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Int. J. Mol. Sci., Volume 13, Issue 11 (November 2012) – 105 articles , Pages 13764-15495

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1205 KiB  
Review
Mutations Associated with Functional Disorder of Xanthine Oxidoreductase and Hereditary Xanthinuria in Humans
by Kimiyoshi Ichida, Yoshihiro Amaya, Ken Okamoto and Takeshi Nishino
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13(11), 15475-15495; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms131115475 - 21 Nov 2012
Cited by 87 | Viewed by 13594
Abstract
Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) catalyzes the conversion of hypoxanthine to xanthine and xanthine to uric acid with concomitant reduction of either NAD+ or O2. The enzyme is a target of drugs to treat hyperuricemia, gout and reactive oxygen-related diseases. Human diseases [...] Read more.
Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) catalyzes the conversion of hypoxanthine to xanthine and xanthine to uric acid with concomitant reduction of either NAD+ or O2. The enzyme is a target of drugs to treat hyperuricemia, gout and reactive oxygen-related diseases. Human diseases associated with genetically determined dysfunction of XOR are termed xanthinuria, because of the excretion of xanthine in urine. Xanthinuria is classified into two subtypes, type I and type II. Type I xanthinuria involves XOR deficiency due to genetic defect of XOR, whereas type II xanthinuria involves dual deficiency of XOR and aldehyde oxidase (AO, a molybdoflavo enzyme similar to XOR) due to genetic defect in the molybdenum cofactor sulfurase. Molybdenum cofactor deficiency is associated with triple deficiency of XOR, AO and sulfite oxidase, due to defective synthesis of molybdopterin, which is a precursor of molybdenum cofactor for all three enzymes. The present review focuses on mutation or chemical modification studies of mammalian XOR, as well as on XOR mutations identified in humans, aimed at understanding the reaction mechanism of XOR and the relevance of mutated XORs as models to estimate the possible side effects of clinical application of XOR inhibitors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flavins)
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219 KiB  
Article
Associations between Endogenous Dimethylarginines and Renal Function in Healthy Children and Adolescents
by Aleksandra Jaźwińska-Kozuba, Jens Martens-Lobenhoffer, Andrzej Surdacki, Olga Kruszelnicka, Jarosław Rycaj, Urszula Godula-Stuglik and Stefanie M. Bode-Böger
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13(11), 15464-15474; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms131115464 - 21 Nov 2012
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 5902
Abstract
The structural isomer of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA), is eliminated almost entirely by urinary excretion and considered a sensitive index of glomerular filtration rate (GFR). However, reports on this relationship in healthy subjects younger than 18 years of age are rare. [...] Read more.
The structural isomer of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA), is eliminated almost entirely by urinary excretion and considered a sensitive index of glomerular filtration rate (GFR). However, reports on this relationship in healthy subjects younger than 18 years of age are rare. Therefore, our aim was to investigate relations between endogenous dimethylarginines and renal function indices in healthy children and adolescents. We studied 40 subjects aged 3–18 years free of coexistent diseases or subclinical carotid atherosclerosis. A serum creatinine-derived estimated GFR (eGFR) was calculated by the revised bedside Schwartz equation. L-arginine, ADMA and SDMA were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Mean eGFR was 122 ± 22 (SD) mL/min per 1.73 m2. Creatinine and eGFR exhibited closer correlations with the SDMA/ADMA ratio (r = 0.64, p < 0.0001; r = −0.63, p < 0.0001, respectively) than with SDMA (r = 0.31, p = 0.05; r = −0.35, p = 0.03). Neither creatinine nor eGFR correlated with ADMA or L-arginine. Adjustment for age or height only slightly attenuated the associations between the SDMA/ADMA ratio and eGFR or creatinine. Our findings suggest the superiority of the SDMA/ADMA ratio over SDMA as a renal function index in healthy children. Thus, further studies are warranted to verify our preliminary results in a larger group of subjects below 18 years of age. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue ADMA and Nitrergic System)
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189 KiB  
Review
Dietary Docosahexaenoic Acid (22:6) Incorporates into Cardiolipin at the Expense of Linoleic Acid (18:2): Analysis and Potential Implications
by Colin H. Cortie and Paul L. Else
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13(11), 15447-15463; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms131115447 - 21 Nov 2012
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 8893
Abstract
Cardiolipin is a signature phospholipid of major functional significance in mitochondria. In heart mitochondria the fatty acid composition of cardiolipin is commonly viewed as highly regulated due to its high levels of linoleic acid (18:2n − 6) and the dominant presence of [...] Read more.
Cardiolipin is a signature phospholipid of major functional significance in mitochondria. In heart mitochondria the fatty acid composition of cardiolipin is commonly viewed as highly regulated due to its high levels of linoleic acid (18:2n − 6) and the dominant presence of a 4×18:2 molecular species. However, analysis of data from a comprehensive compilation of studies reporting changes in fatty acid composition of cardiolipin in heart and liver mitochondria in response to dietary fat shows that, in heart the accrual of 18:2 into cardiolipin conforms strongly to its dietary availability at up to 20% of total dietary fatty acid and thereafter is regulated. In liver, no dietary conformer trend is apparent for 18:2 with regulated lower levels across the dietary range for 18:2. When 18:2 and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n − 3) are present in the same diet, 22:6 is incorporated into cardiolipin of heart and liver at the expense of 18:2 when 22:6 is up to ~20% and 10% of total dietary fatty acid respectively. Changes in fatty acid composition in response to dietary fat are also compared for the two other main mitochondrial phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, and the potential consequences of replacement of 18:2 with 22:6 in cardiolipin are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phospholipids: Molecular Sciences 2012)
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2386 KiB  
Article
Errors in the Calculation of 27Al Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Chemical Shifts
by Xianlong Wang, Chengfei Wang and Hui Zhao
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13(11), 15420-15446; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms131115420 - 21 Nov 2012
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 7702
Abstract
Computational chemistry is an important tool for signal assignment of 27Al nuclear magnetic resonance spectra in order to elucidate the species of aluminum(III) in aqueous solutions. The accuracy of the popular theoretical models for computing the 27Al chemical shifts was evaluated [...] Read more.
