Advances in Piezoelectric/Ultrasonic Sensors and Actuators-2nd Volume

Journal Name	Impact Factor	CiteScore	Launched Year	First Decision (median)	APC
Actuators actuators	2.2	3.9	2012	16.5 Days	CHF 2400	Submit
Materials materials	3.1	5.8	2008	15.5 Days	CHF 2600	Submit
Micromachines micromachines	3.0	5.2	2010	17.7 Days	CHF 2600	Submit
Sensors sensors	3.4	7.3	2001	16.8 Days	CHF 2600	Submit
Vibration vibration	1.9	3.2	2018	22 Days	CHF 1600	Submit

18 pages, 34268 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Piezoelectric Shunt Damping for a Planar Motor Application under Cryogenic Conditions

by Niek Ambaum, Bilal Mokrani and Hans Vermeulen

Actuators 2024, 13(10), 405; https://doi.org/10.3390/act13100405 - 7 Oct 2024

Viewed by 746

For several decades, Moore’s law has driven the semiconductor industry, with computational power and production costs as the main drivers. Such drivers have enabled several technological innovations in the mechatronics and dynamics architecture of photolithography machines, used for semiconductor circuits manufacturing. Among current [...] Read more.

For several decades, Moore’s law has driven the semiconductor industry, with computational power and production costs as the main drivers. Such drivers have enabled several technological innovations in the mechatronics and dynamics architecture of photolithography machines, used for semiconductor circuits manufacturing. Among current investigations, the use of superconductive magnets would enable higher accelerating stages and, thus, higher throughput and lower manufacturing costs. However, this involves a complex magnet structure that needs to operate at cryogenic temperatures and mechanical resonances at relatively low frequencies as a result of the thermal architecture of the system. The damping options are also limited due to the very low temperature. This paper explores the use of shunted piezoelectric transducers for damping the internal modes of the magnet mass. A classical resistive and inductive RL shunt is considered. The study was conducted both numerically and experimentally on a demonstrator of a superconductive magnet plate concept, where piezoelectric transducers are incorporated to support the superconducting coils. The study demonstrates the effectiveness of piezoelectric shunts as a damping solution at very low temperatures, with limited impact of the temperature variation on the performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Piezoelectric/Ultrasonic Sensors and Actuators-2nd Volume)

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25 pages, 9753 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study of Residual Stress Using Phased Array Ultrasonics in Ti-6AL-4V Wire-Arc Additively Manufactured Components

by Joseph Walker, Brandon Mills, Yashar Javadi, Charles MacLeod, Yongle Sun, Pradeeptta Kumar Taraphdar, Bilal Ahmad, Sundar Gurumurthy, Jialuo Ding and Fiona Sillars

Sensors 2024, 24(19), 6372; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24196372 - 1 Oct 2024

Viewed by 844

Abstract

This paper presents a study on residual stress measurement in wire-arc additively manufactured (WAAM) titanium samples using the non-destructive method of phased array ultrasonics. The contour method (CM) was used for the verification of the phased array ultrasonic results. This allowed for a [...] Read more.

This paper presents a study on residual stress measurement in wire-arc additively manufactured (WAAM) titanium samples using the non-destructive method of phased array ultrasonics. The contour method (CM) was used for the verification of the phased array ultrasonic results. This allowed for a comparison of measurement methods to understand the effects on the distribution of residual stress (RS) within Ti-6Al-4V samples and the effectiveness of measurement of residual stress using phased array ultrasonics. From the results of the experiments, the phased array ultrasonic data were found to be in good agreement with the CM results and displayed similar residual stress distributions in the samples. The results of the individual elements of the phased array were also compared and an improvement in accuracy was found. From per-element results, anomalies were found and could be mitigated with the ability to average the results by using phased array ultrasonics. Therefore, based on these results, there is a strong case for the benefits of using phased array ultrasonics as a method of residual stress measurement for WAAM Ti-6Al-4V components over other existing residual stress measurement techniques. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Piezoelectric/Ultrasonic Sensors and Actuators-2nd Volume)

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20 pages, 4703 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanical Strain, Temperature, and Misalignment Effects on Data Communication between Piezoceramic Ultrasonic Transducers

by Isabel Giron Camerini, Luis Paulo Brasil de Souza, Paula Medeiros Proença Gouvea and Arthur Martins Barbosa Braga

Sensors 2024, 24(17), 5561; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175561 - 28 Aug 2024

Viewed by 3240

Abstract

Acoustic waves can be used for wireless telemetry as an alternative to situations where electrical or optical penetrators are unsuitable. However, the response of the ultrasonic transducer can be greatly affected by temperature variations, mechanical deformations, misalignment between transducers, and multiple layers in [...] Read more.

