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Sensors, Volume 22, Issue 2 (January-2 2022) – 292 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): Marine surveying is an important part of marine environment monitoring systems. Ship-borne navigation is an important measurement mode for marine surveying, which involves the planning of the marine survey lines and measurement of hydrology, meteorology, geology, and other information by the survey vessel along the preset survey lines. Reasonable layout of the survey line is vital for measurement accuracy. Additionally, it is important to plan reliable routes intelligently for the survey vessel to travel to the survey lines. This article discusses the methodological framework for planning routes. View this paper.
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26 pages, 2488 KiB  
Article
Neural Collaborative Filtering with Ontologies for Integrated Recommendation Systems
by Rana Alaa El-deen Ahmed, Manuel Fernández-Veiga and Mariam Gawich
Sensors 2022, 22(2), 700; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22020700 - 17 Jan 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3859
Abstract
Machine learning (ML) and especially deep learning (DL) with neural networks have demonstrated an amazing success in all sorts of AI problems, from computer vision to game playing, from natural language processing to speech and image recognition. In many ways, the approach of [...] Read more.
Machine learning (ML) and especially deep learning (DL) with neural networks have demonstrated an amazing success in all sorts of AI problems, from computer vision to game playing, from natural language processing to speech and image recognition. In many ways, the approach of ML toward solving a class of problems is fundamentally different than the one followed in classical engineering, or with ontologies. While the latter rely on detailed domain knowledge and almost exhaustive search by means of static inference rules, ML adopts the view of collecting large datasets and processes this massive information through a generic learning algorithm that builds up tentative solutions. Combining the capabilities of ontology-based recommendation and ML-based techniques in a hybrid system is thus a natural and promising method to enhance semantic knowledge with statistical models. This merge could alleviate the burden of creating large, narrowly focused ontologies for complicated domains, by using probabilistic or generative models to enhance the predictions without attempting to provide a semantic support for them. In this paper, we present a novel hybrid recommendation system that blends a single architecture of classical knowledge-driven recommendations arising from a tailored ontology with recommendations generated by a data-driven approach, specifically with classifiers and a neural collaborative filtering. We show that bringing together these knowledge-driven and data-driven worlds provides some measurable improvement, enabling the transfer of semantic information to ML and, in the opposite direction, statistical knowledge to the ontology. Moreover, the novel proposed system enables the extraction of the reasoning recommendation results after updating the standard ontology with the new products and user behaviors, thus capturing the dynamic behavior of the environment of our interest. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Electronic Sensors)
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26 pages, 7265 KiB  
Article
Physics-Based Forward Modeling of Ocean Surface Swell Effects on SMAP L1-C NRCS Observations
by Shanka N. Wijesundara and Joel T. Johnson
Sensors 2022, 22(2), 699; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22020699 - 17 Jan 2022
Viewed by 2133
Abstract
This paper examines the impact of ocean surface swell waves on near-coastal L-band high-resolution synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data collected using the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA) Soil Moisture Active/Passive (SMAP) radar at 40° incidence angle. The two-scale model and a more [...] Read more.
This paper examines the impact of ocean surface swell waves on near-coastal L-band high-resolution synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data collected using the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA) Soil Moisture Active/Passive (SMAP) radar at 40° incidence angle. The two-scale model and a more efficient off-nadir approximation of the second-order small-slope-approximation are used for co- and cross-polarized backscatter normalized radar cross-section (NRCS) predictions of the ocean surface, respectively. Backscatter NRCS predictions are modeled using a combined wind and swell model where wind-driven surface roughness is characterized using the Durden–Vesecky directional spectrum, while swell effects are represented through their contribution to the long wave slope variance (mean-square slopes, or MSS). The swell-only MSS is numerically computed based on a model defined using the JONSWAP spectrum with parameters calculated using the National Data Buoy Center and Wave Watch III data. The backscatter NRCS model is further refined to include fetch-limited and low-wind corrections. The results show an improved agreement between modeled and observed HH-polarized backscatter NRCS when swell effects are included and indicate a relatively larger swell impact on L-band compared to higher radar frequencies. Preliminary investigations into the potential swell retrieval capabilities in the form of excess MSS are encouraging, however further refinements are required to make broadly applicable conclusions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Radar Ocean Remote Sensing)
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12 pages, 2205 KiB  
Article
Estimation of 1-Repetition Maximum Using a Hydraulic Bench Press Machine Based on User’s Lifting Speed and Load Weight
by Jinyeol Yoo, Jihun Kim, Byunggon Hwang, Gyuseok Shim and Jaehyo Kim
Sensors 2022, 22(2), 698; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22020698 - 17 Jan 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3394
Abstract
1-repetition maximum (1RM), a representative index for an individual’s weightlifting capacity, provides an organized workout guide, but to measure 1RM needs several repetitive exercises up to one’s limit and has a risk of injury, thus, not adequate for beginners, elders, or disabled people. [...] Read more.
1-repetition maximum (1RM), a representative index for an individual’s weightlifting capacity, provides an organized workout guide, but to measure 1RM needs several repetitive exercises up to one’s limit and has a risk of injury, thus, not adequate for beginners, elders, or disabled people. This study suggests a simpler and safer 1RM measurement method using a hydraulic fitness machine. We asked twenty-five female subjects with less than a month of experience in weight training to repeat chest exercises using a conventional plate-loaded bench press machine and a hydraulic bench press machine and measured 1RMs. Repeated-measures ANOVA and paired t-test reported the difference between the plate and hydraulic 1RMs insignificant (p-value = 0.082) and confirmed the generality of 1RM across the different types of fitness machines. We then derived several 1RM equations in terms of load weight W and lifting speed v during non-1RM exercise and reduced it to a first-order polynomial expression 1RM=−0.3908+0.8251W+0.1054v with adjusted R-square of 0.8849. Goodness-of-fit test and comparison with 1RM equations from reference studies (v=−1.46×W1RM+1.7035, W1RM×100=7.5786v2−75.865v+113.02) verified our formula valid. We finally simplified the 1RM measurement process up to a maximum of three repetitions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Robotics in Healthcare: Automation, Sensing and Application)
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11 pages, 2164 KiB  
Article
Experimental Assessment of Cuff Pressures on the Walls of a Trachea-Like Model Using Force Sensing Resistors: Insights for Patient Management in Intensive Care Unit Settings
by Antonino Crivello, Mario Milazzo, Davide La Rosa, Giacomo Fiacchini, Serena Danti, Fabio Guarracino, Stefano Berrettini and Luca Bruschini
Sensors 2022, 22(2), 697; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22020697 - 17 Jan 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2580
Abstract
The COVID-19 outbreak has increased the incidence of tracheal lesions in patients who underwent invasive mechanical ventilation. We measured the pressure exerted by the cuff on the walls of a test bench mimicking the laryngotracheal tract. The test bench was designed to acquire [...] Read more.
