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25 pages, 40699 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Simulation of Stormwater Control Measures Using Automated Modeling

by Matej Radinja, Mateja Škerjanec, Sašo Džeroski, Ljupčo Todorovski and Nataša Atanasova

Water 2021, 13(16), 2268; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13162268 - 19 Aug 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3537

Abstract

Stormwater control measures (SCMs) are decentralized technical elements, which can prevent the negative effects of uncontrolled stormwater flow while providing co-benefits. Optimal SCMs have to be selected and designed to achieve the desired hydrological response of an urban catchment. In this study, automated [...] Read more.

Stormwater control measures (SCMs) are decentralized technical elements, which can prevent the negative effects of uncontrolled stormwater flow while providing co-benefits. Optimal SCMs have to be selected and designed to achieve the desired hydrological response of an urban catchment. In this study, automated modeling and domain-specific knowledge in the fields of modeling rainfall-runoff (RR) and SCMs are applied to automate the process of optimal SCM design. A new knowledge library for modeling RR and SCMs, compliant with the equation discovery tool ProBMoT (Process-Based Modeling Tool), was developed. The proposed approach was used to (a) find the optimal RR model that best fits the available pipe flow measurements, and (b) to find the optimal SCMs design that best fits the target catchment outflow. The approach was applied to an urban catchment in the city of Ljubljana, Slovenia. First, nine RR models were created that generally had »very good« performance according to the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency criteria. Second, six SCM scenarios (i.e., detention pond, storage tank, bio-retention cell, infiltration trench, rain garden, and green roof) were automatically designed and simulated, enabling the assessment of their ability to achieve the target outflow. The proposed approach enables the effective automation of two complex calibration tasks in the field of urban drainage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances of Low Impact Development Practices in Urban Watershed)

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17 pages, 7743 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Urban Flood Management through Urban Land Use Optimization Using LID Techniques, City of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

by Mengistu A. Jemberie and Assefa M. Melesse

Water 2021, 13(13), 1721; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13131721 - 22 Jun 2021

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 5364

Abstract

In recent years, many urban areas in Ethiopia have experienced frequent flood events as a result of climate change and urban sprawl. Unplanned and unsustainable poor urban storm water management strategies will aggravate the impact and frequency of flood occurrence. In this study, [...] Read more.

In recent years, many urban areas in Ethiopia have experienced frequent flood events as a result of climate change and urban sprawl. Unplanned and unsustainable poor urban storm water management strategies will aggravate the impact and frequency of flood occurrence. In this study, impacts of urbanization and climate change on generated flood magnitude are analyzed using the urban hydrological model of Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) and Low Impact Development (LID) sustainable land use optimization techniques. Three rainfall distribution patterns (TS1, TS2 and TS3) in combination with rainfall duration periods of 10, 30 and 60 min and a pessimistic climate change scenario of RCP 4.5 compared to RCP 8.5 are used for the analysis purpose for selected infiltration and storage LID techniques (Bio-Retention Cell, Infiltration Trench and Rain Barrel). The study results showed that combined LID techniques have a significant impact on urban flood reduction of up to 75%. This significant amount of flood reduction is greater than the amount of excess flood magnitude which occurred as a result of climate change using the most pessimistic climate change scenario. The study results also confirmed that rainfall patterns have a significant impact on peak discharge for shorter rainfall durations. This study highly recommends using cost effective, easy and environmental adaptive and sustainable LID techniques for urban flood management in addition to existing drainage structures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances of Low Impact Development Practices in Urban Watershed)

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19 pages, 2924 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Advanced Graphical–Analytical Method of Pipe Tank Design Integrated with Sensitivity Analysis for Sustainable Stormwater Management in Urbanized Catchments

by Bartosz Szeląg, Adam Kiczko, Anna Musz-Pomorska, Marcin K. Widomski, Jacek Zaburko, Grzegorz Łagód, David Stránský and Marek Sokáč

Water 2021, 13(8), 1035; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13081035 - 9 Apr 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2516

Abstract

Pipe tanks represent important runoff retention elements of urban stormwater systems. They enable us to reduce and retain runoff as well as to mitigate peak flows in the network. Pipe tanks are often taken into account while designing the spatial plan of urban [...] Read more.