Computational chemistry is an important tool for signal assignment of 27Al nuclear magnetic resonance spectra in order to elucidate the species of aluminum(III) in aqueous solutions. The accuracy of the popular theoretical models for computing the 27Al chemical shifts was evaluated by comparing the calculated and experimental chemical shifts in more than one hundred aluminum(III) complexes. In order to differentiate the error due to the chemical shielding tensor calculation from that due to the inadequacy of the molecular geometry prediction, single-crystal X-ray diffraction determined structures were used to build the isolated molecule models for calculating the chemical shifts. The results were compared with those obtained using the calculated geometries at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) level. The isotropic chemical shielding constants computed at different levels have strong linear correlations even though the absolute values differ in tens of ppm. The root-mean-square difference between the experimental chemical shifts and the calculated values is approximately 5 ppm for the calculations based on the X-ray structures, but more than 10 ppm for the calculations based on the computed geometries. The result indicates that the popular theoretical models are adequate in calculating the chemical shifts while an accurate molecular geometry is more critical. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Atoms in Molecules and in Nanostructures)
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585 KiB  
Review
Marine Omega-3 Phospholipids: Metabolism and Biological Activities
by Lena Burri, Nils Hoem, Sebastiano Banni and Kjetil Berge
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13(11), 15401-15419; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms131115401 - 21 Nov 2012
Cited by 213 | Viewed by 23220
Abstract
The biological activities of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FAs) have been under extensive study for several decades. However, not much attention has been paid to differences of dietary forms, such as triglycerides (TGs) versus ethyl esters or phospholipids (PLs). New innovative marine raw [...] Read more.
The biological activities of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FAs) have been under extensive study for several decades. However, not much attention has been paid to differences of dietary forms, such as triglycerides (TGs) versus ethyl esters or phospholipids (PLs). New innovative marine raw materials, like krill and fish by-products, present n-3 FAs mainly in the PL form. With their increasing availability, new evidence has emerged on n-3 PL biological activities and differences to n-3 TGs. In this review, we describe the recently discovered nutritional properties of n-3 PLs on different parameters of metabolic syndrome and highlight their different metabolic bioavailability in comparison to other dietary forms of n-3 FAs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phospholipids: Molecular Sciences 2012)
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414 KiB  
Article
Predicting Retention Times of Naturally Occurring Phenolic Compounds in Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography: A Quantitative Structure-Retention Relationship (QSRR) Approach
by Jamshed Akbar, Shahid Iqbal, Fozia Batool, Abdul Karim and Kim Wei Chan
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13(11), 15387-15400; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms131115387 - 20 Nov 2012
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 7105
Abstract
Quantitative structure-retention relationships (QSRRs) have successfully been developed for naturally occurring phenolic compounds in a reversed-phase liquid chromatographic (RPLC) system. A total of 1519 descriptors were calculated from the optimized structures of the molecules using MOPAC2009 and DRAGON softwares. The data set of [...] Read more.
Quantitative structure-retention relationships (QSRRs) have successfully been developed for naturally occurring phenolic compounds in a reversed-phase liquid chromatographic (RPLC) system. A total of 1519 descriptors were calculated from the optimized structures of the molecules using MOPAC2009 and DRAGON softwares. The data set of 39 molecules was divided into training and external validation sets. For feature selection and mapping we used step-wise multiple linear regression (SMLR), unsupervised forward selection followed by step-wise multiple linear regression (UFS-SMLR) and artificial neural networks (ANN). Stable and robust models with significant predictive abilities in terms of validation statistics were obtained with negation of any chance correlation. ANN models were found better than remaining two approaches. HNar, IDM, Mp, GATS2v, DISP and 3D-MoRSE (signals 22, 28 and 32) descriptors based on van der Waals volume, electronegativity, mass and polarizability, at atomic level, were found to have significant effects on the retention times. The possible implications of these descriptors in RPLC have been discussed. All the models are proven to be quite able to predict the retention times of phenolic compounds and have shown remarkable validation, robustness, stability and predictive performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biochemistry)
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2170 KiB  
Article
Tenomodulin Inhibits Retinal Neovascularization in a Mouse Model of Oxygen-Induced Retinopathy
by Wei Wang, Zhongqiu Li, Tatsuhiko Sato and Yusuke Oshima
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13(11), 15373-15386; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms131115373 - 20 Nov 2012
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 6921
Abstract
We aimed to determine the anti-angiogenic effect of tenomodulin (TeM) on retinal neovascularization in an oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) mouse model. OIR was induced in C57BL/6 mice by exposing seven-day-old mice to 75% oxygen for five days followed by room air for five days. [...] Read more.
We aimed to determine the anti-angiogenic effect of tenomodulin (TeM) on retinal neovascularization in an oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) mouse model. OIR was induced in C57BL/6 mice by exposing seven-day-old mice to 75% oxygen for five days followed by room air for five days. Control mice were exposed to room air from birth until postnatal day 17. Mice received intravitreal injections of 1 μg of TeM in one eye and PBS in the contralateral eye at P7 before being exposed to 75% oxygen. Eyes were collected at postnatal day 17. Retinal blood vessel patterns were visualized by fluorescein angiography. We quantified the number of neovascular nuclei that were present beyond the inner limiting membrane (ILM) using histological methods with a masked approach. Furthermore, double immunohistochemical staining of TeM was performed on retinas to identify nuclei protruding into the vitreous cavity. Western blot was used to detect exogenous TeM protein. The central nonperfusion area (NPA, mm2) of TeM-injected eyes was significantly different from that of OIR and PBS-injected eyes, and the number of nuclei in new blood vessels breaking through the ILM in each retinal cross-section significantly differed from that of OIR eyes and PBS-injected control eyes. Cellular nuclei of new blood vessels protruding into the vitreous cavity were also observed in TeM-injected retinas by immunohistochemistry. Western blotting revealed a 16-kDa immunoreactive protein, indicating incorporation of an exogenous TeM fragment into the retina. Our data shows that TeM can effectively inhibit pathological angiogenesis in mouse eyes; indicating its potential role in prevention and treatment of ocular neovascularization. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biochemistry)
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547 KiB  
Article
Eclipsed Acetaldehyde as a Precursor for Producing Vinyl Alcohol
by Osman I. Osman, Abdulrahman O. Alyoubi, Shabaan A. K. Elroby, Rifaat H. Hilal and Saadullah G. Aziz
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13(11), 15360-15372; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms131115360 - 20 Nov 2012
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 7810
Abstract
The MP2 and DFT/B3LYP methods at 6-311++G(d,p) and aug-cc-pdz basis sets have been used to probe the origin of relative stability preference for eclipsed acetaldehyde over its bisected counterpart. A relative energy stability range of 1.02 to 1.20 kcal/mol, in favor of the [...] Read more.
