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Viruses
Special Issues
Tuberculosis (TB) and HIV Coinfection
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Tuberculosis (TB) and HIV Coinfection

A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "Human Virology and Viral Diseases".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 April 2024) | Viewed by 11226

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Yinzhong Shen

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
Interests: COVID-19; influenza; HIV; emerging infectious diseases; clinical management; diagnosis

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue aims to present the most recent advances in the diagnosis, treatment and research of HIV and Mycobacterium Tuberculosis co-infection. The Special Issue will attend to a variety of topics that include, but are not limited to, the following: 1) the prevalence of tuberculosis among HIV-infected/AIDS patients; 2) technologies and strategies employed in the screening and diagnosis of tuberculosis in HIV-infected/AIDS patients; 3) the treatment and outcome of tuberculosis in HIV-infected/AIDS patients, particularly with regard to clinical research that is related to the WHO’s recommended short-term treatment strategy for drug-sensitive tuberculosis in HIV-positive patients; 4) antiviral treatment  and treatment outcomes in HIV-positive patients with tuberculosis; 5) the interaction between anti-HIV drugs and anti-tuberculosis drugs; 6) the pathogenesis, intervention and prognosis of tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammation; and 7) the long-term prognosis and management mode of HIV-infected/AIDS patients with tuberculosis. This Special Issue focuses on clinical research, particularly multi-center clinical studies, but related basic research is also greatly welcome.

Dr. Yinzhong Shen
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

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Keywords

  • tuberculosis
  • HIV infection
  • epidemiology
  • diagnosis
  • treatment
  • antiretroviral therapy
  • immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

2 pages, 162 KiB  
Editorial
Mycobacterium tuberculosis and HIV Co-Infection: A Public Health Problem That Requires Ongoing Attention
by Yinzhong Shen
Viruses 2024, 16(9), 1375; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16091375 - 29 Aug 2024
Viewed by 1037
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization’s (WHO) 2023 Global Tuberculosis Report, in 2022, HIV-positive tuberculosis cases accounted for 6 [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tuberculosis (TB) and HIV Coinfection)