The COVID-19 outbreak has increased the incidence of tracheal lesions in patients who underwent invasive mechanical ventilation. We measured the pressure exerted by the cuff on the walls of a test bench mimicking the laryngotracheal tract. The test bench was designed to acquire the pressure exerted by endotracheal tube cuffs inflated inside an artificial model of a human trachea. The experimental protocol consisted of measuring pressure values before and after applying a maneuver on two types of endotracheal tubes placed in two mock-ups resembling two different sized tracheal tracts. Increasing pressure values were used to inflate the cuff and the pressures were recorded in two different body positions. The recorded pressure increased proportionally to the input pressure. Moreover, the pressure values measured when using the non-armored (NA) tube were usually higher than those recorded when using the armored (A) tube. A periodic check of the cuff pressure upon changing the body position and/or when performing maneuvers on the tube appears to be necessary to prevent a pressure increase on the tracheal wall. In addition, in our model, the cuff of the A tube gave a more stable output pressure on the tracheal wall than that of the NA tube. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomedical Sensors for Functional Mapping: Techniques, Methods, Experimental and Medical Applications)
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15 pages, 26456 KiB  
Article
TR Self-Adaptive Cancellation Based Pipeline Leakage Localization Method Using Piezoceramic Transducers
by Yanbin Mo and Lvqing Bi
Sensors 2022, 22(2), 696; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22020696 - 17 Jan 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1875
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a novel time reversal-based localization method for pipeline leakage. In the proposed method, a so-called TR self-adaptive cancellation is developed to improve the leak localization resolution. First of all, the proposed approach time reverses and back-propagates the captured [...] Read more.
In this paper, we propose a novel time reversal-based localization method for pipeline leakage. In the proposed method, a so-called TR self-adaptive cancellation is developed to improve the leak localization resolution. First of all, the proposed approach time reverses and back-propagates the captured signals. Secondly, the time reversed signals with the various coefficients are superposed. Due to the synchronous temporal and spatial focusing characteristic of time reversal, those time reversed signals will cancel each other out. Finally, the leakage location is distinguished by observing the energy distribution of the superposed signal. In this investigation, the proposed method was employed to monitor a 58 m PVC pipeline. Three manually controllable valves were utilized to simulate the leakages. Six piezoceramic sensors equipped on the pipeline, recorded the NWP signals generated by the three valves. The experimental results show that the leak positions can accurately revealed by using the proposed approach. Furthermore, the resolution of the proposed approach can be ten times that of the conventional TR localization method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Sensors for Structural Health Monitoring and Nondestructive Evaluation)
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13 pages, 1506 KiB  
Article
MOSQUITO EDGE: An Edge-Intelligent Real-Time Mosquito Threat Prediction Using an IoT-Enabled Hardware System
by Shyam Polineni, Om Shastri, Avi Bagchi, Govind Gnanakumar, Sujay Rasamsetti and Prabha Sundaravadivel
Sensors 2022, 22(2), 695; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22020695 - 17 Jan 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5536
Abstract
Species distribution models (SDMs) that use climate variables to make binary predictions are effective tools for niche prediction in current and future climate scenarios. In this study, a Hutchinson hypervolume is defined with temperature, humidity, air pressure, precipitation, and cloud cover climate vectors [...] Read more.
Species distribution models (SDMs) that use climate variables to make binary predictions are effective tools for niche prediction in current and future climate scenarios. In this study, a Hutchinson hypervolume is defined with temperature, humidity, air pressure, precipitation, and cloud cover climate vectors collected from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) that were matched to mosquito presence and absence points extracted from NASA’s citizen science platform called GLOBE Observer and the National Ecological Observatory Network. An 86% accurate Random Forest model that operates on binary classification was created to predict mosquito threat. Given a location and date input, the model produces a threat level based on the number of decision trees that vote for a presence label. The feature importance chart and regression show a positive, linear correlation between humidity and mosquito threat and between temperature and mosquito threat below a threshold of 28 °C. In accordance with the statistical analysis and ecological wisdom, high threat clusters in warm, humid regions and low threat clusters in cold, dry regions were found. With the model running on the cloud and within ArcGIS Dashboard, accurate and granular real-time threat level predictions can be made at any latitude and longitude. A device leveraging Global Positioning System (GPS) smartphone technology and the Internet of Things (IoT) to collect and analyze data on the edge was developed. The data from the edge device along with its respective date and location collected are automatically inputted into the aforementioned Random Forest model to provide users with a real-time threat level prediction. This inexpensive hardware can be used in developing countries that are threatened by vector-borne diseases or in remote areas without cloud connectivity. Such devices can be linked with citizen science mosquito data platforms to build training datasets for machine learning based SDMs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Environmental Sensing Systems)
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20 pages, 1359 KiB  
Article
Topic Break Detection in Interview Dialogues Using Sentence Embedding of Utterance and Speech Intention Based on Multitask Neural Networks
by Kazuyuki Matsumoto, Manabu Sasayama and Taiga Kirihara
Sensors 2022, 22(2), 694; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22020694 - 17 Jan 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2624
Abstract
Currently, task-oriented dialogue systems that perform specific tasks based on dialogue are widely used. Moreover, research and development of non-task-oriented dialogue systems are also actively conducted. One of the problems with these systems is that it is difficult to switch topics naturally. In [...] Read more.
Currently, task-oriented dialogue systems that perform specific tasks based on dialogue are widely used. Moreover, research and development of non-task-oriented dialogue systems are also actively conducted. One of the problems with these systems is that it is difficult to switch topics naturally. In this study, we focus on interview dialogue systems. In an interview dialogue, the dialogue system can take the initiative as an interviewer. The main task of an interview dialogue system is to obtain information about the interviewee via dialogue and to assist this individual in understanding his or her personality and strengths. In order to accomplish this task, the system needs to be flexible and appropriate for detecting topic switching and topic breaks. Given that topic switching tends to be more ambiguous in interview dialogues than in task-oriented dialogues, existing topic modeling methods that determine topic breaks based only on relationships and similarities between words are likely to fail. In this study, we propose a method for detecting topic breaks in dialogue to achieve flexible topic switching in interview dialogue systems. The proposed method is based on multi-task learning neural network that uses embedded representations of sentences to understand the context of the text and utilizes the intention of an utterance as a feature. In multi-task learning, not only topic breaks but also the intention associated with the utterance and the speaker are targets of prediction. The results of our evaluation experiments show that using utterance intentions as features improves the accuracy of topic separation estimation compared to the baseline model. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assistive Robots for Healthcare and Human-Robot Interaction)
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23 pages, 10121 KiB  
Article
Sea-Surface Target Visual Tracking with a Multi-Camera Cooperation Approach
by Jinjun Rao, Kai Xu, Jinbo Chen, Jingtao Lei, Zhen Zhang, Qiuyu Zhang, Wojciech Giernacki and Mei Liu
Sensors 2022, 22(2), 693; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22020693 - 17 Jan 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2890
Abstract
Cameras are widely used in the detection and tracking of moving targets. Compared to target visual tracking using a single camera, cooperative tracking based on multiple cameras has advantages including wider visual field, higher tracking reliability, higher precision of target positioning and higher [...] Read more.
