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Geochemistry of Mineral Groundwater

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A special issue of Water (ISSN 2073-4441). This special issue belongs to the section "Hydrology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2022) | Viewed by 14997

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Prof. Dr. Tadeusz A. Przylibski

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Guest Editor

Faculty of Geoengineering, Mining and Geology, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże S. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
Interests: groundwater, isotopes; radioactivity; geology; geochemistry; mineralogy; petrology; hydrogeology; meteorites; cosmochemistry
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Dr. Dariusz Dobrzyński

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Guest Editor

University of Warsaw, Faculty of Geology, Department of Applied Hydrogeology and Geophysics, Warsaw, Poland
Interests: groundwater geochemistry, geochemical modelling, isotopes, hydrogeology, therapeutic water, mineral water, water quality
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We would like to dedicate the next Special Issue of the journal Water to the problem of the formation of chemical and isotopic composition of groundwaters. We intend to place special emphasis on the processes of formation and evolution of the chemistry of groundwaters of infiltration origin. What is particularly interesting here are water–reservoir rocks interaction processes and the mixing of water components circulating in different conditions and within various geological structures. Our scope of interest comprises both general discussion of groundwater composition development processes and more detailed issues related to particular groundwater reservoirs on a regional scale, and, for waters with particularly interesting chemistry or physico-chemical feature forming processes, also locally. Other interesting issues in this context are related to the presence of gases, which often significantly affect the chemical composition and physical properties of groundwaters. This journal issue is open to texts discussing any aspect of the formation of chemical and isotopic composition and of physical properties of groundwaters of infiltration origin. We are also interested in the presentation of findings on the interaction between groundwaters, reservoir rocks and geogenic gases.

Dr. Tadeusz A. Przylibski
Dr. Dariusz Dobrzyński
Guest Editors

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Keywords

groundwater
hydrogeochemistry
mineral water
thermal water
CO2-rich water
radon water
saline water
groundwater mixing
stable isotopes
radioactive isotopes
total dissolved solids
physical properties
water-rock interactions

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 3115 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Geochemical Characterisation and Health Concerns of Mineral Bottled Waters in Catalonia (North-Eastern Spain)

by Josefina C. Tapias, Raquel Melián, Alex Sendrós, Xavier Font and Albert Casas

Water 2022, 14(21), 3581; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14213581 - 7 Nov 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3303

Abstract

Spain currently produces around 7000 million litres of mineral water a year, of which about 20% is produced in Catalonia, and there is a need for greater regulation and research into bottled waters and their impact on human health. A total of 29 samples were analysed from different brands of commercially bottled water, and 71 chemical elements were determined in each sample. The aim was to classify each brand based on composition, compare lithological origins, verify compliance with international standards for drinking water, and report benefits for human health. More than 60% of the samples were of the calcium bicarbonate type, had a low mineral content, and were associated with granitic aquifers, ranging from leucogranites to granodiorites. In contrast, 17% were of the sodium bicarbonate type, had harder waters, and were related to thermal springs. The thermal springs of the bottled waters from the Montseny-Guilleres massif (Vichy Catalán, Malavella, and San Narciso) emerge at a temperature of 60 °C with their own natural gas. Two samples exceeded European standards for As and Hg concentrations in water for human consumption, while one showed a concentration of U greater than that set out in international recommendations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Geochemistry of Mineral Groundwater)

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15 pages, 2584 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Geochemical Characterization of Natural Groundwater on the Southern Slopes of the Caucasus Mountains on the Russian Black Sea Coast

by Lalita Zakharikhina, Yury Litvinenko, Alexey Ryndin, Ruslan Saburov, Sergey Shevelev and Georgy Vareljyan

Water 2022, 14(14), 2170; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14142170 - 8 Jul 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2253

Abstract

The Mzymta and Sochi watersheds, located on the southern slopes of the Caucasus Mountains on Russia’s Black Sea coast, are characterized by a remarkably complex geological setting. The predominant rocks are mudstones, siltstones, and shales, with smaller amounts of carbonate and clay-carbonate rocks, and occasionally igneous rocks. The area is also characterized by the occurrence of polymetallic, gold, sulfide, rare metal, and rare-earth mineralizations in addition to hosting a thermal hydrogen sulfide groundwater aquifer. The objective of this study was to determine groundwater genesis patterns in an area with such contrasting geological and hydrogeological structures. Based on the chemical analysis of 33 natural groundwater springs, five chemical types of water were identified dictated by the composition of the host rock as well as the occurrence of mineralizations, seepage of mineralized water, and local geochemical features of the host rock. The high sodium concentration and mineralization of groundwater near the thermal hydrogen sulfide groundwater aquifer are due to the infiltration of seawater. The consistent presence of excessive amounts of rare-earth elements (REEs) in all groundwaters in the area is a reflection of the regional geochemical specialization of the rocks. Groundwater, like the terrestrial components of the natural environment, inherits rare-earth fractionation patterns from the rocks that make up the area. Thus, rare-earth totals and fractionation patterns can be used as a reliable criterion to interpret the regional specificity of groundwater. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Geochemistry of Mineral Groundwater)

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14 pages, 24796 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chemical Characteristics of Ordovician Formation Water and Its Relationship with Hydrocarbons in Halahatang Depression, Tarim Basin, NW China

by Tong Xu, Chuanqing Zhu, Xiaoxue Jiang, Boning Tang, Xiang Wang, Haizu Zhang and Baoshou Zhang