Research

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15 pages, 4063 KiB  
Article
HIV-MTB Co-Infection Reduces CD4+ T Cells and Affects Granuloma Integrity
by Suyue Huang, Maoying Liu, Hui Zhang, Wei Song, Wenjuan Guo, Yanling Feng, Xin Ma, Xia Shi, Jianjian Liu, Li Liu, Tangkai Qi, Zhenyan Wang, Bo Yan and Yinzhong Shen
Viruses 2024, 16(8), 1335; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16081335 - 21 Aug 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 892
Abstract
Granuloma is a crucial pathological feature of tuberculosis (TB). The relationship between CD4+ T cells in both peripheral blood and granulomatous tissue, and the integrity of granulomas in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)–MTB co-infection, remains unexplored. This study collected biopsy specimens from 102 TB [...] Read more.
Granuloma is a crucial pathological feature of tuberculosis (TB). The relationship between CD4+ T cells in both peripheral blood and granulomatous tissue, and the integrity of granulomas in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)–MTB co-infection, remains unexplored. This study collected biopsy specimens from 102 TB patients (53 with HIV-MTB co-infection and 49 only with TB). Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and immunohistochemical staining were performed, followed by microscopic examination of the integrity of tuberculous granulomas. Through statistical analysis of peripheral blood CD4+ T cell counts, tissue CD4+ T cell proportion, and the integrity of granulomas, it was observed that HIV infection leads to poor formation of tuberculous granulomas. Peripheral blood CD4+ T cell counts were positively correlated with granuloma integrity, and there was a similar positive correlation between tissue CD4+ T cell proportions and granuloma integrity. Additionally, a positive correlation was found between peripheral blood CD4+ T cell counts and the proportion of CD4+ T cells in granuloma tissues. Therefore, HIV infection could impact the morphology and structure of tuberculous granulomas, with a reduced proportion of both peripheral blood and tissue CD4+ T lymphocytes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tuberculosis (TB) and HIV Coinfection)
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10 pages, 1473 KiB  
Article
Screening for Latent Tuberculosis Infection in People Living with HIV: TUBHIVIT Project, a Multicenter Italian Study
by Luca Pipitò, Elena Delfina Ricci, Paolo Maggi, Giuseppe Vittorio De Socio, Giovanni Francesco Pellicano, Marcello Trizzino, Raffaella Rubino, Alessandra Lanzi, Lorenzo Crupi, Ilaria Capriglione, Nicola Squillace, Giuseppe Nunnari, Antonio Di Biagio, Paolo Bonfanti and Antonio Cascio
Viruses 2024, 16(5), 777; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16050777 - 14 May 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1715
Abstract
Background: The coexistence of HIV infection and latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) presents a significant public health concern due to the increased risk of tuberculosis (TB) reactivation and progression to active disease. The multicenter observational cohort study, TUBHIVIT, conducted in Italy from 2017 to [...] Read more.
Background: The coexistence of HIV infection and latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) presents a significant public health concern due to the increased risk of tuberculosis (TB) reactivation and progression to active disease. The multicenter observational cohort study, TUBHIVIT, conducted in Italy from 2017 to 2023, aimed to assess the prevalence of LTBI among people living with HIV (PLHIV) and their outcomes following LTBI screening and therapy initiation. Methods: We performed a prospective study in five referral centers for HIV care in Italy. PLHIV who consented Tto participate underwent QuantiFERON-TB Gold Plus and clinical, microbiological, and radiological assessments to exclude subclinical tuberculosis, as opportune. PLHIV diagnosed with LTBI who started chemoprophylaxis were followed until the end of therapy. Results: A total of 1105 PLHIV were screened for LTBI using the QuantiFERON-TB Gold Plus test, revealing a prevalence of 3.4% of positive results (38/1105). Non-Italy-born individuals exhibited a significantly higher likelihood of testing positive. Thirty-one were diagnosed with LTBI, 1 showed active subclinical TB, and 6 were lost to follow-up before discriminating between latent and active TB. Among the PLHIV diagnosed with LTBI, 83.9% (26/31) started chemoprophylaxis. Most individuals received 6–9 months of isoniazid-based therapy. Of the 26 PLHIV commencing chemoprophylaxis, 18 (69.2%) completed the therapy, while 3 discontinued it and 5 were still on treatment at the time of the analysis. Adverse events were observed in two cases, while in one case the patient refused to continue the treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tuberculosis (TB) and HIV Coinfection)
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16 pages, 2851 KiB  
Article
Dynamics of Matricellular Protein Levels in Blood Predict Recovery in Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Tuberculosis Coinfection
by Ashwini Shete, Manisha Ghate, Hiroko Iwasaki-Hozumi, Sandip Patil, Pallavi Shidhaye, Gaowa Bai, Takashi Matsuba, Pratiksha Pharande, Bharati Mahajan, Aarti Randive, Anupam Mukherjee and Toshio Hattori
Viruses 2024, 16(5), 664; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16050664 - 24 Apr 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1334
Abstract
Chronic immune activation in tuberculosis (TB) associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (HIV/TB) modifies their clinical course. We prospectively measured osteopontin (OPN), full-length galectin-9 (FL-Gal9), and total-Gal9 (T-Gal9) levels in 32 patients with HIV/TB coinfection treated with anti-tuberculosis and antiretroviral therapies over [...] Read more.