Cameras are widely used in the detection and tracking of moving targets. Compared to target visual tracking using a single camera, cooperative tracking based on multiple cameras has advantages including wider visual field, higher tracking reliability, higher precision of target positioning and higher possibility of multiple-target visual tracking. With vast ocean and sea surfaces, it is a challenge using multiple cameras to work together to achieve specific target tracking and detection, and it will have a wide range of application prospects. According to the characteristics of sea-surface moving targets and visual images, this study proposed and designed a sea-surface moving-target visual detection and tracking system with a multi-camera cooperation approach. In the system, the technologies of moving target detection, tracking, and matching are studied, and the strategy to coordinate multi-camera cooperation is proposed. The comprehensive experiments of cooperative sea-surface moving-target visual tracking show that the method used in this study has improved performance compared with contrapositive methods, and the proposed system can meet the needs of multi-camera cooperative visual tracking of moving targets on the sea surface. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Vehicular Sensing)
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13 pages, 6555 KiB  
Communication
The Color Improvement of Underwater Images Based on Light Source and Detector
by Xiangqian Quan, Yucong Wei, Bo Li, Kaibin Liu, Chen Li, Bing Zhang and Jingchuan Yang
Sensors 2022, 22(2), 692; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22020692 - 17 Jan 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2250
Abstract
As one of the most direct approaches to perceive the world, optical images can provide plenty of useful information for underwater applications. However, underwater images often present color deviation due to the light attenuation in the water, which reduces the efficiency and accuracy [...] Read more.
As one of the most direct approaches to perceive the world, optical images can provide plenty of useful information for underwater applications. However, underwater images often present color deviation due to the light attenuation in the water, which reduces the efficiency and accuracy in underwater applications. To improve the color reproduction of underwater images, we proposed a method with adjusting the spectral component of the light source and the spectral response of the detector. Then, we built the experimental setup to study the color deviation of underwater images with different lamps and different cameras. The experimental results showed that, a) in terms of light source, the color deviation of an underwater image with warm light LED (Light Emitting Diode) (with the value of Δa*2+Δb*2 being 26.58) was the smallest compared with other lamps, b) in terms of detectors, the color deviation of images with the 3×CMOS RGB camera (a novel underwater camera with three CMOS sensors developed for suppressing the color deviation in our team) (with the value of Δa*2+Δb*2 being 25.25) was the smallest compared with other cameras. The experimental result (i.e., the result of color improvement between different lamps or between different cameras) verified our assumption that the underwater image color could be improved by adjusting the spectral component of the light source and the spectral response of the detector. Differing from the color improvement method with image processing, this color-improvement method was based on hardware, which had advantages, including more image information being retained and less-time being consumed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sensing and Imaging)
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24 pages, 566 KiB  
Article
Towards LoRaWAN without Data Loss: Studying the Performance of Different Channel Access Approaches
by Frank Loh, Noah Mehling and Tobias Hoßfeld
Sensors 2022, 22(2), 691; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22020691 - 17 Jan 2022
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 3561
Abstract
The Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) is one of the fastest growing Internet of Things (IoT) access protocols. It operates in the license free 868 MHz band and gives everyone the possibility to create their own small sensor networks. The drawback of [...] Read more.
The Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) is one of the fastest growing Internet of Things (IoT) access protocols. It operates in the license free 868 MHz band and gives everyone the possibility to create their own small sensor networks. The drawback of this technology is often unscheduled or random channel access, which leads to message collisions and potential data loss. For that reason, recent literature studies alternative approaches for LoRaWAN channel access. In this work, state-of-the-art random channel access is compared with alternative approaches from the literature by means of collision probability. Furthermore, a time scheduled channel access methodology is presented to completely avoid collisions in LoRaWAN. For this approach, an exhaustive simulation study was conducted and the performance was evaluated with random access cross-traffic. In a general theoretical analysis the limits of the time scheduled approach are discussed to comply with duty cycle regulations in LoRaWAN. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wireless Sensor Networks in the IoT: New Challenges)
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18 pages, 6867 KiB  
Article
Measurement of Water Holdup in Vertical Upward Oil–Water Two-Phase Flow Pipes Using a Helical Capacitance Sensor
by Runsong Dai, Ningde Jin, Qingyang Hao, Weikai Ren and Lusheng Zhai
Sensors 2022, 22(2), 690; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22020690 - 17 Jan 2022
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2595
Abstract
Oil–water two-phase flows widely exist in industrial production, especially in the petroleum industry. The liquid holdup is significant for understanding reservoir production characteristics and improving oil recovery. This paper focuses on the helical capacitance sensor for the measurement of water holdup of oil–water [...] Read more.
Oil–water two-phase flows widely exist in industrial production, especially in the petroleum industry. The liquid holdup is significant for understanding reservoir production characteristics and improving oil recovery. This paper focuses on the helical capacitance sensor for the measurement of water holdup of oil–water two-phase flows. A new double helix capacitance sensor with an electrode rotation angle of 360° is designed. The sensitivity field distribution of the sensor with different parameters is simulated by the finite element analysis method, and the optimal geometric size of the sensor is obtained. The measurement characteristics of the sensor under different flow conditions are investigated by dynamical experiments of vertical oil–water flows. By analyzing the response signal of the helical capacitance sensor, the flow pattern can be identified, and the apparent water holdup can be calculated. The results show that the proposed sensor is suitable to measure the water holdup in a wide range of water cuts. Even in flow conditions of a high water cut, the sensor still retains good resolution in the D O/W flow pattern. This study expands the water holdup measurement of a capacitance sensor in the case of an oil–water two-phase flow with a high water cut. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Industrial Sensors)
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24 pages, 3379 KiB  
Article
Hybrid-Pattern Recognition Modeling with Arrhythmia Signal Processing for Ubiquitous Health Management
by Wei-Ting Hsiao, Yao-Chiang Kan, Chin-Chi Kuo, Yu-Chieh Kuo, Sin-Kuo Chai and Hsueh-Chun Lin
Sensors 2022, 22(2), 689; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22020689 - 17 Jan 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2929
Abstract
We established a web-based ubiquitous health management (UHM) system, “ECG4UHM”, for processing ECG signals with AI-enabled models to recognize hybrid arrhythmia patterns, including atrial premature atrial complex (APC), atrial fibrillation (AFib), ventricular premature complex (VPC), and ventricular tachycardia (VT), versus normal sinus rhythm [...] Read more.