Acoustic waves can be used for wireless telemetry as an alternative to situations where electrical or optical penetrators are unsuitable. However, the response of the ultrasonic transducer can be greatly affected by temperature variations, mechanical deformations, misalignment between transducers, and multiple layers in the propagation zone. Therefore, this work sought to quantify such influences on communication between ultrasonic transducers. The experimental measurements were performed at the frequency where power transfer is maximized. Moreover, there were four experimental models, each with its own performed setup. The ultrasonic transducers are attached to both sides of a 6 mm thick stainless-steel plate for configuring just one barrier. Multiple layers of transducers are attached to the outer side of two plates immersed in an acoustic fluid with a 100 mm thick barrier. In both cases, the S21 parameter was used to quantify the influence of the physical barrier because it correlates with the power flow between ports that return after a given excitation. The results showed that when a maximum deformation of 1250

μ m / m

was applied, the amplitude of the S21 parameter varied around +0.7 dB. Furthermore, increasing the temperature from 30 to 100 °C slightly affected the S21 (+0.8 dB), but the signal decayed quickly for temperatures beyond 100 °C. Additionally, the ultrasonic communication with a multiple layer was found to occur under misalignment with an intersection area of up to 40%. None of the factors evaluated resulted in insufficient power transfer, except for a large misalignment between the transducers. Such results indicate that this type of communication can be a robust alternative, with a minimum alignment of 40% between transducers and electrical penetrators. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Piezoelectric/Ultrasonic Sensors and Actuators-2nd Volume)

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15 pages, 4483 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High-Resolution Rotation-Measuring System for MEMS Ultrasonic Motors Using Tunneling Magnetoresistance Sensors

by Jiangbo He, Qiuyue Feng, Yu Chen, Tianyu Yang, Xiaoshi Li and Wu Zhou

Micromachines 2024, 15(8), 1028; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15081028 - 12 Aug 2024

Viewed by 3574

Abstract

This study proposes a high-resolution rotation-measuring system for miniaturized MEMS ultrasonic motors using tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) sensors for the first time. Initially, the architecture and principle of the rotation-measuring system are described in detail. Then, the finite element simulation is implemented to determine [...] Read more.

This study proposes a high-resolution rotation-measuring system for miniaturized MEMS ultrasonic motors using tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) sensors for the first time. Initially, the architecture and principle of the rotation-measuring system are described in detail. Then, the finite element simulation is implemented to determine the miniaturized permanent magnet’s residual magnetization, dimensions, and TMR sensor position. Finally, the experiments are implemented to evaluate the performance. Using calibration based on a high-precision servo motor, it is found that the relationship between the output and rotational angle is highly linear and immune to the rotor’s out-of-plane movement. Meanwhile, the angle-detecting resolution is higher than 0.1°. After the calibration, the continuous rotation of the MEMS ultrasonic motor is tested. It is found that the angle testing result varies with a period close to 360°, which indicates that the rotation-measuring system has successfully detected the motor’s rotation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Piezoelectric/Ultrasonic Sensors and Actuators-2nd Volume)

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17 pages, 26385 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of a Plate Linear Ultrasonic Motor Using the Power Flow Method

by Yue Jian, Zhen Liu, Junfeng He, Wenjie Zhou and Huazhuo Liang

Micromachines 2024, 15(8), 1016; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15081016 - 8 Aug 2024

Viewed by 754

Abstract

Linear ultrasonic motors can output large thrust stably in a narrow space. In this paper, a plate linear ultrasonic motor is studied. Firstly, the configuration and operating principle of the

Π

-type linear ultrasonic motor is illustrated. Then, two slotting schemes are put [...] Read more.

Linear ultrasonic motors can output large thrust stably in a narrow space. In this paper, a plate linear ultrasonic motor is studied. Firstly, the configuration and operating principle of the

Π

-type linear ultrasonic motor is illustrated. Then, two slotting schemes are put forward for the stator to enlarge the amplitude of the driving foot and improve the output performance of motor. After that, a novel optimization method based on the power flow method is suggested to describe the energy flow of stator, so as to estimate the slotting schemes. Finally, the prototypes are manufactured and tested. The experimental results show that the output performance of both new motors are excellent. The maximum output thrust of the arc slotted motor is 76 N/94 N, and the corresponding maximum no-load speed is 283 mm/s/213 mm/s, while the maximum output thrust of V-slotted motor reaches 90 N/120 N, and the maximum no-load speed reaches 223 mm/s/368 mm/s. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Piezoelectric/Ultrasonic Sensors and Actuators-2nd Volume)

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14 pages, 6697 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ultrasonic Non-Destructive Testing and Evaluation of Stainless-Steel Resistance Spot Welding Based on Spiral C-Scan Technique

by Liang Yang, Rongyan Chuai, Guixi Cai, Dan Xue, Jingming Li, Kunlin Liu and Chang Liu

Sensors 2024, 24(15), 4771; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24154771 - 23 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1097

Abstract

In order to achieve the non-destructive testing and quality evaluation of stainless-steel resistance spot welding (RSW) joints, a portable ultrasonic spiral C-scan testing instrument was developed based on the principle of ultrasonic pulse reflection. A mathematical model for the quality evaluation of RSW [...] Read more.

