
Review
HIV-1 Virological Synapse is not Simply a Copycat of the Immunological Synapse
by Gaia Vasiliver-Shamis, Michael L. Dustin and Catarina E. Hioe
Viruses 2010, 2(5), 1239-1260; https://doi.org/10.3390/v2051239 - 21 May 2010
Cited by 47 | Viewed by 12648
Abstract
The virological synapse (VS) is a tight adhesive junction between an HIV-infected cell and an uninfected target cell, across which virus can be efficiently transferred from cell to cell in the absence of cell-cell fusion. The VS has been postulated to resemble, in [...] Read more.
The virological synapse (VS) is a tight adhesive junction between an HIV-infected cell and an uninfected target cell, across which virus can be efficiently transferred from cell to cell in the absence of cell-cell fusion. The VS has been postulated to resemble, in its morphology, the well-studied immunological synapse (IS). This review article discusses the structural similarities between IS and VS and the shared T cell receptor (TCR) signaling components that are found in the VS. However, the IS and the VS display distinct kinetics in disassembly and intracellular signaling events, possibly leading to different biological outcomes. Hence, HIV-1 exploits molecular components of IS and TCR signaling machinery to trigger unique changes in cellular morphology, migration, and activation that facilitate its transmission and cell-to-cell spread. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transmission of Retroviruses across Virological Synapses)
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