We established a web-based ubiquitous health management (UHM) system, “ECG4UHM”, for processing ECG signals with AI-enabled models to recognize hybrid arrhythmia patterns, including atrial premature atrial complex (APC), atrial fibrillation (AFib), ventricular premature complex (VPC), and ventricular tachycardia (VT), versus normal sinus rhythm (NSR). The analytical model coupled machine learning methods, such as multiple layer perceptron (MLP), random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), and naive Bayes (NB), to process the hybrid patterns of four arrhythmia symptoms for AI computation. The data pre-processing used Hilbert–Huang transform (HHT) with empirical mode decomposition to calculate ECGs’ intrinsic mode functions (IMFs). The area centroids of the IMFs’ marginal Hilbert spectrum were suggested as the HHT-based features. We engaged the MATLABTM compiler and runtime server in the ECG4UHM to build the recognition modules for driving AI computation to identify the arrhythmia symptoms. The modeling extracted the crucial data sets from the MIT-BIH arrhythmia open database. The validated models, including the premature pattern (i.e., APC–VPC) and the fibril-rapid pattern (i.e., AFib–VT) against NSR, could reach the best area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) of approximately 0.99. The models for all hybrid patterns, without VPC versus AFib and VT, achieved an average accuracy of approximately 90%. With the prediction test, the respective AUCs of the NSR and APC versus the AFib, VPC, and VT were 0.94 and 0.93 for the RF and SVM on average. The average accuracy and the AUC of the MLP, RF, and SVM models for APC–VT reached the value of 0.98. The self-developed system with AI computation modeling can be the backend of the intelligent social-health system that can recognize hybrid arrhythmia patterns in the UHM and home-isolated cares. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Intelligent Social-Health Systems Empowered by Internet of Every Things)
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14 pages, 2800 KiB  
Article
Heart Rate Measurement Based on 3D Central Difference Convolution with Attention Mechanism
by Xinhua Liu, Wenqian Wei, Hailan Kuang and Xiaolin Ma
Sensors 2022, 22(2), 688; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22020688 - 17 Jan 2022
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3052
Abstract
Remote photoplethysmography (rPPG) is a video-based non-contact heart rate measurement technology. It is a fact that most existing rPPG methods fail to deal with the spatiotemporal features of the video, which is significant for the extraction of the rPPG signal. In this paper, [...] Read more.
Remote photoplethysmography (rPPG) is a video-based non-contact heart rate measurement technology. It is a fact that most existing rPPG methods fail to deal with the spatiotemporal features of the video, which is significant for the extraction of the rPPG signal. In this paper, we propose a 3D central difference convolutional network (CDCA-rPPGNet) to measure heart rate, with an attention mechanism to combine spatial and temporal features. First, we crop and stitch the region of interest together through facial landmarks. Next, the high-quality regions of interest are fed to CDCA-rPPGNet based on a central difference convolution, which can enhance the spatiotemporal representation and capture rich relevant time contexts by collecting time difference information. In addition, we integrate the attention module into the neural network, aiming to strengthen the ability of the neural network to extract video channels and spatial features, so as to obtain more accurate rPPG signals. In summary, the three main contributions of this paper are as follows: (1) the proposed network base on central difference convolution could better capture the subtle color changes to recover the rPPG signals; (2) the proposed ROI extraction method provides high-quality input to the network; (3) the attention module is used to strengthen the ability of the network to extract features. Extensive experiments are conducted on two public datasets—the PURE dataset and the UBFC-rPPG dataset. In terms of the experiment results, our proposed method achieves 0.46 MAE (bpm), 0.90 RMSE (bpm) and 0.99 R value of Pearson’s correlation coefficient on the PURE dataset, and 0.60 MAE (bpm), 1.38 RMSE (bpm) and 0.99 R value of Pearson’s correlation coefficient on the UBFC dataset, which proves the effectiveness of our proposed approach. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Remote Sensors)
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20 pages, 1220 KiB  
Article
Perturbed-Location Mechanism for Increased User-Location Privacy in Proximity Detection and Digital Contact-Tracing Applications
by Elena Simona Lohan, Viktoriia Shubina and Dragoș Niculescu
Sensors 2022, 22(2), 687; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22020687 - 17 Jan 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3115
Abstract
Future social networks will rely heavily on sensing data collected from users’ mobile and wearable devices. A crucial component of such sensing will be the full or partial access to user’s location data, in order to enable various location-based and proximity-detection-based services. A [...] Read more.
Future social networks will rely heavily on sensing data collected from users’ mobile and wearable devices. A crucial component of such sensing will be the full or partial access to user’s location data, in order to enable various location-based and proximity-detection-based services. A timely example of such applications is the digital contact tracing in the context of infectious-disease control and management. Other proximity-detection-based applications include social networking, finding nearby friends, optimized shopping, or finding fast a point-of-interest in a commuting hall. Location information can enable a myriad of new services, among which we have proximity-detection services. Addressing efficiently the location privacy threats remains a major challenge in proximity-detection architectures. In this paper, we propose a location-perturbation mechanism in multi-floor buildings which highly protects the user location, while preserving very good proximity-detection capabilities. The proposed mechanism relies on the assumption that the users have full control of their location information and are able to get some floor-map information when entering a building of interest from a remote service provider. In addition, we assume that the devices own the functionality to adjust to the desired level of accuracy at which the users disclose their location to the service provider. Detailed simulation-based results are provided, based on multi-floor building scenarios with hotspot regions, and the tradeoff between privacy and utility is thoroughly investigated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensor Networks: Physical and Social Sensing in the IoT)
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15 pages, 3689 KiB  
Review
How Does C-V2X Help Autonomous Driving to Avoid Accidents?
by Lili Miao, Shang-Fu Chen, Yu-Ling Hsu and Kai-Lung Hua
Sensors 2022, 22(2), 686; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22020686 - 17 Jan 2022
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 5600
Abstract
Accidents are continuously reported for autonomous driving vehicles including those with advanced sensors installed. Some of accidents are usually caused by bad weather, poor lighting conditions and non-line-of-sight obstacles. Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything (C-V2X) radio technology can significantly improve those weak spots for autonomous driving. [...] Read more.