Water 2022, 14(5), 756; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14050756 - 27 Feb 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2361

Abstract

The chemical characteristics of Ordovician formation water and its relationship with hydrocarbons in the Halahatang depression (Tabei Uplift, Tarim Basin, NW China) were analyzed on the basis of the detailed formation water test data. The formation water in the Halahatang depression can be characterized as CaCl₂ type with high total dissolved solids (TDS) generally. The TDS concentration has a weak negative relationship with the depth, and is above 200 g/L in the North Region (north of the pinch-out line), then gradually decreases to the south, but is still greater than 50 g/L. The ion-proportionality coefficients of formation water, including the sodium-chlorine coefficient, desulfurization coefficient and metamorphic coefficient, reflect that the present strata are well sealed and had once experienced strong water-rock interactions. Furthermore, the source and evolution of the formation water presents a closed relationship with the hydrocarbon accumulation. The meteoric source of the formation water indicates the denuding by the Ordovician formation and the damage from the previous oil and gas reservoirs. The reservoir quality was also improved due to the strong karstification during the denudation, which was beneficial for hydrocarbon accumulation. The distribution of the TDS concentration is controlled by the caprock (Sangtamu Formation) and the high salinity fluids from overlying strata and adjacent regions. A geological model was established, the high salinity fluids penetrated the Ordovician strata resulting in the TDS increases in the northern part. Whereas, the South Region (south of the pinch-out line) was less affected due to the shielding layer of the O₃s. The favorable preservation conditions reflected by the high TDS and ion-proportionality coefficients correspond to the stable subsidence of strata since the Triassic era, the oil and gas reservoirs formed in the Himalayan can be preserved. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Geochemistry of Mineral Groundwater)

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29 pages, 13446 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploration and Investigation of High-Level Radon Medicinal Springs in the Crystalline Units: Lugicum

by Viktor Goliáš, Lenka Hájková, Tomáš Lipanský, Tomáš Černík, Pavel Kohn, Josef Ježek, Radek Procházka, Tadeusz A. Przylibski, Jiří Dohnal, Ladislav Strnad, Agata Kowalska, Lidia Fijałkowska-Lichwa, Wojciech Miśta and Robert Nowakowski

Water 2022, 14(2), 200; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14020200 - 11 Jan 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2489

Abstract

Radioactive (radon) groundwaters are highly valued among mineral waters for their healing effects. Between 2005 and 2015, a large exploratory event for prospecting and documenting radon water springs took place in the crystalline area of Lugicum (Bohemian Massif) under Czech–Polish cooperation. For these purposes, an exploration method was developed as a combination of GIS (ArcMap 9.1–10.2) area preparation followed by field radiohydrogeochemical mapping at a scale of 1:10,000. The gamma indication method was optimized and used for the selection of water samples. A total of 2354 water sources were examined. Radon activity concentrations were measured at 660 sources found throughout the territory. Of those, 111 sources exhibited ²²²Rn activity above 1500 Bq/L and, thus, were categorized as sources of mineral radioactive waters according to Czech legislation. The highest ²²²Rn activity was found in the Michael spring near Nové Město pod Smrkem (up to 6237 Bq/L ²²²Rn). Many discovered sources with high balneological potential are significant and, therefore, are quickly becoming popular among the public. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Geochemistry of Mineral Groundwater)

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21 pages, 5587 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Geochemical Markers as a Tool for the Characterization of a Multi-Layer Urban Aquifer: The Case Study of Como (Northern Italy)

by Gilberto Binda, Francesca Frascoli, Davide Spanu, Maria F. Ferrario, Silvia Terrana, Roberto Gambillara, Sara Trotta, Paula J. Noble, Franz A. Livio, Andrea Pozzi and Alessandro M. Michetti

Water 2022, 14(1), 124; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14010124 - 5 Jan 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3269

Abstract

The analysis of geochemical markers is a known valid tool to explore the water sources and understand the main factors affecting natural water quality, which are known issues of interest in environmental science. This study reports the application of geochemical markers to characterize and understand the recharge areas of the multi-layer urban aquifer of Como city (northern Italy). This area presents a perfect case study to test geochemical markers: The hydrogeological setting is affected by a layered karst and fractured aquifer in bedrock, a phreatic aquifer hosted in Holocene sediments and connected with a large freshwater body (Lake Como); the aquifers recharge areas and the water geochemistry are unknown; the possible effect of the tectonic setting on water flow was overlooked. In total, 37 water samples were collected including water from two stacked aquifers and surface water to characterize hydrochemical features. Moreover, six sediment samples in the recent palustrine deposits of the Como subsurface were collected from cores and analyzed to understand the main geochemistry and mineralogy of the hosting material. The chemical analyses of water allow to observe a remarkable difference between the shallow and deep aquifers of the study area, highlighting different recharge areas, as well as a different permanence time in the aquifers. The sediment geochemistry, moreover, confirms the differences in trace elements derived from sediment-water interaction in the aquifers. Finally, an anomalous concentration of As in the Como deep aquifer was observed, suggesting the need of more detailed analyses to understand the origin of this element in water. This study confirms the potentials of geochemical markers to characterize main factors affecting natural water quality, as well as a tool for the reconstruction of recharge areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Geochemistry of Mineral Groundwater)

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