The MP2 and DFT/B3LYP methods at 6-311++G(d,p) and aug-cc-pdz basis sets have been used to probe the origin of relative stability preference for eclipsed acetaldehyde over its bisected counterpart. A relative energy stability range of 1.02 to 1.20 kcal/mol, in favor of the eclipsed conformer, was found and discussed. An NBO study at these chemistry levels complemented these findings and assigned the eclipsed acetaldehyde preference mainly to the vicinal antiperiplanar hyperconjugative interactions. The tautomeric interconversion between the more stable eclipsed acetaldehyde and vinyl alcohol has been achieved through a four-membered ring transition state (TS). The obtained barrier heights and relative stabilities of eclipsed acetaldehyde and the two conformers of vinyl alchol at these model chemistries have been estimated and discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Physical Chemistry, Theoretical and Computational Chemistry)
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453 KiB  
Article
Targeting Death Receptor TRAIL-R2 by Chalcones for TRAIL-Induced Apoptosis in Cancer Cells
by Ewelina Szliszka, Dagmara Jaworska, Małgorzata Ksek, Zenon P. Czuba and Wojciech Król
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13(11), 15343-15359; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms131115343 - 20 Nov 2012
Cited by 58 | Viewed by 8481
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) induces apoptosis in cancer cells without toxicity to normal cells. TRAIL binds to death receptors, TRAIL-R1 (DR4) and TRAIL-R2 (DR5) expressed on cancer cell surface and activates apoptotic pathways. Endogenous TRAIL plays an important role in immune [...] Read more.
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) induces apoptosis in cancer cells without toxicity to normal cells. TRAIL binds to death receptors, TRAIL-R1 (DR4) and TRAIL-R2 (DR5) expressed on cancer cell surface and activates apoptotic pathways. Endogenous TRAIL plays an important role in immune surveillance and defense against cancer cells. However, as more tumor cells are reported to be resistant to TRAIL mediated death, it is important to search for and develop new strategies to overcome this resistance. Chalcones can sensitize cancer cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. We examined the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of TRAIL in combination with four chalcones: chalcone, isobavachalcone, licochalcone A and xanthohumol on HeLa cancer cells. The cytotoxicity was measured by MTT and LDH assays. The apoptosis was detected using annexin V-FITC staining by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. Death receptor expression was analyzed using flow cytometry. The decreased expression of death receptors in cancer cells may be the cause of TRAIL-resistance. Chalcones enhance TRAIL-induced apoptosis in HeLa cells through increased expression of TRAIL-R2. Our study has indicated that chalcones augment the antitumor activity of TRAIL and confirm their cancer chemopreventive properties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Molecular Oncology (special issue))
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266 KiB  
Article
Primary, Secondary Metabolites, Photosynthetic Capacity and Antioxidant Activity of the Malaysian Herb Kacip Fatimah (Labisia Pumila Benth) Exposed to Potassium Fertilization under Greenhouse Conditions
by Mohd Hafiz Ibrahim, Hawa Z. E. Jaafar, Ehsan Karimi and Ali Ghasemzadeh
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13(11), 15321-15342; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms131115321 - 20 Nov 2012
Cited by 85 | Viewed by 8723
Abstract
A randomized complete block design was used to characterize the relationship between production of total phenolics, flavonoids, ascorbic acid, carbohydrate content, leaf gas exchange, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), soluble protein, invertase and antioxidant enzyme activities (ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) [...] Read more.
A randomized complete block design was used to characterize the relationship between production of total phenolics, flavonoids, ascorbic acid, carbohydrate content, leaf gas exchange, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), soluble protein, invertase and antioxidant enzyme activities (ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in Labisia pumila Benth var. alata under four levels of potassium fertilization experiments (0, 90, 180 and 270 kg K/ha) conducted for 12 weeks. It was found that the production of total phenolics, flavonoids, ascorbic acid and carbohydrate content was affected by the interaction between potassium fertilization and plant parts. As the potassium fertilization levels increased from 0 to 270 kg K/ha, the production of soluble protein and PAL activity increased steadily. At the highest potassium fertilization (270 kg K/ha) L. pumila exhibited significantly higher net photosynthesis (A), stomatal conductance (gs), intercellular CO2 (Ci), apparent quantum yield (ɸ) and lower dark respiration rates (Rd), compared to the other treatments. It was found that the production of total phenolics, flavonoids and ascorbic acid are also higher under 270 kg K/ha compared to 180, 90 and 0 kg K/ha. Furthermore, from the present study, the invertase activity was also found to be higher in 270 kg K/ha treatment. The antioxidant enzyme activities (APX, CAT and SOD) were lower under high potassium fertilization (270 kg K/ha) and have a significant negative correlation with total phenolics and flavonoid production. From this study, it was observed that the up-regulation of leaf gas exchange and downregulation of APX, CAT and SOD activities under high supplementation of potassium fertilizer enhanced the carbohydrate content that simultaneously increased the production of L. pumila secondary metabolites, thus increasing the health promoting effects of this plant. Full article
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761 KiB  
Article
Pharmacological Evaluation and Preliminary Pharmacokinetics Studies of a New Diclofenac Prodrug without Gastric Ulceration Effect
by Jean Leandro dos Santos, Vanessa Moreira, Michel Leandro Campos, Rafael Consolin Chelucci, Karina Pereira Barbieri, Pollyana Cristina Maggio de Castro Souto, Márcio Hideki Matsubara, Catarina Teixeira, Priscila Longhin Bosquesi, Rosângela Gonçalves Peccinini and Chung Man Chin
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13(11), 15305-15320; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms131115305 - 19 Nov 2012
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 7648
Abstract
Long-term nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) therapy has been associated with several adverse effects such as gastric ulceration and cardiovascular events. Among the molecular modifications strategies, the prodrug approach is a useful tool to discover new safe NSAIDs. The 1-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)indolin-2-one is a diclofenac prodrug [...] Read more.