Accidents are continuously reported for autonomous driving vehicles including those with advanced sensors installed. Some of accidents are usually caused by bad weather, poor lighting conditions and non-line-of-sight obstacles. Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything (C-V2X) radio technology can significantly improve those weak spots for autonomous driving. This paper describes one of the C-V2X system solutions: Vulnerable Road User Collision Warning (VRUCW) for autonomous driving. The paper provides the system architecture, design logic, network topology, message flow, artificial intelligence (AI) and network security feature. As a reference it also includes a commercial project with its test results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Vehicular Sensing)
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12 pages, 1837 KiB  
Article
Anodically Bonded Photoacoustic Transducer: An Approach towards Wafer-Level Optical Gas Sensors
by Simon Gassner, Rainer Schaller, Matthias Eberl, Carsten von Koblinski, Simon Essing, Mohammadamir Ghaderi, Katrin Schmitt and Jürgen Wöllenstein
Sensors 2022, 22(2), 685; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22020685 - 17 Jan 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2847
Abstract
We present a concept for a wafer-level manufactured photoacoustic transducer, suitable to be used in consumer-grade gas sensors. The transducer consists of an anodically bonded two-layer stack of a blank silicon wafer and an 11 µm membrane, which was wet-etched from a borosilicate [...] Read more.
We present a concept for a wafer-level manufactured photoacoustic transducer, suitable to be used in consumer-grade gas sensors. The transducer consists of an anodically bonded two-layer stack of a blank silicon wafer and an 11 µm membrane, which was wet-etched from a borosilicate wafer. The membrane separates two cavities; one of which was hermetically sealed and filled with CO2 during the anodic bonding and acts as an infrared absorber. The second cavity was designed to be connected to a standard MEMS microphone on PCB-level forming an infrared-sensitive photoacoustic detector. CO2 sensors consisting of the detector and a MEMS infrared emitter were built up and characterized towards their sensitivity and noise levels at six different component distance ranging from 3.0 mm to 15.5 mm. The signal response for the sample with the longest absorption path ranged from a decrease of 8.3% at a CO2 concentration of 9400 ppm to a decrease of 0.8% at a concentration of 560 ppm. A standard deviation of the measured values of 18 ppm was determined when the sensor was exposed to 1000 ppm CO2. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical Gas Sensing: Media, Mechanisms and Applications)
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17 pages, 2475 KiB  
Article
Dynamic Asynchronous Anti Poisoning Federated Deep Learning with Blockchain-Based Reputation-Aware Solutions
by Zunming Chen, Hongyan Cui, Ensen Wu and Xi Yu
Sensors 2022, 22(2), 684; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22020684 - 17 Jan 2022
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3286
Abstract
As promising privacy-preserving machine learning technology, federated learning enables multiple clients to train the joint global model via sharing model parameters. However, inefficiency and vulnerability to poisoning attacks significantly reduce federated learning performance. To solve the aforementioned issues, we propose a dynamic asynchronous [...] Read more.
As promising privacy-preserving machine learning technology, federated learning enables multiple clients to train the joint global model via sharing model parameters. However, inefficiency and vulnerability to poisoning attacks significantly reduce federated learning performance. To solve the aforementioned issues, we propose a dynamic asynchronous anti poisoning federated deep learning framework to pursue both efficiency and security. This paper proposes a lightweight dynamic asynchronous algorithm considering the averaging frequency control and parameter selection for federated learning to speed up model averaging and improve efficiency, which enables federated learning to adaptively remove the stragglers with low computing power, bad channel conditions, or anomalous parameters. In addition, a novel local reliability mutual evaluation mechanism is presented to enhance the security of poisoning attacks, which enables federated learning to detect the anomalous parameter of poisoning attacks and adjust the weight proportion of in model aggregation based on evaluation score. The experiment results on three datasets illustrate that our design can reduce the training time by 30% and is robust to the representative poisoning attacks significantly, confirming the applicability of our scheme. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Machine Learning in Wireless Sensor Networks and Internet of Things)
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10 pages, 2706 KiB  
Article
Freshness Identification of Oysters Based on Colorimetric Sensor Array Combined with Image Processing and Visible Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
by Binbin Guan, Wencui Kang, Hao Jiang, Mi Zhou and Hao Lin
Sensors 2022, 22(2), 683; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22020683 - 17 Jan 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2863
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) could be used as an indicator of the freshness of oysters. However, traditional characterization methods for VOCs have some disadvantages, such as having a high instrument cost, cumbersome pretreatment, and being time consuming. In this work, a fast and [...] Read more.
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) could be used as an indicator of the freshness of oysters. However, traditional characterization methods for VOCs have some disadvantages, such as having a high instrument cost, cumbersome pretreatment, and being time consuming. In this work, a fast and non-destructive method based on colorimetric sensor array (CSA) and visible near-infrared spectroscopy (VNIRS) was established to identify the freshness of oysters. Firstly, four color-sensitive dyes, which were sensitive to VOCs of oysters, were selected, and they were printed on a silica gel plate to obtain a CSA. Secondly, a charge coupled device (CCD) camera was used to obtain the “before” and “after” image of CSA. Thirdly, VNIS system obtained the reflected spectrum data of the CSA, which can not only obtain the color change information before and after the reaction of the CSA with the VOCs of oysters, but also reflect the changes in the internal structure of color-sensitive materials after the reaction of oysters’ VOCs. The pattern recognition results of VNIS data showed that the fresh oysters and stale oysters could be separated directly from the principal component analysis (PCA) score plot, and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) model based on variables selection methods could obtain a good performance for the freshness detection of oysters, and the recognition rate of the calibration set was 100%, while the recognition rate of the prediction set was 97.22%. The result demonstrated that the CSA, combined with VNIRS, showed great potential for VOCS measurement, and this research result provided a fast and nondestructive identification method for the freshness identification of oysters. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Smart Agriculture)
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15 pages, 12630 KiB  
Article
A Real-Time Zanthoxylum Target Detection Method for an Intelligent Picking Robot under a Complex Background, Based on an Improved YOLOv5s Architecture
by Zhibo Xu, Xiaopeng Huang, Yuan Huang, Haobo Sun and Fangxin Wan
Sensors 2022, 22(2), 682; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22020682 - 17 Jan 2022
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 3875
Abstract
The target recognition algorithm is one of the core technologies of Zanthoxylum pepper-picking robots. However, most existing detection algorithms cannot effectively detect Zanthoxylum fruit covered by branches, leaves and other fruits in natural scenes. To improve the work efficiency and adaptability of the [...] Read more.
