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Water Supplies, Sewerage and Stormwater Networks: New Challenges and Advances...
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Water Supplies, Sewerage and Stormwater Networks: New Challenges and Advances in Modelling and Management

A special issue of Water (ISSN 2073-4441). This special issue belongs to the section "Urban Water Management".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 25 March 2025 | Viewed by 11304

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Panagiota Galiatsatou

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Department of Geoinformatics, Surveying and Hydraulic Modelling, Division of Strategic Planning, Hydraulic Works and Development, Thessaloniki Water Supply and Sewerage Company S.A. (EYATH S.A), Thessaloniki, Greece
2. Department of Civil Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
Interests: climate change; extreme value analysis; extreme storms; flood risk management; hydraulic modelling of water networks; DMAs; smart water networks; uncertainty analysis; time series analysis and forecasting; probabilistic and stochastic processes; probabilistic design and upgrading of coastal structures; reliability-based design
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Antigoni Zafeirakou

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Civil Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
Interests: water and sewerage networks; stormwater and flood management; sustainable wastewater treatment and management; environmental statistics and optimization techniques; simulation of flow and transport of pollutants in aquifers, oil spill forecasting models

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The modeling and management of water distribution, sewerage, and urban drainage networks have been the focus of much scientific interest recently due to challenges arising from climate change, urbanization, the deterioration of water networks, and global threats to public health, among others. Changes in water consumption patterns, increasing leakages, water waste, pipe failures, or other incidents causing “non-standard” or even emergency operating conditions are some of the main challenges faced in water distribution networks. Considering stormwater networks, the increasing frequency and magnitude of extreme rainfall events, as well as changes in precipitation dynamics due to climate change, the urban drainage processes and disposal of stormwater, the increasing threat of urban flooding, stormwater sewer overflows, as well as quality issues involved are among the main problems that need addressing. Uncontrolled sewer overflows, sedimentation and sewer blockages, the deterioration of pipe materials, and odor issues are among the significant challenges faced in sewer system management.

This Special Issue, named “Water Supplies, Sewerage and Stormwater Networks: New Challenges and Advances in Modelling and Management”, aims to publish articles that advance our knowledge and understanding of the modeling and management of different types of urban water networks. Considering water distribution networks, this issue focuses on quantity and quality issues related to the drinking water system, including hydraulic modeling, performance assessment techniques, real-time monitoring and control, energy optimization, and water safety. Sewer and stormwater networks can also be studied from both the quantity and quality perspective, including hydraulic modeling under uncertainty, real-time monitoring, optimization methods, new management technologies, circular economy, climate change effects, urban flood risk and control measures, and infrastructure.

In this Special Issue, original research articles and reviews are welcome.

We are looking forward to receiving your contributions.

Dr. Panagiota Galiatsatou
Dr. Antigoni Zafeirakou
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Water is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • water network modeling
  • hydraulic software
  • real-time control
  • smart water networks
  • wastewater management
  • stormwater management
  • sewer overflows
  • circular economy
  • climate change effects
  • urban flood risk analysis and assessment
  • urban flood control