Long-term nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) therapy has been associated with several adverse effects such as gastric ulceration and cardiovascular events. Among the molecular modifications strategies, the prodrug approach is a useful tool to discover new safe NSAIDs. The 1-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)indolin-2-one is a diclofenac prodrug which demonstrated relevant anti-inflammatory properties without gastro ulceration effect. In addition, the prodrug decreases PGE2 levels, COX-2 expression and cellular influx into peritoneal cavity induced by carrageenan treatment. Preliminary pharmacokinetic studies have shown in vivo bioconversion of prodrug to diclofenac. This prodrug is a new nonulcerogenic NSAID useful to treat inflammatory events by long-term therapy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biochemistry)
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3436 KiB  
Article
Clinicopathological Significance of NMIIA Overexpression in Human Gastric Cancer
by Dongning Liu, Lei Zhang, Zhiyong Shen, Fei Tan, Yanfeng Hu, Jiang Yu and Guoxin Li
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13(11), 15291-15304; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms131115291 - 19 Nov 2012
Cited by 33 | Viewed by 8190
Abstract
Altered expressions of nonmuscle myosin IIA (NMIIA) have been observed in certain types of cancers, but the impact of the alterations in gastric cancer (GC) remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression of NMIIA at the mRNA and [...] Read more.
Altered expressions of nonmuscle myosin IIA (NMIIA) have been observed in certain types of cancers, but the impact of the alterations in gastric cancer (GC) remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression of NMIIA at the mRNA and protein level in patients with GC and to assess its clinical significance. We investigated the expression of NMIIA in fresh, paired GC tissues by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR; n = 14) and Western blot analysis (n = 36). Simultaneously, we performed immunohistochemistry (IHC) on paraffin embedded specimens, including 96 GC specimens, 30 matched normal specimens and 30 paired metastatic lymph node samples. NMIIA is overexpressed in GC compared with the adjacent normal gastric epithelium (p < 0.001) and high-level NMIIA expression is significantly correlated with the depth of wall invasion, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis and Tumor Node Metastasis (TNM) stage. Furthermore, elevated NMIIA expression is an independent prognostic factor in multivariate analysis using the Cox regression model (p = 0.021). These findings indicate that overexpression of NMIIA may contribute to the progression and poor prognosis of GC. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Cancer Diagnosis)
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2789 KiB  
Article
Molecular Mechanisms of RADA16-1 Peptide on Fast Stop Bleeding in Rat Models
by Ting Wang, Xiaozhong Zhong, Songtao Wang, Fei Lv and Xiaojun Zhao
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13(11), 15279-15290; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms131115279 - 19 Nov 2012
Cited by 50 | Viewed by 9841
Abstract
Ionic self-assembly of the peptide RADARADARADARADA (RADA16-1) may form a well-defined nanofiber and eventually a hydrogel scaffold, with a water content of over 99.5%. This leads to the establishment of a nanofiber barrier that can be used to achieve complete hemostasis in less [...] Read more.
Ionic self-assembly of the peptide RADARADARADARADA (RADA16-1) may form a well-defined nanofiber and eventually a hydrogel scaffold, with a water content of over 99.5%. This leads to the establishment of a nanofiber barrier that can be used to achieve complete hemostasis in less than 20 s in multiple tissues and in a variety of different wounds. In the present study, the nanofiber scaffolds of RADA16-1 peptide were sonicated into smaller fragments to identify possible molecular mechanisms underlying the rapid cessation of bleeding associated with these materials. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), circular dichroism (CD), and rheometry were also used to evaluate the re-assembly kinetics of this peptide. A bleeding control experiment was performed in animal models to uncover the molecular mechanisms underlying this fast hemostasis. In this way, these sonicated fragments not only quickly reassembled into nanofibers indistinguishable from the original material, but the degree of reassembly was also correlated with an increase in the rigidity of the scaffold and increased as the time required for hemostasis increased. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biochemistry)
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225 KiB  
Review
Role of Oxidative Stress in Hepatocarcinogenesis Induced by Hepatitis C Virus
by Kyoko Tsukiyama-Kohara
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13(11), 15271-15278; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms131115271 - 19 Nov 2012
Cited by 35 | Viewed by 8033
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) easily establishes chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). During the progression of HCV infections, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated, and these ROS then induce significant DNA damage. The role of ROS in the pathogenesis of HCV infection [...] Read more.
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) easily establishes chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). During the progression of HCV infections, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated, and these ROS then induce significant DNA damage. The role of ROS in the pathogenesis of HCV infection is still not fully understood. Recently, we found that HCV induced the expression of 3β-hydroxysterol ∆24-reductase (DHCR24). We also found that a HCV responsive region is present in the 5'-flanking genomic promoter region of DHCR24 and the HCV responsive region was characterized as (−167/−140). Moreover, the transcription factor Sp1 was found to bind to this region in response to oxidative stress under the regulation of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase. Overexpression of DHCR24 impaired p53 activity by suppression of acetylation and increased interaction with MDM2. This impairment of p53 suppressed the hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptotic response in hepatocytes. Thus, a target of oxidative stress in HCV infection is DHCR24 through Sp1, which suppresses apoptotic responses and increases tumorigenicity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress and Ageing)
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368 KiB  
Article
Simple Estimation of Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) Orientation Factor Distribution in Membranes
by Luís M. S. Loura
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13(11), 15252-15270; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms131115252 - 19 Nov 2012
Cited by 61 | Viewed by 9254
Abstract
Because of its acute sensitivity to distance in the nanometer scale, Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) has found a large variety of applications in many fields of chemistry, physics, and biology. One important issue regarding the correct usage of FRET is its dependence [...] Read more.