The target recognition algorithm is one of the core technologies of Zanthoxylum pepper-picking robots. However, most existing detection algorithms cannot effectively detect Zanthoxylum fruit covered by branches, leaves and other fruits in natural scenes. To improve the work efficiency and adaptability of the Zanthoxylum-picking robot in natural environments, and to recognize and detect fruits in complex environments under different lighting conditions, this paper presents a Zanthoxylum-picking-robot target detection method based on improved YOLOv5s. Firstly, an improved CBF module based on the CBH module in the backbone is raised to improve the detection accuracy. Secondly, the Specter module based on CBF is presented to replace the bottleneck CSP module, which improves the speed of detection with a lightweight structure. Finally, the Zanthoxylum fruit algorithm is checked by the improved YOLOv5 framework, and the differences in detection between YOLOv3, YOLOv4 and YOLOv5 are analyzed and evaluated. Through these improvements, the recall rate, recognition accuracy and mAP of the YOLOv5s are 4.19%, 28.7% and 14.8% higher than those of the original YOLOv5s, YOLOv3 and YOLOv4 models, respectively. Furthermore, the model is transferred to the computing platform of the robot with the cutting-edge NVIDIA Jetson TX2 device. Several experiments are implemented on the TX2, yielding an average time of inference of 0.072, with an average GPU load in 30 s of 20.11%. This method can provide technical support for pepper-picking robots to detect multiple pepper fruits in real time. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Intelligent Sensors)
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14 pages, 4620 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Asymmetry in Active Split-Ring Resonators to Design Circulating-Current Eigenmode: Demonstration of Beamsteering and Focal-Length Control toward Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface
by Daisuke Kitayama, Adam Pander and Hiroyuki Takahashi
Sensors 2022, 22(2), 681; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22020681 - 17 Jan 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2609
Abstract
In this work, toward an intelligent radio environment for 5G/6G, design methodologies of active split-ring resonators (SRRs) for more efficient dynamic control of metasurfaces are investigated. The relationship between the excitation of circulating-current eigenmode and the asymmetric structure of SRRs is numerically analyzed, [...] Read more.
In this work, toward an intelligent radio environment for 5G/6G, design methodologies of active split-ring resonators (SRRs) for more efficient dynamic control of metasurfaces are investigated. The relationship between the excitation of circulating-current eigenmode and the asymmetric structure of SRRs is numerically analyzed, and it is clarified that the excitation of the circulating-current mode is difficult when the level of asymmetry of the current path is decreased by the addition of large capacitance such as from semiconductor-based devices. To avoid change in the asymmetry, we incorporated an additional gap (slit) in the SRRs, which enabled us to excite the circulating-current mode even when a large capacitance was implemented. Prototype devices were fabricated according to this design methodology, and by the control of the intensity/phase distribution, the variable focal-length and beamsteering capabilities of the transmitted waves were demonstrated, indicating the high effectiveness of the design. The presented design methodology can be applied not only to the demonstrated case of discrete varactors, but also to various other active metamaterials, such as semiconductor-integrated types for operating in the millimeter and submillimeter frequency bands as potential candidates for future 6G systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mobile Communications in 5G Networks)
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17 pages, 3241 KiB  
Article
Enhanced Recognition of Amputated Wrist and Hand Movements by Deep Learning Method Using Multimodal Fusion of Electromyography and Electroencephalography
by Sehyeon Kim, Dae Youp Shin, Taekyung Kim, Sangsook Lee, Jung Keun Hyun and Sung-Min Park
Sensors 2022, 22(2), 680; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22020680 - 16 Jan 2022
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4405
Abstract
Motion classification can be performed using biometric signals recorded by electroencephalography (EEG) or electromyography (EMG) with noninvasive surface electrodes for the control of prosthetic arms. However, current single-modal EEG and EMG based motion classification techniques are limited owing to the complexity and noise [...] Read more.
Motion classification can be performed using biometric signals recorded by electroencephalography (EEG) or electromyography (EMG) with noninvasive surface electrodes for the control of prosthetic arms. However, current single-modal EEG and EMG based motion classification techniques are limited owing to the complexity and noise of EEG signals, and the electrode placement bias, and low-resolution of EMG signals. We herein propose a novel system of two-dimensional (2D) input image feature multimodal fusion based on an EEG/EMG-signal transfer learning (TL) paradigm for detection of hand movements in transforearm amputees. A feature extraction method in the frequency domain of the EEG and EMG signals was adopted to establish a 2D image. The input images were used for training on a model based on the convolutional neural network algorithm and TL, which requires 2D images as input data. For the purpose of data acquisition, five transforearm amputees and nine healthy controls were recruited. Compared with the conventional single-modal EEG signal trained models, the proposed multimodal fusion method significantly improved classification accuracy in both the control and patient groups. When the two signals were combined and used in the pretrained model for EEG TL, the classification accuracy increased by 4.18–4.35% in the control group, and by 2.51–3.00% in the patient group. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Intelligent Sensors)
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27 pages, 2676 KiB  
Article
Wide-Band Interference Mitigation in GNSS Receivers Using Sub-Band Automatic Gain Control
by Johannes Rossouw van der Merwe, Fabio Garzia, Alexander Rügamer, Santiago Urquijo, David Contreras Franco and Wolfgang Felber
Sensors 2022, 22(2), 679; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22020679 - 16 Jan 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2520
Abstract
The performance of global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receivers is significantly affected by interference signals. For this reason, several research groups have proposed methods to mitigate the effect of different kinds of jammers. One effective method for wide-band interference mitigation (IM) is the [...] Read more.
The performance of global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receivers is significantly affected by interference signals. For this reason, several research groups have proposed methods to mitigate the effect of different kinds of jammers. One effective method for wide-band interference mitigation (IM) is the high-rate DFT-based data manipulator (HDDM) pulse blanker (PB). It provides good performance to pulsed and frequency sparse interference. However, it and many other methods have poor performance against wide-band noise signals, which are not frequency-sparse. This article proposes to include automatic gain control (AGC) in the HDDM structure to attenuate the signal instead of removing it: the HDDM-AGC. It overcomes the wide-band noise limitation for IM at the cost of limiting mitigation capability to other signals. Previous studies with this approach were limited to only measuring the carrier-to-noise density ratio (C/N0) performance of tracking, but this article extends the analysis to include the impact of the HDDM-AGC algorithm on the position, velocity, and time (PVT) solution. It allows an end-to-end evaluation and impact assessment of mitigation to a GNSS receiver. This study compares two commercial receivers: one high-end and one low-cost, with and without HDDM IM against laboratory-generated interference signals. The results show that the HDDM-AGC provides a PVT availability and precision comparable to high-end commercial receivers with integrated mitigation for most interference types. For pulse interferences, its performance is superior. Further, it is shown that degradation is minimized against wide-band noise interferences. Regarding low-cost receivers, the PVT availability can be increased up to 40% by applying an external HDDM-AGC. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from 11th International Conference on Localization and GNSS 2021 (ICL-GNSS 2021))
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20 pages, 3061 KiB  
Article
Digital Twins in the Practice of High-Energy Physics Experiments: A Gas System for the Multipurpose Detector
by Patryk Chaber, Paweł D. Domański, Daniel Dąbrowski, Maciej Ławryńczuk, Robert Nebeluk, Sebastian Plamowski and Krzysztof Zarzycki
Sensors 2022, 22(2), 678; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22020678 - 16 Jan 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2872
Abstract
The digital twins technology delivers a new degree of freedom into system implementation and maintenance practice. Using this approach, a technological system can be efficiently modeled and simulated. Furthermore, such a twin offline system can be efficiently used to investigate real system issues [...] Read more.