Pipe tanks represent important runoff retention elements of urban stormwater systems. They enable us to reduce and retain runoff as well as to mitigate peak flows in the network. Pipe tanks are often taken into account while designing the spatial plan of urban catchment areas. Hence, there is a need to develop a relatively quick and accurate method for pipe tank dimensioning. A graphical–analytical method of designing a pipe tank is presented in the paper. In the assumed methodology, the possibility of employing machine learning for obtaining a more precise error prediction of the proposed pipe tank design method (compared with the tank volume simulations using the storm water management model (SWMM)) are considered. Thus far, this aspect has not been discussed in the literature. In the adopted calculation methodology, sensitivity analysis constitutes an important element, enabling us to assess the influence of the input data assumed for tank design on the dimensions of the outflow devices and the length of the retention chamber. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances of Low Impact Development Practices in Urban Watershed)

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17 pages, 3654 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Management of Urban Stormwater at Block-Level (MUST-B): A New Approach for Potential Analysis of Decentralized Stormwater Management Systems

by Ganbaatar Khurelbaatar, Manfred van Afferden, Maximilian Ueberham, Michael Stefan, Stefan Geyler and Roland A. Müller

Water 2021, 13(3), 378; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13030378 - 31 Jan 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4264

Abstract

Cities worldwide are facing problems to mitigate the impact of urban stormwater runoff caused by the increasing occurrence of heavy rainfall events and urban re-densification. This study presents a new approach for estimating the potential of the Management of Urban STormwater at Block-level [...] Read more.

Cities worldwide are facing problems to mitigate the impact of urban stormwater runoff caused by the increasing occurrence of heavy rainfall events and urban re-densification. This study presents a new approach for estimating the potential of the Management of Urban STormwater at Block-level (MUST-B) by decentralized blue-green infrastructures here called low-impact developments (LIDs) for already existing urban environments. The MUST-B method was applied to a study area in the northern part of the City of Leipzig, Germany. The Study areas was divided into blocks smallest functional units and considering two different soil permeability and three different rainfall events, seven scenarios have been developed: current situation, surface infiltration, swale infiltration, trench infiltration, trough-trench infiltration, and three different combinations of extensive roof greening, trough-trench infiltration, and shaft infiltration. The LIDs have been simulated and their maximum retention/infiltration potential and the required area have been estimated together with a cost calculation. The results showed that even stormwater of a 100 year rainfall event can be fully retained and infiltrated within the blocks on a soil with low permeability (k_f = 10⁻⁶ m/s). The cost and the required area for the LIDs differed depending on the scenario and responded to the soil permeability and rainfall events. It is shown that the MUST-B method allows a simple down- and up-scaling process for different urban settings and facilitates decision making for implementing decentralized blue-green-infrastructure that retain, store, and infiltrate stormwater at block level. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances of Low Impact Development Practices in Urban Watershed)

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25 pages, 3502 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Developing a Reliability Index of Low Impact Development for Urban Areas

by Yang Ho Song, Jung Ho Lee and Eui Hoon Lee

Water 2020, 12(11), 2961; https://doi.org/10.3390/w12112961 - 22 Oct 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2609

Abstract

A defining characteristic of the urbanization is the transformation of existing pervious areas into impervious areas during development. This leads to numerous hydrologic and environmental problems such as an increase in surface runoff due to excess rainfall, flooding, the deterioration of water quality, [...] Read more.

A defining characteristic of the urbanization is the transformation of existing pervious areas into impervious areas during development. This leads to numerous hydrologic and environmental problems such as an increase in surface runoff due to excess rainfall, flooding, the deterioration of water quality, and an increase in nonpoint source pollution. Several studies propose supplementary measures on environmental change problems in development areas using the low impact development technique. This study investigated the reduction of nonpoint source pollutant loads and flooding in catchments through urban catchment rainfall–runoff management. For the quantitative assessment of flood disasters and water pollution problems, we propose a reliability evaluation technique. This technique refers to a series of analysis methods that determine the disaster prevention performance of the existing systems. As the two factors involve physical quantities of different dimensions, a reliability evaluation technique was developed using the distance measure method. Using the storm water management model, multiple scenarios based on synthetic rainfall in the catchment of the Daerim 2 rainwater pumping station in Seoul, South Korea, were examined. Our results indicate the need for efficient management of natural disaster risks that may occur in urban catchments. Moreover, this study can be used as a primary reference for setting a significant reduction target and facilitating accurate decision making concerning urban drainage system management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances of Low Impact Development Practices in Urban Watershed)