Because of its acute sensitivity to distance in the nanometer scale, Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) has found a large variety of applications in many fields of chemistry, physics, and biology. One important issue regarding the correct usage of FRET is its dependence on the donor-acceptor relative orientation, expressed as the orientation factor κ2. Different donor/acceptor conformations can lead to κ2 values in the 0 ≤ κ2 ≤ 4 range. Because the characteristic distance for FRET, R0, is proportional to (κ2)1/6, uncertainties in the orientation factor are reflected in the quality of information that can be retrieved from a FRET experiment. In most cases, the average value of κ2 corresponding to the dynamic isotropic limit (<κ2> = 2/3) is used for computation of R0 and hence donor-acceptor distances and acceptor concentrations. However, this can lead to significant error in unfavorable cases. This issue is more critical in membrane systems, because of their intrinsically anisotropic nature and their reduced fluidity in comparison to most common solvents. Here, a simple numerical simulation method for estimation of the probability density function of κ2 for membrane-embedded donor and acceptor fluorophores in the dynamic regime is presented. In the simplest form, the proposed procedure uses as input the most probable orientations of the donor and acceptor transition dipoles, obtained by experimental (including linear dichroism) or theoretical (such as molecular dynamics simulation) techniques. Optionally, information about the widths of the donor and/or acceptor angular distributions may be incorporated. The methodology is illustrated for special limiting cases and common membrane FRET pairs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET))
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227 KiB  
Article
Synthesis Method for Thiosulfonate and Report of Its Insecticidal Activity in Anagasta kuehniella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
by Edson Dos A. Dos Santos, Fernando M. Gonçalves, Paulo César Prado, Daniele Y. Sasaki, Dênis P. De Lima and Maria Lígia Rodrigues Macedo
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13(11), 15241-15251; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms131115241 - 19 Nov 2012
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 6392
Abstract
Insect pests have caused economic losses valued at billions of dollars in agricultural production. Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller), the Mediterranean flour moth, is of major economic importance as a flour and grain feeder and is often a severe pest in flourmills. This study provides [...] Read more.
Insect pests have caused economic losses valued at billions of dollars in agricultural production. Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller), the Mediterranean flour moth, is of major economic importance as a flour and grain feeder and is often a severe pest in flourmills. This study provides a suitable route for the direct preparation of thiosulfonates 2 and 3 from thiols, under mild conditions, with good yields; these thiosulfonates were tested for their regulatory effect on insect growth. The chronic ingestion of thiosulfonates resulted in a significant reduction in larval survival and weight. In addition, the tryptic activity of larvae was sensitive to these thiosulfonates. Results suggest that thiosulfonates 2 and 3 have a potential antimetabolic effect when ingested by A. kuehniella. The use of AgNO3/BF3·OEt2 and Al(H2PO4)3/HNO3 provides a suitable route for the direct preparation of thiosulfonates from thiols under mild conditions with good yields. These thiosulfonates were toxic for A. kuehniella larvae, suggesting their potential as biotechnological tools. Full article
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1162 KiB  
Article
Modification of Förster Resonance Energy Transfer Efficiencyat Interfaces
by Jörg Enderlein
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13(11), 15227-15240; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms131115227 - 19 Nov 2012
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 6377
Abstract
We present a theoretical study on the impact of an interface on the FRET efficiency of a surface-bound acceptor-donor system. The FRET efficiency can be modified by two effects. Firstly, the donor’s electromagnetic field at the acceptor’s position is changed due to the [...] Read more.
We present a theoretical study on the impact of an interface on the FRET efficiency of a surface-bound acceptor-donor system. The FRET efficiency can be modified by two effects. Firstly, the donor’s electromagnetic field at the acceptor’s position is changed due to the partial reflection of the donor’s field. Secondly, both the donor’s and the acceptor’s quantum yield of fluorescence can be changed due to the interface-induced enhancement of the radiative emission rate (Purcell effect). Numerical results for a FRET-pair at a glass-water interface are given. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET))
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589 KiB  
Article
Isolation and Structural Characterization of Lignin from Cotton Stalk Treated in an Ammonia Hydrothermal System
by Sumin Kang, Lingping Xiao, Lingyan Meng, Xueming Zhang and Runcang Sun
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13(11), 15209-15226; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms131115209 - 16 Nov 2012
Cited by 68 | Viewed by 7986
Abstract
To investigate the potential for the utilization of cotton stalk, ammonia hydrothermal treatment was applied to fractionate the samples into aqueous ammonia-soluble and ammonia-insoluble portions. The ammonia-soluble portion was purified to yield lignin fractions. The lignin fractions obtained were characterized by wet chemistry [...] Read more.
To investigate the potential for the utilization of cotton stalk, ammonia hydrothermal treatment was applied to fractionate the samples into aqueous ammonia-soluble and ammonia-insoluble portions. The ammonia-soluble portion was purified to yield lignin fractions. The lignin fractions obtained were characterized by wet chemistry (carbohydrate analysis) and spectroscopy methods (FT-IR, 13C and 1H-13C HSQC NMR spectroscopy) as well as gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The results showed that the cotton stalk lignin fractions were almost absent of neutral sugars (0.43%–1.29%) and had relatively low average molecular weights (1255–1746 g/mol). The lignin fractions belonged to typical G-S lignin, which was composed predominately of G-type units (59%) and noticeable amounts of S-type units (40%) together with a small amount of H-type units (~1%). Furthermore, the ammonia-extractable lignin fractions were mainly composed of β-O-4' inter-unit linkages (75.6%), and small quantities of β-β' (12.2%), together with lower amounts of β-5' carbon-carbon linkages (7.4%) and p-hydroxycinnamyl alcohol end groups. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Materials Science)
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249 KiB  
Article
Nitric Oxide-Dependent Posttranslational Modification in Plants: An Update
by Jeremy Astier and Christian Lindermayr
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13(11), 15193-15208; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms131115193 - 16 Nov 2012
Cited by 180 | Viewed by 11296
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) has been demonstrated as an essential regulator of several physiological processes in plants. The understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying its critical role constitutes a major field of research. NO can exert its biological function through different ways, such as [...] Read more.