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 4911 KiB  
Article
Individual Importance Classification of Urban Stormwater Channel Networks: A Novel Approach Based on Permutation and Algebraic Graph Theory
by Zhicheng Zhong, Jixiang Wan, Hao Bu, Zheng Gao, Tingting Liu, Fusheng Wang, Qianyu Shao, Xinyue Qiu, Liang Wang and Jilin Cheng
Water 2024, 16(22), 3242; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16223242 - 11 Nov 2024
Viewed by 498
Abstract
The frequency and intensity of urban flooding continuously increase due to the dual influences of climate change and urbanization. Conducting individual importance classification of urban stormwater channel networks (USCNs) is of significant importance for alleviating urban flooding and facilitating targeted stormwater management implementation. [...] Read more.
The frequency and intensity of urban flooding continuously increase due to the dual influences of climate change and urbanization. Conducting individual importance classification of urban stormwater channel networks (USCNs) is of significant importance for alleviating urban flooding and facilitating targeted stormwater management implementation. However, a quantitative classification method is lacking for trellis networks, which are a common type of USCN. This study proposed a novel importance classification methodology for channel segments in most types of USCNs, especially suitable for trellis networks, based on permutation and algebraic graph theory. The concept of permutation was integrated into the methodology to measure the importance of each channel segment to the USCN. Algebraic graph theory was employed to quantify the topological structure and hydraulic characteristics of the USCN. To verify the applicability and rationality of the proposed methodology, a real-world city with trellis USCNs in China (i.e., Huai’an) was selected as the study area. Seventy channel segments in the USCN were efficiently classified into three categories based on individual importance. This study provided a decision-support methodology from the perspective of individual importance classification in the USCN and offered valuable reference for urban flooding managers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Supplies, Sewerage and Stormwater Networks: New Challenges and Advances in Modelling and Management)
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17 pages, 4828 KiB  
Article
Structure Equation Model for Costs and Benefits of Distribution Pipe Rehabilitation in Reactive Maintenance
by Ervin J. Mansyur, Biemo W. Soemardi and Reini D. Wirahadikusumah
Water 2024, 16(21), 3097; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16213097 - 29 Oct 2024
Viewed by 482
Abstract
Some water distribution pipe networks were constructed several decades ago and have been damaged. The old pipe network has experienced many leaks and should be rehabilitated. In old cities like Jakarta, with high leak rates (1.6 leaks/km/year), pipeline network managers must frequently repair [...] Read more.
Some water distribution pipe networks were constructed several decades ago and have been damaged. The old pipe network has experienced many leaks and should be rehabilitated. In old cities like Jakarta, with high leak rates (1.6 leaks/km/year), pipeline network managers must frequently repair leaks or perform reactive maintenance. Far too many pipes need to be rehabilitated compared to the available budget. This research will develop an optimization model for selecting rehabilitated pipes under reactive maintenance conditions, which has never been performed before. The selection of pipe segments to be rehabilitated must be optimal to obtain maximum benefits using minimum costs. The variables that influence rehabilitation costs and benefits and the relationship between these variables need to be known to optimize the selection. The influencing variables and their model structure were obtained from literature reviews and surveys of respondents with sufficient experience in water pipe network management. These influential variables have varying characteristics. Data processing and analysis uses the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) method with a formative–formative measurement model. In total, 22 variables were found to be valid and significantly influenced the cost and benefits of rehabilitation. The analysis results are a structural model of the relationship between variables that influence the costs and benefits of rehabilitation in reactive maintenance with a limited budget, which can be used to optimize rehabilitation models. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Supplies, Sewerage and Stormwater Networks: New Challenges and Advances in Modelling and Management)
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30 pages, 4663 KiB  
Article
A Comprehensive Evaluation of Water Resource Carrying Capacity Based on the Optimized Projection Pursuit Regression Model: A Case Study from China
by Yuelong Su, Xiangdong Xu, Meng Dai, Yan Hu, Qianna Li and Shumiao Shu
Water 2024, 16(18), 2650; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16182650 - 18 Sep 2024
Viewed by 676
Abstract
The Han River Ecological Economic Belt (HREEB) has a substantial amount of water resources; however, its distribution is uneven, and issues such as seasonal and engineering water shortages are prevalent. This necessitates a thorough assessment of the current water resource situation and trends [...] Read more.
The Han River Ecological Economic Belt (HREEB) has a substantial amount of water resources; however, its distribution is uneven, and issues such as seasonal and engineering water shortages are prevalent. This necessitates a thorough assessment of the current water resource situation and trends in water resource carrying capacity (WRCC) to provide scientific support for the rational allocation of water resources. This study employed the RAGA-PP model to establish a WRCC evaluation index system composed of four subsystems: water resources, economy, society, and the ecological environment. The WRCC of the 17 major cities in the HREEB was evaluated from 2008 to 2022. The differentiation method was introduced to compare the reliability of the RAGA-PP model with three evaluation methods: the entropy weight TOPSIS method, the rank sum ratio method, and the principal component analysis method. In addition, an obstacle degree model was introduced to analyze the factors influencing WRCC enhancement. The results indicated the following. (1) In the differentiation test of the four models, the RAGA-PP model was found to have the highest differentiation value, and the results showed that it was more reliable in the WRCC evaluation of HREEB. (2) WRCC in the HREEB underwent significant changes between 2008 and 2022. (3) The WRCC in Shiyan and Wuhan, which are located in the eastern part of the HREEB, were high in Hubei, low in four cities in Henan, and satisfactory in three cities in Shaanxi. (4) The carrying capacity of the subsystems of the cities in the HREEB exhibited fluctuating changes with obvious internal variations. (5) The problems in the WRCC guideline layer were consistent across all cities in the HREEB, with limited per capita water resources being the primary issue in the indicator layer. Assessing WRCC is essential for achieving sustainable water resource use and high-quality regional development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Supplies, Sewerage and Stormwater Networks: New Challenges and Advances in Modelling and Management)
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12 pages, 2371 KiB  
Article
The Impact of Underground Structures on Urban Flood Models
by Martina Hauser, Stefan Reinstaller, Martin Oberascher, Dirk Muschalla and Manfred Kleidorfer
Water 2024, 16(1), 170; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16010170 - 1 Jan 2024
Viewed by 1881
Abstract
Owing to climate change, heavy rainfall events have increased in recent years, often resulting in urban flooding. Urban flood models usually consider buildings to be closed obstacles, which is not the case in reality. To address this research gap, an existing 1D/2D model [...] Read more.
Owing to climate change, heavy rainfall events have increased in recent years, often resulting in urban flooding. Urban flood models usually consider buildings to be closed obstacles, which is not the case in reality. To address this research gap, an existing 1D/2D model was extended with underground structures. The underground structures were located using site visits, Google Earth, and information provided by the city administration. Control strategies were used to represent partially open doors or tilted windows. The model was simulated with three measured rainfall events in three different scenarios. Scenarios with underground structures resulted in small storage volumes in the structures and a slightly less flooded area on the surface. The assumptions made were analysed using sensitivity analysis. Varying the number and location of underground structures resulted in small variations in the stored volume and surface flood volume. The sensitivity analysis also showed that the thresholds for height and velocity had a large impact, whereas the opening percentage did not influence the number of buildings affected. The conclusion of the study is that the inclusion of underground structures has little effect on the predicted flooded areas but can be useful in quantifying the water depth in potentially vulnerable buildings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Supplies, Sewerage and Stormwater Networks: New Challenges and Advances in Modelling and Management)
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16 pages, 2531 KiB  
Article
Optimal Selection of Sampling Points for Detecting SARS-CoV-2 RNA in Sewer System Using NSGA-II Algorithm
by Argyro Gkatzioura and Antigoni Zafeirakou
Water 2023, 15(23), 4076; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15234076 - 24 Nov 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1184
Abstract
Sampling and analysing urban wastewater are found to be a reliable indicator of the regional spread of infectious diseases. During the COVID-19 pandemic, several research groups around the globe sampled wastewater from treatment plants or other points throughout a sewer system and tried [...] Read more.
Sampling and analysing urban wastewater are found to be a reliable indicator of the regional spread of infectious diseases. During the COVID-19 pandemic, several research groups around the globe sampled wastewater from treatment plants or other points throughout a sewer system and tried to identify the presence of the virus. Since infected persons are found to excrete the virus in their feces and urine, urban wastewater analysis proved to be a valuable tool for the early detection of spikes in the disease. In the present study, an effort was made to investigate several fate and transport scenarios of SARS-CoV-2 in a sewer system. USEPA’s Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) was utilized for the analysis. The modelling results were then used as an input to an optimization procedure using an NSGA-II algorithm. The optimization procedure aimed to determine the appropriate number and combination of sampling points for a better assessment of the disease’s dispersion in the community. Four to six sampling points seem to offer a high likelihood of SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection in minimum time, representing the maximum population. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Supplies, Sewerage and Stormwater Networks: New Challenges and Advances in Modelling and Management)
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21 pages, 23300 KiB  
Article
Cloud Modelling of Property-Level Flood Exposure in Megacities
by Christos Iliadis, Vassilis Glenis and Chris Kilsby
Water 2023, 15(19), 3395; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15193395 - 27 Sep 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1779
Abstract
Surface water flood risk is projected to increase worldwide due to the growth of cities as well as the frequency of extreme rainfall events. Flood risk modelling at high resolution in megacities is now feasible due to the advent of high spatial resolution [...] Read more.
Surface water flood risk is projected to increase worldwide due to the growth of cities as well as the frequency of extreme rainfall events. Flood risk modelling at high resolution in megacities is now feasible due to the advent of high spatial resolution terrain data, fast and accurate hydrodynamic models, and the power of cloud computing platforms. Analysing the flood exposure of urban features in these cities during multiple storm events is essential to understanding flood risk for insurance and planning and ultimately for designing resilient solutions. This study focuses on London, UK, a sprawling megacity that has experienced damaging floods in the last few years. The analysis highlights the key role of accurate digital terrain models (DTMs) in hydrodynamic models. Flood exposure at individual building level is evaluated using the outputs from the CityCAT model driven by a range of design storms of different magnitudes, including validation with observations of a real storm event that hit London on the 12 July 2021. Overall, a novel demonstration is presented of how cloud-based flood modelling can be used to inform exposure insurance and flood resilience in cities of any size worldwide, and a specification is presented of what datasets are needed to achieve this aim. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Supplies, Sewerage and Stormwater Networks: New Challenges and Advances in Modelling and Management)
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Review