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18 pages, 2239 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Main Function of Low Impact Development Based on Rainfall Events

by Meiyan Feng, Kwansue Jung, Fengping Li, Hongyan Li and Joo-Cheol Kim

Water 2020, 12(8), 2231; https://doi.org/10.3390/w12082231 - 7 Aug 2020

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 3242

Abstract

Low Impact Development (LID) is one of the sustainable approaches to urban stormwater management in areas with rapid urbanization. Although LID has been shown to have a positive effect in flood reduction, the hydrological balance regulation effect of LID under a variety of [...] Read more.

Low Impact Development (LID) is one of the sustainable approaches to urban stormwater management in areas with rapid urbanization. Although LID has been shown to have a positive effect in flood reduction, the hydrological balance regulation effect of LID under a variety of rainfall events is not fully understood. In this study, we assessed the hydrological efficiency of LID at two residential–commercial mixed sites in Korea to investigate the main function of LID in terms of diverse rainfall characteristics. Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) was constructed to simulate the hydrological process numerical simulations in the pre-development, post-development and LID design scenarios, respectively. The model was calibrated and validated by using five observed rainfall–runoff events. Then, four single and four multiple LID practices (LIDs) were used to estimate their effectiveness under seven different designed rainfall events. The results indicate that LIDs substantially influence the hydrology cycle system, while the regulating effect varies with rainfall amounts. The efficiency of LIDs in flood reduction is proved to be more effective during lower storm events. However, LIDs should be designed to primarily prioritize the restoration of hydrological balance when the rainfall return period is longer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances of Low Impact Development Practices in Urban Watershed)

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16 pages, 3906 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Effect of Sponge City Construction for Reducing Directly Connected Impervious Areas on Hydrological Responses at the Urban Catchment Scale

by Changmei Liang, Xiang Zhang, Jun Xia, Jing Xu and Dunxian She

Water 2020, 12(4), 1163; https://doi.org/10.3390/w12041163 - 18 Apr 2020

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 4914

Abstract

Low-impact development (LID) has been widely used at both site-specific and local scales to try and mitigate the impact of urban stormwater runoff caused by increasing impervious urban areas. Recently, the concept of a “sponge city” was proposed by the Chinese government, which [...] Read more.

Low-impact development (LID) has been widely used at both site-specific and local scales to try and mitigate the impact of urban stormwater runoff caused by increasing impervious urban areas. Recently, the concept of a “sponge city” was proposed by the Chinese government, which includes LID controls at the source, a pipe drainage system midway, and a drainage system for excess stormwater at the terminal. There is a need to evaluate the effectiveness of sponge city construction at the large urban catchment scale, particularly with different spatial distributions of LIDs that reduce directly connected impervious areas (DCIAs). In this paper, the performances of five design scenarios with different spatial distributions but same sizes of LID controls at the urban catchment scale were analyzed using a geographic information system (GIS) of the United States Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI)—based Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and MIKE 11 of Danish Hydraulic Institute (DHI) in Xining City, China. Results confirmed the effectiveness of sponge city construction in reducing the urban stormwater runoff. The hydrological performance reduction was positively correlated and linearly dependent on DCIA reduction. Peak flow reduction was most sensitive to DCIA reduction, followed by runoff volume and peak time. As rainfall intensity increased, the hydrological performance was more sensitive to rainfall intensity than DCIA reduction. Results of this study provide new insights for stormwater managers to implement LID more effectively at the urban catchment scale. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances of Low Impact Development Practices in Urban Watershed)

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16 pages, 14405 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Recent Floods in the Asso Torrent Basin (Apulia, Italy): An Investigation to Improve the Stormwater Management

by Marco Delle Rose, Paolo Martano and Corrado Fidelibus

Water 2020, 12(3), 661; https://doi.org/10.3390/w12030661 - 29 Feb 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 6823

Abstract

Stormwater management is of concern to public institutions and academies. In the Asso Torrent endorheic basin (Salento peninsula, Southern Italy), a network of natural and artificial channels crossing urban and rural areas and flowing towards six swallow karst holes, several floods occurred in [...] Read more.