Nitric oxide (NO) has been demonstrated as an essential regulator of several physiological processes in plants. The understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying its critical role constitutes a major field of research. NO can exert its biological function through different ways, such as the modulation of gene expression, the mobilization of second messengers, or interplays with protein kinases. Besides this signaling events, NO can be responsible of the posttranslational modifications (PTM) of target proteins. Several modifications have been identified so far, whereas metal nitrosylation, the tyrosine nitration and the S-nitrosylation can be considered as the main ones. Recent data demonstrate that these PTM are involved in the control of a wide range of physiological processes in plants, such as the plant immune system. However, a great deal of effort is still necessary to pinpoint the role of each PTM in plant physiology. Taken together, these new advances in proteomic research provide a better comprehension of the role of NO in plant signaling. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Proteomic Research)
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515 KiB  
Article
Detection of Glycomic Alterations Induced by Overexpression of P-Glycoprotein on the Surfaces of L1210 Cells Using Sialic Acid Binding Lectins
by Tatiana Bubencíkova, Dana Cholujová, Lucia Messingerová, Danica Mislovicova, Mario Seres, Albert Breier and Zdena Sulova
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13(11), 15177-15192; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms131115177 - 16 Nov 2012
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 6979
Abstract
P-glycoprotein (P-gp) overexpression is the most frequently observed cause of multidrug resistance in neoplastic cells. In our experiments, P-gp was expressed in L1210 mice leukemia cells (S cells) by selection with vincristine (R cells) or transfection with the gene encoding human P-gp (T [...] Read more.
P-glycoprotein (P-gp) overexpression is the most frequently observed cause of multidrug resistance in neoplastic cells. In our experiments, P-gp was expressed in L1210 mice leukemia cells (S cells) by selection with vincristine (R cells) or transfection with the gene encoding human P-gp (T cells). Remodeling of cell surface sugars is associated with P-gp expression in L1210 cells as a secondary cellular response. In this study, we monitored the alteration of cell surface saccharides by Sambucus nigra agglutinin (SNA), wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) and Maackia amurensis agglutinin (MAA). Sialic acid is predominantly linked to the surface of S, R and T cells via α-2,6 branched sugars that tightly bind SNA. The presence of sialic acid linked to the cell surface via α-2,3 branched sugars was negligible, and the binding of MAA (recognizing this branch) was much less pronounced than SNA. WGA induced greater cell death than SNA, which was bound to the cell surface and agglutinated all three L1210 cell-variants more effectively than WGA. Thus, the ability of lectins to induce cell death did not correlate with their binding efficiency and agglutination potency. Compared to S cells, P-gp positive R and T cells contain a higher amount of N-acetyl-glucosamine on their cell surface, which is associated with improved WGA binding. Both P-gp positive variants of L1210 cells are strongly resistant to vincristine as P-gp prototypical drug. This resistance could not be altered by liberalization of terminal sialyl residues from the cell surface by sialidase. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Toxicology)
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639 KiB  
Article
The Characterization of SaPIN2b, a Plant Trichome-Localized Proteinase Inhibitor from Solanum americanum
by Ming Luo, Ling-Wen Ding, Zhi-Juan Ge, Zhen-Yu Wang, Bo-Lun Hu, Xiao-Bei Yang, Qiao-Yang Sun and Zeng-Fu Xu
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13(11), 15162-15176; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms131115162 - 16 Nov 2012
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 6876
Abstract
Proteinase inhibitors play an important role in plant resistance of insects and pathogens. In this study, we characterized the serine proteinase inhibitor SaPIN2b, which is constitutively expressed in Solanum americanum trichomes and contains two conserved motifs of the proteinase inhibitor II (PIN2) family. [...] Read more.
Proteinase inhibitors play an important role in plant resistance of insects and pathogens. In this study, we characterized the serine proteinase inhibitor SaPIN2b, which is constitutively expressed in Solanum americanum trichomes and contains two conserved motifs of the proteinase inhibitor II (PIN2) family. The recombinant SaPIN2b (rSaPIN2b), which was expressed in Escherichia coli, was demonstrated to be a potent proteinase inhibitor against a panel of serine proteinases, including subtilisin A, chymotrypsin and trypsin. Moreover, rSaPIN2b also effectively inhibited the proteinase activities of midgut trypsin-like proteinases that were extracted from the devastating pest Helicoverpa armigera. Furthermore, the overexpression of SaPIN2b in transgenic tobacco plants resulted in enhanced resistance against H. armigera. Taken together, our results demonstrated that SaPIN2b is a potent serine proteinase inhibitor that may act as a protective protein in plant defense against insect attacks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Molecular Plant Biology)
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869 KiB  
Review
Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) as a Tool for Dissecting the Molecular Mechanisms for Maturation of the Shigella Type III Secretion Needle Tip Complex
by Nicholas E. Dickenson and William D. Picking
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13(11), 15137-15161; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms131115137 - 16 Nov 2012
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 7047
Abstract
Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) provides a powerful tool for monitoring intermolecular interactions and a sensitive technique for studying Å-level protein conformational changes. One system that has particularly benefited from the sensitivity and diversity of FRET measurements is the maturation of the Shigella [...] Read more.
Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) provides a powerful tool for monitoring intermolecular interactions and a sensitive technique for studying Å-level protein conformational changes. One system that has particularly benefited from the sensitivity and diversity of FRET measurements is the maturation of the Shigella type III secretion apparatus (T3SA) needle tip complex. The Shigella T3SA delivers effector proteins into intestinal cells to promote bacterial invasion and spread. The T3SA is comprised of a basal body that spans the bacterial envelope and a needle with an exposed tip complex that matures in response to environmental stimuli. FRET measurements demonstrated bile salt binding by the nascent needle tip protein IpaD and also mapped resulting structural changes which led to the recruitment of the translocator IpaB. At the needle tip IpaB acts as a sensor for host cell contact but prior to secretion, it is stored as a heterodimeric complex with the chaperone IpgC. FRET analyses showed that chaperone binding to IpaB’s N-terminal domain causes a conformational change in the latter. These FRET analyses, with other biophysical methods, have been central to understanding T3SA maturation and will be highlighted, focusing on the details of the FRET measurements and the relevance to this particular system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET))
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284 KiB  
Article
Catalytic Hydrogenation of the Sweet Principles of Stevia rebaudiana, Rebaudioside B, Rebaudioside C, and Rebaudioside D and Sensory Evaluation of Their Reduced Derivatives
by Indra Prakash, Mary Campbell and Venkata Sai Prakash Chaturvedula
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13(11), 15126-15136; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms131115126 - 16 Nov 2012
Cited by 29 | Viewed by 8200
Abstract
Catalytic hydrogenation of rebaudioside B, rebaudioside C, and rebaudioside D; the three ent-kaurane diterpene glycosides isolated from Stevia rebaudiana was carried out using Pd(OH)2. Reduction of steviol glycosides was performed using straightforward synthetic chemistry with the catalyst Pd(OH)2 and [...] Read more.