Chronic immune activation in tuberculosis (TB) associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (HIV/TB) modifies their clinical course. We prospectively measured osteopontin (OPN), full-length galectin-9 (FL-Gal9), and total-Gal9 (T-Gal9) levels in 32 patients with HIV/TB coinfection treated with anti-tuberculosis and antiretroviral therapies over 6–18 months to determine the amelioration of inflammatory conditions in response to the therapies. We observed a significant time-dependent decrease in FL-Gal9 in both pulmonary TB (PTB, n = 20) and extrapulmonary TB (EPTB, n = 12) patients. The levels of T-Gal9, OPN, and CRP decreased significantly after treatment in only PTB patients. We calculated the inflammatory score (INS) indicating immunologic recovery based on the decline in OPN, FL-Gal9, T-Gal9, and CRP levels. Baseline levels of T-Gal9 and OPN positively correlated with INS in all TB and only PTB patients, respectively, indicating that their levels predict better recovery. In contrast, FL-Gal9 levels at the second visit negatively correlated with INS in EPTB patients. The decrease rate in OPN levels at the second visit also correlated positively with INS in PTB patients. Women showed a higher INS and lower levels of FL-Gal9 than men. The patients with moderate grade severity on chest X-ray had higher CD4 cell numbers than those with limited grade severity. Monitoring these markers will help to predict and assess the response to therapy as well as to devise strategies to reduce the complications caused by chronic immune activation in patients with HIV/TB coinfection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tuberculosis (TB) and HIV Coinfection)
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12 pages, 487 KiB  
Article
The Effect of HIV and Antiretroviral Therapy on Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Treatment Outcomes in Eastern Cape, South Africa: A Cohort Study
by Brittney van de Water, Nadia Abuelezam, Jenny Hotchkiss, Mandla Botha and Limpho Ramangoaela
Viruses 2023, 15(11), 2242; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15112242 - 10 Nov 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1449
Abstract
South Africa has a dual high burden of HIV and drug-resistant TB (DR-TB). We sought to understand the association of HIV and antiretroviral therapy status with TB treatment outcomes. This was a retrospective chart review of 246 patients who began treatment at two [...] Read more.
South Africa has a dual high burden of HIV and drug-resistant TB (DR-TB). We sought to understand the association of HIV and antiretroviral therapy status with TB treatment outcomes. This was a retrospective chart review of 246 patients who began treatment at two DR-TB hospitals in Eastern Cape, South Africa between 2017 and 2020. A categorical outcome with three levels was considered: unfavorable, transferred out, and successful. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were used to compare the individuals without HIV, with HIV and on antiretroviral therapy (ART), and with HIV but not on ART. Sixty-four percent of patients were co-infected with HIV, with eighty-seven percent of these individuals on ART at treatment initiation. The majority (59%) of patients had a successful treatment outcome. Twenty-one percent of patients transferred out, and an additional twenty-one percent did not have a successful outcome. Individuals without HIV had more than three and a half times the odds of success compared to individuals with HIV on ART and more than ten times the odds of a successful outcome compared to individuals with HIV not on ART (OR 3.64, 95% CI 1.11, 11.95; OR 10.24, 95% CI 2.79, 37.61). HIV co-infection, especially when untreated, significantly decreased the odds of treatment success compared to individuals without HIV co-infection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tuberculosis (TB) and HIV Coinfection)
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Review

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13 pages, 1311 KiB  
Review
HIV–TB Coinfection: Current Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Interactions
by Inesa Navasardyan, Rita Miwalian, Aelita Petrosyan, Stephanie Yeganyan and Vishwanath Venketaraman
Viruses 2024, 16(3), 321; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16030321 - 21 Feb 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3709
Abstract
The co-occurrence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis (TB) infection poses a significant global health challenge. Treatment of HIV and TB co-infection often necessitates combination therapy involving antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV and anti-TB medications, which introduces the potential for drug–drug interactions [...] Read more.
The co-occurrence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis (TB) infection poses a significant global health challenge. Treatment of HIV and TB co-infection often necessitates combination therapy involving antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV and anti-TB medications, which introduces the potential for drug–drug interactions (DDIs). These interactions can significantly impact treatment outcomes, the efficacy of treatment, safety, and overall patient well-being. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the DDIs between anti-HIV and anti-TB drugs as well as potential adverse effects resulting from the concomitant use of these medications. Furthermore, such findings may be used to develop personalized therapeutic strategies, dose adjustments, or alternative drug choices to minimize the risk of adverse outcomes and ensure the effective management of HIV and TB co-infection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tuberculosis (TB) and HIV Coinfection)
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