Stormwater management is of concern to public institutions and academies. In the Asso Torrent endorheic basin (Salento peninsula, Southern Italy), a network of natural and artificial channels crossing urban and rural areas and flowing towards six swallow karst holes, several floods occurred in the last six years, after the end of extensive hydraulic works. In this paper, the results of an observational study on the meteorological and hydrological factors concurring to these floods are reported. It was inferred that soil saturation, cumulative precipitation anticipating the events, and clogging of the swallow holes are of relevance and must be considered in the definition of new criteria in decision-making procedure. The adoption of both innovative modeling techniques and real-time control should be an efficient solution to properly regulate the flow control devices before and during the precipitation events. With a view to providing solutions for a sustainable management of the water resources, easy-to-implement measures are suggested, such as the selection of flood-tolerant crops and construction of harvesting systems for alternative water uses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances of Low Impact Development Practices in Urban Watershed)

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14 pages, 4739 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

When Green Infrastructure Turns Grey: Plant Water Stress as a Consequence of Overdesign in a Tree Trench System

by Min-cheng Tu, Joshua S. Caplan, Sasha W. Eisenman and Bridget M. Wadzuk

Water 2020, 12(2), 573; https://doi.org/10.3390/w12020573 - 19 Feb 2020

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3869

Abstract

Green infrastructure (GI) systems are often overdesigned. This may be a byproduct of static sizing (e.g., accounting for a design storm’s runoff volume but not exfiltration rates) or may be deliberate (e.g., buffering against performance loss through time). In tree trenches and other [...] Read more.

Green infrastructure (GI) systems are often overdesigned. This may be a byproduct of static sizing (e.g., accounting for a design storm’s runoff volume but not exfiltration rates) or may be deliberate (e.g., buffering against performance loss through time). In tree trenches and other GI systems that require stormwater to accumulate in an infiltration bed before it contacts the planting medium, overdesign could reduce plant water availability significantly. This study investigated the hydrological dynamics and water relations of an overdesigned tree trench system and identified factors contributing to, compounding, and mitigating the risk of plant stress. Water in the infiltration bed reached soil pits only once in three years, with that event occurring during a hydrant release. Moreover, minimal water was retained in soil pits during the event due to the hydraulic properties of the soil media. Through a growing season, one of the two tree types frequently experienced water stress, while the other did so only rarely. These contrasting responses can likely be attributed to roots being largely confined to the soil pits vs. reaching a deeper water source, respectively. Results of this study demonstrate that, in systems where soil pits are embedded in infiltration beds, overdesign can raise the storm size required for water to reach the soil media, reducing plant water availability between storms, and ultimately inducing physiological stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances of Low Impact Development Practices in Urban Watershed)

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18 pages, 6973 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of a Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm for Low Impact Development in an Overcrowded City

by Hao-Che Ho, Shih-Wei Lin, Hong-Yuan Lee and Cheng-Chia Huang

Water 2019, 11(10), 2010; https://doi.org/10.3390/w11102010 - 27 Sep 2019

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3196

Abstract

Sustainability and resilience are up-to-date considerations for urban developments in terms of flood mitigation. These considerations usually pose a new challenge to the urban planner because the achievement of a sustainable design through low impact development (LID) practices would be affected by the [...] Read more.