Catalytic hydrogenation of rebaudioside B, rebaudioside C, and rebaudioside D; the three ent-kaurane diterpene glycosides isolated from Stevia rebaudiana was carried out using Pd(OH)2. Reduction of steviol glycosides was performed using straightforward synthetic chemistry with the catalyst Pd(OH)2 and structures of the corresponding dihydro derivatives were characterized on the basis of 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectral data indicating that all are novel compounds being reported for the first time. Also, the taste properties of all reduced compounds were evaluated against their corresponding original steviol glycosides and sucrose. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biochemistry)
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201 KiB  
Review
Mast Cells in the Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis and Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
by Massimo Costanza, Mario P. Colombo and Rosetta Pedotti
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13(11), 15107-15125; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms131115107 - 16 Nov 2012
Cited by 32 | Viewed by 8311
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are best known as key immune players in immunoglobulin E (IgE)-dependent allergic reactions. In recent years, several lines of evidence have suggested that MCs might play an important role in several pathological conditions, including autoimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis [...] Read more.
Mast cells (MCs) are best known as key immune players in immunoglobulin E (IgE)-dependent allergic reactions. In recent years, several lines of evidence have suggested that MCs might play an important role in several pathological conditions, including autoimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model for MS. Since their first description in MS plaques in the late 1800s, much effort has been put into elucidating the contribution of MCs to the development of central nervous system (CNS) autoimmunity. Mouse models of MC-deficiency have provided a valuable experimental tool for dissecting MC involvement in MS and EAE. However, to date there is still major controversy concerning the function of MCs in these diseases. Indeed, although MCs have been classically proposed as having a detrimental and pro-inflammatory role, recent literature has questioned and resized the contribution of MCs to the pathology of MS and EAE. In this review, we will present the main evidence obtained in MS and EAE on this topic, and discuss the critical and controversial aspects of such evidence. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in the Research of Multiple Sclerosis)
353 KiB  
Review
Bacterial Bio-Resources for Remediation of Hexachlorocyclohexane
by Analía Alvarez, Claudia S. Benimeli, Juliana M. Saez, María S. Fuentes, Sergio A. Cuozzo, Marta A. Polti and María J. Amoroso
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13(11), 15086-15106; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms131115086 - 15 Nov 2012
Cited by 67 | Viewed by 9761
Abstract
In the last few decades, highly toxic organic compounds like the organochlorine pesticide (OP) hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) have been released into the environment. All HCH isomers are acutely toxic to mammals. Although nowadays its use is restricted or completely banned in most countries, it [...] Read more.
In the last few decades, highly toxic organic compounds like the organochlorine pesticide (OP) hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) have been released into the environment. All HCH isomers are acutely toxic to mammals. Although nowadays its use is restricted or completely banned in most countries, it continues posing serious environmental and health concerns. Since HCH toxicity is well known, it is imperative to develop methods to remove it from the environment. Bioremediation technologies, which use microorganisms and/or plants to degrade toxic contaminants, have become the focus of interest. Microorganisms play a significant role in the transformation and degradation of xenobiotic compounds. Many Gram-negative bacteria have been reported to have metabolic abilities to attack HCH. For instance, several Sphingomonas strains have been reported to degrade the pesticide. On the other hand, among Gram-positive microorganisms, actinobacteria have a great potential for biodegradation of organic and inorganic toxic compounds. This review compiles and updates the information available on bacterial removal of HCH, particularly by Streptomyces strains, a prolific genus of actinobacteria. A brief account on the persistence and deleterious effects of these pollutant chemical is also given. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Biocides)
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605 KiB  
Article
Histone Deacetylase (HDAC) Inhibitors Down-Regulate Endothelial Lineage Commitment of Umbilical Cord Blood Derived Endothelial Progenitor Cells
by Florin Iordache, Cosmin Buzila, Andrei Constantinescu, Eugen Andrei and Horia Maniu
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13(11), 15074-15085; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms131115074 - 15 Nov 2012
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 7112
Abstract
To test the involvement of histone deacetylases (HDACs) activity in endothelial lineage progression, we investigated the effects of HDAC inhibitors on endothelial progenitors cells (EPCs) derived from umbilical cord blood (UCB). Adherent EPCs, that expressed the endothelial marker proteins (PCAM-1, CD105, CD133, and [...] Read more.
To test the involvement of histone deacetylases (HDACs) activity in endothelial lineage progression, we investigated the effects of HDAC inhibitors on endothelial progenitors cells (EPCs) derived from umbilical cord blood (UCB). Adherent EPCs, that expressed the endothelial marker proteins (PCAM-1, CD105, CD133, and VEGFR2) revealed by flow cytometry were treated with three HDAC inhibitors: Butyrate (BuA), Trichostatin A (TSA), and Valproic acid (VPA). RT-PCR assay showed that HDAC inhibitors down-regulated the expression of endothelial genes such as VE-cadherin, CD133, CXCR4 and Tie-2. Furthermore, flow cytometry analysis illustrated that HDAC inhibitors selectively reduce the expression of VEGFR2, CD117, VE-cadherin, and ICAM-1, whereas the expression of CD34 and CD45 remained unchanged, demonstrating that HDAC is involved in endothelial differentiation of progenitor cells. Real-Time PCR demonstrated that TSA down-regulated telomerase activity probably via suppression of hTERT expression, suggesting that HDAC inhibitor decreased cell proliferation. Cell motility was also decreased after treatment with HDAC inhibitors as shown by wound-healing assay. The balance of acethylation/deacethylation kept in control by the activity of HAT (histone acetyltransferases)/HDAC enzymes play an important role in differentiation of stem cells by regulating proliferation and endothelial lineage commitment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biochemistry)
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257 KiB  
Review
A Review of Molecular Mechanisms of the Anti-Leukemic Effects of Phenolic Compounds in Honey
by Murtala B. Abubakar, Wan Zaidah Abdullah, Siti Amrah Sulaiman and Ang Boon Suen
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13(11), 15054-15073; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms131115054 - 15 Nov 2012
Cited by 75 | Viewed by 11741
Abstract
Hematologic malignancies constitute about 9% of all new cases of cancers as reported via the GLOBOCAN series by International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in 2008. So far, the conventional therapeutic and surgical approaches to cancer therapy have not been able to [...] Read more.