The digital twins technology delivers a new degree of freedom into system implementation and maintenance practice. Using this approach, a technological system can be efficiently modeled and simulated. Furthermore, such a twin offline system can be efficiently used to investigate real system issues and improvement opportunities, e.g., improvement of the existing control system or development of a new one. This work describes the development of a control system using the digital twins methodology for a gas system delivering a specific mixture of gases to the time-of-flight (ToF) multipurpose detector (MPD) used during high-energy physics experiments in the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (Dubna, Russia). The gas system digital twin was built using a test stand and further extended into target full-scale installation planned to be built in the near future. Therefore, conducted simulations are used to validate the existing system and to allow validation of the planned new system. Moreover, the gas system digital twin enables testing of new control opportunities, improving the operation of the target gas system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electronics, Signal Processing and Control Applied in Sensors and Systems)
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24 pages, 4729 KiB  
Review
Recent Progress in Improving the Performance of Infrared Photodetectors via Optical Field Manipulations
by Jian Chen, Jiuxu Wang, Xin Li, Jin Chen, Feilong Yu, Jiale He, Jian Wang, Zengyue Zhao, Guanhai Li, Xiaoshuang Chen and Wei Lu
Sensors 2022, 22(2), 677; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22020677 - 16 Jan 2022
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 8811
Abstract
Benefiting from the inherent capacity for detecting longer wavelengths inaccessible to human eyes, infrared photodetectors have found numerous applications in both military and daily life, such as individual combat weapons, automatic driving sensors and night-vision devices. However, the imperfect material growth and incomplete [...] Read more.
Benefiting from the inherent capacity for detecting longer wavelengths inaccessible to human eyes, infrared photodetectors have found numerous applications in both military and daily life, such as individual combat weapons, automatic driving sensors and night-vision devices. However, the imperfect material growth and incomplete device manufacturing impose an inevitable restriction on the further improvement of infrared photodetectors. The advent of artificial microstructures, especially metasurfaces, featuring with strong light field enhancement and multifunctional properties in manipulating the light–matter interactions on subwavelength scale, have promised great potential in overcoming the bottlenecks faced by conventional infrared detectors. Additionally, metasurfaces exhibit versatile and flexible integration with existing detection semiconductors. In this paper, we start with a review of conventionally bulky and recently emerging two-dimensional material-based infrared photodetectors, i.e., InGaAs, HgCdTe, graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides and black phosphorus devices. As to the challenges the detectors are facing, we further discuss the recent progress on the metasurfaces integrated on the photodetectors and demonstrate their role in improving device performance. All information provided in this paper aims to open a new way to boost high-performance infrared photodetectors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Optical Sensors Technology in China)
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13 pages, 299 KiB  
Article
An Enhanced Decoding Algorithm for Coded Compressed Sensing with Applications to Unsourced Random Access
by Vamsi K. Amalladinne, Jamison R. Ebert, Jean-Francois Chamberland and Krishna R. Narayanan
Sensors 2022, 22(2), 676; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22020676 - 16 Jan 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2453
Abstract
Unsourced random access (URA) has emerged as a pragmatic framework for next-generation distributed sensor networks. Within URA, concatenated coding structures are often employed to ensure that the central base station can accurately recover the set of sent codewords during a given transmission period. [...] Read more.
Unsourced random access (URA) has emerged as a pragmatic framework for next-generation distributed sensor networks. Within URA, concatenated coding structures are often employed to ensure that the central base station can accurately recover the set of sent codewords during a given transmission period. Many URA algorithms employ independent inner and outer decoders, which can help reduce computational complexity at the expense of a decay in performance. In this article, an enhanced decoding algorithm is presented for a concatenated coding structure consisting of a wide range of inner codes and an outer tree-based code. It is shown that this algorithmic enhancement has the potential to simultaneously improve error performance and decrease the computational complexity of the decoder. This enhanced decoding algorithm is applied to two existing URA algorithms, and the performance benefits of the algorithm are characterized. Findings are supported by numerical simulations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Massive Machine-Type Communications towards 6G)
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16 pages, 2939 KiB  
Article
Diamine Oxidase-Conjugated Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes to Facilitate Electrode Surface Homogeneity
by M. Amin, B. M. Abdullah, S. J. Rowley-Neale, S. Wylie, A. J. Slate, C. E. Banks and K. A. Whitehead
Sensors 2022, 22(2), 675; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22020675 - 16 Jan 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3043
Abstract
Carbon nanomaterials have gained significant interest over recent years in the field of electrochemistry, and they may be limited in their use due to issues with their difficulty in dispersion. Enzymes are prime components for detecting biological molecules and enabling electrochemical interactions, but [...] Read more.
Carbon nanomaterials have gained significant interest over recent years in the field of electrochemistry, and they may be limited in their use due to issues with their difficulty in dispersion. Enzymes are prime components for detecting biological molecules and enabling electrochemical interactions, but they may also enhance multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) dispersion. This study evaluated a MWCNT and diamine oxidase enzyme (DAO)-functionalised screen-printed electrode (SPE) to demonstrate improved methods of MWCNT functionalisation and dispersion. MWCNT morphology and dispersion was determined using UV-Vis spectroscopy (UV-Vis) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Carboxyl groups were introduced onto the MWCNT surfaces using acid etching. MWCNT functionalisation was carried out using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) and N-Hydroxysuccinimide (NHS), followed by DAO conjugation and glutaraldehyde (GA) crosslinking. Modified C-MWNCT/EDC-NHS/DAO/GA was drop cast onto SPEs. Modified and unmodified electrodes after MWCNT functionalisation were characterised using optical profilometry (roughness), water contact angle measurements (wettability), Raman spectroscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) (vibrational modes and elemental composition, respectively). The results demonstrated that the addition of the DAO improved MWCNT homogenous dispersion and the solution demonstrated enhanced stability which remained over two days. Drop casting of C-MWCNT/EDC-NHS/DAO/GA onto carbon screen-printed electrodes increased the surface roughness and wettability. UV-Vis, SEM, Raman and EDX analysis determined the presence of carboxylated MWCNT variants from their non-carboxylated counterparts. Electrochemical analysis demonstrated an efficient electron transfer rate process and a diffusion-controlled redox process. The modification of such electrodes may be utilised for the development of biosensors which could be utilised to support a range of healthcare related fields. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Screen-Printed Sensors)
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17 pages, 3714 KiB  
Article
Advanced eNose-Driven Pedestrian Tracking Pipeline for Intelligent Car Driver Assisting System: Preliminary Results
by Francesco Rundo, Ilaria Anfuso, Maria Grazia Amore, Alessandro Ortis, Angelo Messina, Sabrina Conoci and Sebastiano Battiato
Sensors 2022, 22(2), 674; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22020674 - 16 Jan 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2724
Abstract
From a biological point of view, alcohol human attentional impairment occurs before reaching a Blood Alcohol Content (BAC index) of 0.08% (0.05% under the Italian legislation), thus generating a significant impact on driving safety if the drinker subject is driving a car. Car [...] Read more.