In order to achieve the non-destructive testing and quality evaluation of stainless-steel resistance spot welding (RSW) joints, a portable ultrasonic spiral C-scan testing instrument was developed based on the principle of ultrasonic pulse reflection. A mathematical model for the quality evaluation of RSW joints was established, and the centroid of the ultrasonic C-scan image in the nugget zone of the RSW was determined based on the principle of static moment. The longest and shortest axes passing through the centroid in the image were extracted, and the ratio of the longest axis to the shortest axis (RLS) factor and the average of axis (AOA) factor were calculated, respectively, to evaluate the quality of the joint. To study the effectiveness of the detection results, tensile tests, and stereo analysis were conducted on the solder joints after sampling. The results indicate that this detection method can realize online detection and significantly improve the detection efficiency; the detection value of internal defect size is close to the true value with an error of 0.1 mm; the combination of RLS and AOA factors can be used to evaluate the mechanical properties of RSW joints. This technology can be used to solve the NDT, evaluate problems of RSW joints, and realize engineering applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Piezoelectric/Ultrasonic Sensors and Actuators-2nd Volume)

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12 pages, 1878 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Sliding Mode Control for Piezoelectric Tip/Tilt Platform on Precision Motion Tracking

by Xianfeng Zeng, Xiaozhi Zhang and Feng Nan

Actuators 2024, 13(7), 269; https://doi.org/10.3390/act13070269 - 17 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 843

Abstract

This paper presents the design of a sliding mode controller to compensate hysteresis nonlinearity and achieve precision motion tracking for a novel piezoelectric tip/tilt platform driven by a PZT actuator. The sliding mode control scheme is based on the unique physical characteristics of [...] Read more.

This paper presents the design of a sliding mode controller to compensate hysteresis nonlinearity and achieve precision motion tracking for a novel piezoelectric tip/tilt platform driven by a PZT actuator. The sliding mode control scheme is based on the unique physical characteristics of the piezoelectric tip/tilt platform. The proposed scheme effectively guides the platform state onto a predefined sliding surface and ensures its sustained movement along this manifold. This approach reduces tracking errors compared to conventional methodologies. The stability of the sliding mode control scheme is demonstrated by the Lyapunov theory framework. It achieves precise motion control with minimal tracking error on a piezoelectric tip/tilt platform. The properties of the controller have been confirmed through experimental tests. The proposed control scheme enhances the robust tracking and stability performance on the piezoelectric tip/tilt platform, outperforming traditional control schemes. Compared with the P562.6CD produced by PI Germany, the proposed innovative approach not only boosts the platform’s resolution by 32% but also implements a 33% reduction in cost. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Piezoelectric/Ultrasonic Sensors and Actuators-2nd Volume)

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13 pages, 3517 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Properties and Macroscopic Defects of Metallic Bars, Pipes, and Strands through the Spectrum of Low-Frequency Excitations

by Matteo Mancini, Bruno Turchetta and Matteo Cirillo

Materials 2024, 17(10), 2171; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17102171 - 7 May 2024

Viewed by 677

Abstract

It is demonstrated that the application of piezoelectric sensors to metallic bars and strands can enable determining the status of the integrity of these elements through the spectrum of their acoustic excitations. The voltage output of the piezo, secured to metal bars or [...] Read more.

It is demonstrated that the application of piezoelectric sensors to metallic bars and strands can enable determining the status of the integrity of these elements through the spectrum of their acoustic excitations. The voltage output of the piezo, secured to metal bars or strands, is fed to the input of a Fast Fourier Transform analyzer, which allows displaying the spectrum of the excitations from which information on the length, overall quality of the metal, and the presence of defects can be obtained. We show that the analysis, performed on several materials and strands of different lengths, could be useful for cases in which visible inspection and/or direct access to the entire body of the metallic elements is not possible. Applications of our study for testing metallic structures embedded in concrete foundations are reported for construction sites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Piezoelectric/Ultrasonic Sensors and Actuators-2nd Volume)

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14 pages, 7711 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Feasibility Study for Monitoring an Ultrasonic System Using Structurally Integrated Piezoceramics

by Jonas M. Werner, Tim Krüger and Welf-Guntram Drossel

Sensors 2024, 24(3), 1036; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24031036 - 5 Feb 2024

Viewed by 1240

Abstract

This paper presents a new approach to monitoring ultrasonic systems using structurally integrated piezoceramics. These are integrated into the sonotrode at different points and with different orientations. The procedure for integrating the piezoceramics into the sonotrode and their performance is experimentally investigated. We [...] Read more.

This paper presents a new approach to monitoring ultrasonic systems using structurally integrated piezoceramics. These are integrated into the sonotrode at different points and with different orientations. The procedure for integrating the piezoceramics into the sonotrode and their performance is experimentally investigated. We examine whether the measured signal can be used to determine the optimal operating frequency of the ultrasonic system, if integrating several piezoceramics enables discernment of the current vibration shape, and if the piezoceramics can withstand the high strains caused by the vibrations in a frequency range of approximately 20–25 kHz. The signals from the piezoceramic sensors are compared to the real-time displacement at different points of the sonotrode using a 3D laser scanning vibrometer. To evaluate the performance of the sensors, different kinds of excitation of the ultrasonic system are chosen. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Piezoelectric/Ultrasonic Sensors and Actuators-2nd Volume)

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