Hematologic malignancies constitute about 9% of all new cases of cancers as reported via the GLOBOCAN series by International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in 2008. So far, the conventional therapeutic and surgical approaches to cancer therapy have not been able to curtail the rising incidence of cancers, including hematological malignancies, worldwide. The last decade has witnessed great research interest in biological activities of phenolic compounds that include anticancer, anti-oxidation and anti-inflammation, among other things. A large number of anticancer agents combat cancer through cell cycle arrest, induction of apoptosis and differentiation, as well as through inhibition of cell growth and proliferation, or a combination of two or more of these mechanisms. Various phenolic compounds from different sources have been reported to be promising anticancer agents by acting through one of these mechanisms. Honey, which has a long history of human consumption both for medicinal and nutritional uses, contains a variety of phenolic compounds such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, coumarins and tannins. This paper presents a review on the molecular mechanisms of the anti-leukemic activity of various phenolic compounds on cell cycle, cell growth and proliferation and apoptosis, and it advocates that more studies should be conducted to determine the potential role of honey in both chemoprevention and chemotherapy in leukemia. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biochemistry)
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2758 KiB  
Article
Antifungal Activity of (KW)n or (RW)n Peptide against Fusarium solani and Fusarium oxysporum
by Ramamourthy Gopal, Hyungjong Na, Chang Ho Seo and Yoonkyung Park
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13(11), 15042-15053; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms131115042 - 15 Nov 2012
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 7755
Abstract
The presence of lysine (Lys) or arginine (Arg) and tryptophan (Trp) are important for the antimicrobial effects of cationic peptides. Therefore, we designed and synthesized a series of antimicrobial peptides with various numbers of Lys (or Arg) and Trp repeats [(KW and RW) [...] Read more.
The presence of lysine (Lys) or arginine (Arg) and tryptophan (Trp) are important for the antimicrobial effects of cationic peptides. Therefore, we designed and synthesized a series of antimicrobial peptides with various numbers of Lys (or Arg) and Trp repeats [(KW and RW)n-NH2, where n equals 2, 3, 4, or 5]. Antifungal activities of these peptides increased with chain length. Light microscopy demonstrated that longer peptides (n = 4, 5) strongly inhibited in vitro growth of Fusarium solani, and Fusarium oxysporum, at 4–32 μM. Furthermore, longer peptides displayed potent fungicidal activities against a variety of agronomical important filamentous fungi, including F. solani and F. oxysporum, at their minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs). However, RW series peptides showed slightly higher fungicidal activities than KW peptides against the two strains. Taken together, the results of this study indicate that these short peptides would be good candidates for use as synthetic or transgenic antifungal agents. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Biocides)
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1408 KiB  
Review
Dynamic Control of Electron Transfers in Diflavin Reductases
by Louise Aigrain, Fataneh Fatemi, Oriane Frances, Ewen Lescop and Gilles Truan
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13(11), 15012-15041; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms131115012 - 15 Nov 2012
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 7817
Abstract
Diflavin reductases are essential proteins capable of splitting the two-electron flux from reduced pyridine nucleotides to a variety of one electron acceptors. The primary sequence of diflavin reductases shows a conserved domain organization harboring two catalytic domains bound to the FAD and FMN [...] Read more.
Diflavin reductases are essential proteins capable of splitting the two-electron flux from reduced pyridine nucleotides to a variety of one electron acceptors. The primary sequence of diflavin reductases shows a conserved domain organization harboring two catalytic domains bound to the FAD and FMN flavins sandwiched by one or several non-catalytic domains. The catalytic domains are analogous to existing globular proteins: the FMN domain is analogous to flavodoxins while the FAD domain resembles ferredoxin reductases. The first structural determination of one member of the diflavin reductases family raised some questions about the architecture of the enzyme during catalysis: both FMN and FAD were in perfect position for interflavin transfers but the steric hindrance of the FAD domain rapidly prompted more complex hypotheses on the possible mechanisms for the electron transfer from FMN to external acceptors. Hypotheses of domain reorganization during catalysis in the context of the different members of this family were given by many groups during the past twenty years. This review will address the recent advances in various structural approaches that have highlighted specific dynamic features of diflavin reductases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flavins)
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Graphical abstract

2503 KiB  
Article
Betulin Complex in γ-Cyclodextrin Derivatives: Properties and Antineoplasic Activities in In Vitro and In Vivo Tumor Models
by Codruta Şoica, Cristina Dehelean, Corina Danciu, Hai Ming Wang, Gerhard Wenz, Rita Ambrus, Florina Bojin and Mariana Anghel
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13(11), 14992-15011; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms131114992 - 15 Nov 2012
Cited by 66 | Viewed by 9249
Abstract
Given the present high incidence of melanoma and skin cancer, interest in potential drugs of plant origin has increased significantly. Pentacyclic lupane-type triterpenes are widely distributed in plants, offering numerous pharmacological benefits. Betulin is an important compound in the bark of Betula pendula [...] Read more.
Given the present high incidence of melanoma and skin cancer, interest in potential drugs of plant origin has increased significantly. Pentacyclic lupane-type triterpenes are widely distributed in plants, offering numerous pharmacological benefits. Betulin is an important compound in the bark of Betula pendula Roth and has important therapeutic properties, including antitumor activities. Its biological effect is limited by its poor water solubility, which can be improved by cyclodextrin complexation. The best results have been obtained by using a novel cyclodextrin derivative, octakis-[6-deoxy-6-(2-sulfanyl ethanesulfonate)]-γ-CD. The complexes between betulin and the previously mentioned cyclodextrin were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM)and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and pharmacologically evaluated in vitro (MTT and immunocytochemistry tests) and in vivo in C57BL/6J mice. The solubility of betulin is improved by cyclodextrin complexation, which creates a stable complex that improves the in vitro and in vivo properties of the active compound. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Materials Science)
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