Sustainability and resilience are up-to-date considerations for urban developments in terms of flood mitigation. These considerations usually pose a new challenge to the urban planner because the achievement of a sustainable design through low impact development (LID) practices would be affected by the selection and the distribution of them. This study proposed a means to optimize the distribution of LIDs with the concept of considering the reduction of the flood peak and the hydrologic footprint residence (HFR). The study region is a densely populated place located in New Taipei City. This place has been developing for more than 40 years with completive sewer systems; therefore, the design must consider the space limitations. The flood reduction induced by each LID component under different rainfall return periods was estimated, and then the detention ponds were also conducted to compare the improvements. The results showed that the performance of LIDs dramatically decreased when the return periods were larger than ten years. A multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) was then applied to optimize the spatial distribution of LIDs under different budget scenarios, and to decide the priority of locations for the LID configuration. Finally, the Monte Carlo test was used to test the relationship between the optimal space configuration of LIDs and the impermeability of the study region. A positive correlation was uncovered between the optimal allocation ratio and the impermeable rate of the partition. The study results can provide general guidelines for urban planners to design LIDs in urban areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances of Low Impact Development Practices in Urban Watershed)

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23 pages, 8246 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Comparison of Three Types of Permeable Pavements for Urban Runoff Mitigation in the Semi-Arid South Texas, U.S.A

by Taufiqul Alam, Ahmed Mahmoud, Kim D. Jones, Juan César Bezares-Cruz and Javier Guerrero

Water 2019, 11(10), 1992; https://doi.org/10.3390/w11101992 - 24 Sep 2019

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 11603

Abstract

This study examines the hydrologic and environmental performance of three types of permeable pavement designs: Porous Concrete Pavement (PCP), Permeable Interlocking Concrete (PICP), and Interlocking Block Pavement with Gravel (IBPG) in the semi-arid South Texas. Outflow rate, storage, Normalized Volume Reduction (NVR), Normalized [...] Read more.

This study examines the hydrologic and environmental performance of three types of permeable pavement designs: Porous Concrete Pavement (PCP), Permeable Interlocking Concrete (PICP), and Interlocking Block Pavement with Gravel (IBPG) in the semi-arid South Texas. Outflow rate, storage, Normalized Volume Reduction (NVR), Normalized Load Reductions (NLR) of Total Suspended Solids (TSS), and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD₅) were compared to results obtained from adjacent traditional pavements at different regional parking lots. A notable percentage of peak flow attenuation of approximately 31–100% was observed when permeable pavements were constructed and implemented. IBPG was capable to hold runoff from rainfall depths up to 136 mm prior to flooding. PCP was the most satisfactory in reducing surface runoff (NVR: 2.81 × 10⁻³ ± 0.67 × 10⁻³ m³/m²/mm), which was significantly (p < 0.05) higher (98%) than the traditional pavement. PCP was also very effective in TSS removal (NLR: 244 × 10⁻⁵ ± 143 × 10⁻⁵ kg/m²/mm), which was an increase of over 80% removal than traditional pavement. IBPG (NLR: 7.14 × 10⁻⁵ ± 7.19 × 10⁻⁵ kg/m²/mm) showed a significantly (p < 0.05) higher (46%) BOD₅ removal over traditional pavement. These results demonstrate that the type of permeable pavement and the underlying media can significantly influence the runoff reduction and infiltration in this climatic region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances of Low Impact Development Practices in Urban Watershed)

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12 pages, 1943 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Achieving Urban Stormwater Mitigation Goals on Different Land Parcels with a Capacity Trading Approach

by Qing Xu, Zhonghua Jia, Shuangcheng Tang, Wan Luo and Chengxuan Xu

Water 2019, 11(5), 1091; https://doi.org/10.3390/w11051091 - 24 May 2019

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3389

Abstract

Building Green Infrastructures (GIs) to reduce stormwater runoff has been recognized as an effective approach to mitigate the negative impact of urban sprawl. Due to the significant differences in urban land use, some Land Parcels (LPs) may have difficulty in building enough GIs [...] Read more.