From a biological point of view, alcohol human attentional impairment occurs before reaching a Blood Alcohol Content (BAC index) of 0.08% (0.05% under the Italian legislation), thus generating a significant impact on driving safety if the drinker subject is driving a car. Car drivers must keep a safe driving dynamic, having an unaltered physiological status while processing the surrounding information coming from the driving scenario (e.g., traffic signs, other vehicles and pedestrians). Specifically, the identification and tracking of pedestrians in the driving scene is a widely investigated problem in the scientific community. The authors propose a full, deep pipeline for the identification, monitoring and tracking of the salient pedestrians, combined with an intelligent electronic alcohol sensing system to properly assess the physiological status of the driver. More in detail, the authors propose an intelligent sensing system that makes a common air quality sensor selective to alcohol. A downstream Deep 1D Temporal Residual Convolutional Neural Network architecture will be able to learn specific embedded alcohol-dynamic features in the collected sensing data coming from the GHT25S air-quality sensor of STMicroelectronics. A parallel deep attention-augmented architecture identifies and tracks the salient pedestrians in the driving scenario. A risk assessment system evaluates the sobriety of the driver in case of the presence of salient pedestrians in the driving scene. The collected preliminary results confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence and Multimodal Technology for Health Applications)
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17 pages, 6228 KiB  
Article
Air Damping Analysis of a Micro-Coriolis Mass Flow Sensor
by Yaxiang Zeng, Remco Sanders, Remco J. Wiegerink and Joost C. Lötters
Sensors 2022, 22(2), 673; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22020673 - 16 Jan 2022
Viewed by 2106
Abstract
A micro-Coriolis mass flow sensor is a resonating device that measures small mass flows of fluid. A large vibration amplitude is desired as the Coriolis forces due to mass flow and, accordingly, the signal-to-noise ratio, are directly proportional to the vibration amplitude. Therefore, [...] Read more.
A micro-Coriolis mass flow sensor is a resonating device that measures small mass flows of fluid. A large vibration amplitude is desired as the Coriolis forces due to mass flow and, accordingly, the signal-to-noise ratio, are directly proportional to the vibration amplitude. Therefore, it is important to maximize the quality factor Q so that a large vibration amplitude can be achieved without requiring high actuation voltages and high power consumption. This paper presents an investigation of the Q factor of different devices in different resonant modes. Q factors were measured both at atmospheric pressure and in vacuum. The measurement results are compared with theoretical predictions. In the atmospheric environment, the Q factor increases when the resonance frequency increases. When reducing the pressure from 1 bar to 0.1 bar, the Q factor almost doubles. At even lower pressures, the Q factor is inversely proportional to the pressure until intrinsic effects start to dominate, resulting in a maximum Q factor of approximately 7200. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Micromechanical Flow Sensors for Microfluidic Applications)
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16 pages, 2534 KiB  
Article
Measuring Kinematic Response to Perturbed Locomotion in Young Adults
by Juri Taborri, Alessandro Santuz, Leon Brüll, Adamantios Arampatzis and Stefano Rossi
Sensors 2022, 22(2), 672; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22020672 - 16 Jan 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2582
Abstract
Daily life activities often require humans to perform locomotion in challenging scenarios. In this context, this study aimed at investigating the effects induced by anterior-posterior (AP) and medio-lateral (ML) perturbations on walking. Through this aim, the experimental protocol involved 12 participants who performed [...] Read more.
Daily life activities often require humans to perform locomotion in challenging scenarios. In this context, this study aimed at investigating the effects induced by anterior-posterior (AP) and medio-lateral (ML) perturbations on walking. Through this aim, the experimental protocol involved 12 participants who performed three tasks on a treadmill consisting of one unperturbed and two perturbed walking tests. Inertial measurement units were used to gather lower limb kinematics. Parameters related to joint angles, as the range of motion (ROM) and its variability (CoV), as well as the inter-joint coordination in terms of continuous relative phase (CRP) were computed. The AP perturbation seemed to be more challenging causing differences with respect to normal walking in both the variability of the ROM and the CRP amplitude and variability. As ML, only the ankle showed different behavior in terms of joint angle and CRP variability. In both tasks, a shortening of the stance was found. The findings should be considered when implementing perturbed rehabilitative protocols for falling reduction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Sensors and AI for Movement Analysis)
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17 pages, 44743 KiB  
Article
A Fuzzy Fusion Rotating Machinery Fault Diagnosis Framework Based on the Enhancement Deep Convolutional Neural Networks
by Daoguang Yang, Hamid Reza Karimi and Len Gelman
Sensors 2022, 22(2), 671; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22020671 - 16 Jan 2022
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 3431
Abstract
Some artificial intelligence algorithms have gained much attention in the rotating machinery fault diagnosis due to their robust nonlinear regression properties. In addition, existing deep learning algorithms are usually dependent on single signal features, which would lead to the loss of some information [...] Read more.
Some artificial intelligence algorithms have gained much attention in the rotating machinery fault diagnosis due to their robust nonlinear regression properties. In addition, existing deep learning algorithms are usually dependent on single signal features, which would lead to the loss of some information or incomplete use of the information in the signal. To address this problem, three kinds of popular signal processing methods, including Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT) and directly slicing one-dimensional data into the two-dimensional matrix, are used to create four different datasets from raw vibration signal as the input data of four enhancement Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) models. Then, a fuzzy fusion strategy is used to fuse the output of four CNN models that could analyze the importance of each classifier and explore the interaction index between each classifier, which is different from conventional fusion strategies. To show the performance of the proposed model, an artificial fault bearing dataset and a real-world bearing dataset are used to test the feature extraction capability of the model. The good anti-noise and interpretation characteristics of the proposed method are demonstrated as well. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensor-Based Frequency, Time-Frequency, and Higher Order Signal Processing for Condition Monitoring, Structural Health Monitoring, and Non-Destructive Testing)
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