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24 pages, 1285 KiB  
Review
Leakages in Water Distribution Networks: Estimation Methods, Influential Factors, and Mitigation Strategies—A Comprehensive Review
by Athanasios V. Serafeim, Nikolaos Th. Fourniotis, Roberto Deidda, George Kokosalakis and Andreas Langousis
Water 2024, 16(11), 1534; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16111534 - 27 May 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3299
Abstract
While only a minimal fraction of global water resources is accessible for drinking water production, their uneven distribution combined with the climate crisis impacts leads to challenges in water availability. Leakage in water distribution networks compounds these issues, resulting in significant economic losses [...] Read more.
While only a minimal fraction of global water resources is accessible for drinking water production, their uneven distribution combined with the climate crisis impacts leads to challenges in water availability. Leakage in water distribution networks compounds these issues, resulting in significant economic losses and environmental risks. A coherent review of (a) the most widely applied water loss estimation techniques, (b) factors influencing them, and (c) strategies for their resilient reduction provides a comprehensive understanding of the current state of knowledge and practices in leakage management. This work aims towards covering the most important leakage estimation methodologies, while also unveiling the factors that critically affect them, both internally and externally. Finally, a thorough discussion is provided regarding the current state-of-the-art technics for leakage reduction at the municipal-wide level. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Supplies, Sewerage and Stormwater Networks: New Challenges and Advances in Modelling and Management)
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