Building Green Infrastructures (GIs) to reduce stormwater runoff has been recognized as an effective approach to mitigate the negative impact of urban sprawl. Due to the significant differences in urban land use, some Land Parcels (LPs) may have difficulty in building enough GIs to meet stormwater mitigation goals. In this paper, we proposed a Capacity Trading (CT) approach that allows some LPs to trade their extra runoff retention capacities with LPs that have building difficulties, so that they can jointly reach the overall mitigation goal together. The rationale behind CT is that, to avoid potential penalties, it may be more economical for some LPs to ‘buy’ credit rather than to ‘build’ GIs. A case study was used to demonstrate CT operations for two trading scales: (1) CT within neighboring LPs (i.e., CT-1), and (2) CT within 20 m-radius LPs (i.e., CT-2). A GI implementation baseline intensity was set up firstly by treating the whole study area as one entity to reach a specified stormwater runoff control target; individual LPs were then examined for their GI building capacities, which may be deficit or surplus against the target. Results showed that the number and area of deficit LPs were reduced significantly through either CT scales; the number of deficit LPs was reduced from 139 to 97 with CT-1 and 78 with CT-2, and the deficit area was reduced from 649 ha to 558 with CT-1 and 478 ha with CT-2, respectively. The proposed method assumes LPs as the basic planning unit and encourages some stakeholders to maximize their GI building potential to compensate for those with disadvantages. The economic incentives for conducting CT among different LPs in urban area can help achieve stormwater mitigation goals more economically and flexibly. Some coordination among LPs in GI implementation is necessary, which presents both opportunities and challenges for city management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances of Low Impact Development Practices in Urban Watershed)

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Review

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27 pages, 2718 KiB

Open AccessReview

Development of Rainfall-Runoff Models for Sustainable Stormwater Management in Urbanized Catchments

by Bartosz Szeląg, Grzegorz Łagód, Anna Musz-Pomorska, Marcin K. Widomski, David Stránský, Marek Sokáč, Jozefína Pokrývková and Roman Babko

Water 2022, 14(13), 1997; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14131997 - 22 Jun 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4149

Abstract

Modelling of stormwater networks and the related object (combined sewer overflows, diversion chambers, retention tanks) is a complex task requiring colleting of data with appropriate time and spatial resolution as well as application of adequate models. Often there is a need to find [...] Read more.

Modelling of stormwater networks and the related object (combined sewer overflows, diversion chambers, retention tanks) is a complex task requiring colleting of data with appropriate time and spatial resolution as well as application of adequate models. Often there is a need to find balance between the costs of conducting measurement (period, resolution) and the uncertainty of the model results. This paper presents an overview of simulation tools for sewerage networks modelling, related objects, as well as low-impact development (LID) systems in relation to the hydrodynamic and statistical models. Consecutive stages of data collection, sources of data uncertainty, limitations resulting from the adopted measurement methodology, as well as their influence on the simulation results and possible decision-making using the developed hydrodynamic or statistical model, are discussed. Attention is drawn to the optimization methods enabling reduction in the uncertainty of statistical models. The methods enabling the analysis of model uncertainty, as well as evaluation of its influence on the calculation results pertaining to stormwater hydrographs, retention tank capacity and combined sewers overflows, are also discussed. This is a very important aspect in terms of optimizing construction works in the sewerage network and designing their appropriate dimensions to achieve the assumed hydraulic effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances of Low Impact Development Practices in Urban Watershed)

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27 pages, 4306 KiB

Open AccessReview

Framework, Procedure, and Tools for Comprehensive Evaluation of Sustainable Stormwater Management: A Review

by Tiange Wu, Haihong Song, Jianbin Wang and Eran Friedler

Water 2020, 12(5), 1231; https://doi.org/10.3390/w12051231 - 25 Apr 2020

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 6928

Abstract

To better evaluate and enhance the performance and benefit of sustainable stormwater management (SSWM) in developing countries, this study proposes a comprehensive evaluation framework based on thorough literature review. This framework re-classifies evaluation goals and indicators into four aspects—stormwater system, integrated management, social [...] Read more.

To better evaluate and enhance the performance and benefit of sustainable stormwater management (SSWM) in developing countries, this study proposes a comprehensive evaluation framework based on thorough literature review. This framework re-classifies evaluation goals and indicators into four aspects—stormwater system, integrated management, social engagement, and urban development. The purpose of this review is to provide a guideline for decision makers to choose appropriate goals and indicators according to different regional context. Meanwhile, a structured procedure for comprehensive evaluation of SSWM is proposed to guide a well-organised decision-making process. Furthermore, pros and cons of eight decision support tools, as well as their functional focus, are compared, aiming to provide references for SSWM in developing countries. Outcomes presented in this review are expected to support decision makers in the process of screening optimal SSWM strategies and monitoring SSWM projects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances of Low Impact Development Practices in Urban Watershed)

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