Materials

14 pages, 2005 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Review on Membrane Technology and Chemical Surface Modification for the Oily Wastewater Treatment

by Fatma Yalcinkaya, Evren Boyraz, Jiri Maryska and Klara Kucerova

Materials 2020, 13(2), 493; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13020493 - 20 Jan 2020

Cited by 159 | Viewed by 11146

Cleaning of wastewater for the environment is an emerging issue for the living organism. The separation of oily wastewater, especially emulsified mixtures, is quite challenged due to a large amount of wastewater produced in daily life. In this review, the membrane technology for [...] Read more.

Cleaning of wastewater for the environment is an emerging issue for the living organism. The separation of oily wastewater, especially emulsified mixtures, is quite challenged due to a large amount of wastewater produced in daily life. In this review, the membrane technology for oily wastewater treatment is presented. In the first part, the global membrane market, the oil spill accidents and their results are discussed. In the second and third parts, the source of oily wastewater and conventional treatment methods are represented. Among all methods, membrane technology is considered the most efficient method in terms of high separation performance and easy to operation process. In the fourth part, we provide an overview of membrane technology, fouling problem, and how to improve the self-cleaning surface using functional groups for effectively treating oily wastewater. The recent development of surface-modified membranes for oily wastewater separation is investigated. It is believed that this review will promote understanding of membrane technology and the development of surface modification strategies for anti-fouling membranes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrospinning: Nanofabrication and Application)

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15 pages, 9207 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation on Comparison of Morphological Characteristics of Various Coarse Aggregates before and after Abrasion Test

by Saisai Zhang, Jianzhong Pei, Rui Li, Yong Wen and Jiupeng Zhang

Materials 2020, 13(2), 492; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13020492 - 20 Jan 2020

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 2961

Abstract

Under the repeated loading, the continuous impact and friction of tires on aggregates resulted in some changes in their morphology, which may cause rutting, decrease in skid resistance, and fatigue damage of the road. In order to explore specific changes in coarse aggregate [...] Read more.

Under the repeated loading, the continuous impact and friction of tires on aggregates resulted in some changes in their morphology, which may cause rutting, decrease in skid resistance, and fatigue damage of the road. In order to explore specific changes in coarse aggregate morphology, the Los Angeles abrasion test was used to simulate the force exerted on coarse aggregates and the morphologies of different aggregates before and after abrasion were compared. Four types of coarse aggregates were selected and their mineral compositions were analyzed by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The morphological characteristics were measured using Aggregate Image Measurement System (AIMS-Ⅱ), including angularity, surface texture, sphericity and Flat and Elongation (F and E) ratio. Results showed that the angularity value for each type of aggregates significantly reduced after abrasion and the angularity reductions of various aggregates were consistent with the results of abrasion test, indicting the angularity reduction was the main component of abrasion loss. Whereas, there was no significant different between the surface texture of coarse aggregates before and after abrasion. For shape properties, both sphericity and F and E ratio results showed that aggregates with excessively high F and E ratio were easy to break, which might cause rutting and were harmful to pavement. Therefore, for pavements with high performance requirement, coarse aggregates with large angularity and low abrasion value should be preferred, whereas the quantity of particles with excessively high F and E ratio should be controlled. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Construction and Building Materials)

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13 pages, 3734 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Printed PEDOT:PSS Trilayer: Mechanism Evaluation and Application in Energy Storage

by Inga Põldsalu, Kätlin Rohtlaid, Cedric Plesse, Frédéric Vidal, Ngoc Tuan Nguyen, Anna-Liisa Peikolainen, Tarmo Tamm and Rudolf Kiefer

Materials 2020, 13(2), 491; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13020491 - 20 Jan 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3152

Abstract

Combining ink-jet printing and one of the most stable electroactive materials, PEDOT:PSS (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate)), is envisaged to pave the way for the mass production of soft electroactive materials. Despite its being a well-known electroactive material, widespread application of PEDOT:PSS also requires good understanding [...] Read more.

Combining ink-jet printing and one of the most stable electroactive materials, PEDOT:PSS (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate)), is envisaged to pave the way for the mass production of soft electroactive materials. Despite its being a well-known electroactive material, widespread application of PEDOT:PSS also requires good understanding of its response. However, agreement on the interpretation of the material’s activities, notably regarding actuation, is not unanimous. Our goal in this work is to study the behavior of trilayers with PEDOT:PSS electrodes printed on either side of a semi-interpenetrated polymer network membrane in propylene carbonate solutions of three different electrolytes, and to compare their electroactive, actuation, and energy storage behavior. The balance of apparent faradaic and non-faradaic processes in each case is discussed. The results show that the primarily cation-dominated response of the trilayers in the three electrolytes is actually remarkably different, with some rather uncommon outcomes. The different balance of the apparent charging mechanisms makes it possible to clearly select one electrolyte for potential actuation and another for energy storage application scenarios. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Composites: Development and Functionality)

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11 pages, 2759 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Influence of Milling Time on the Homogeneity and Magnetism of a Fe₇₀Zr₃₀ Partially Amorphous Alloy: Distribution of Curie Temperatures

by Alejandro F. Manchón-Gordón, Jhon J. Ipus, Javier S. Blázquez, Clara F. Conde and Alejandro Conde

Materials 2020, 13(2), 490; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13020490 - 20 Jan 2020

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3072

Abstract

In this work, the mechanically alloyed Fe₇₀Zr₃₀ (at. %) composition has been used to study the influence of milling time on its homogeneity and magnetic properties. The microstructure and Fe environment results show the formation of an almost fully amorphous [...] Read more.

In this work, the mechanically alloyed Fe₇₀Zr₃₀ (at. %) composition has been used to study the influence of milling time on its homogeneity and magnetic properties. The microstructure and Fe environment results show the formation of an almost fully amorphous alloy after 50 h of milling in a mixture of pure 70 at. % Fe and 30 at. % Zr. The soft magnetic behavior of the samples enhances with the increase of the milling time, which is ascribed to the averaging out of the magnetocrystalline anisotropy as the crystal size decreases and the amorphous fraction increases. The formation of a non-perfectly homogenous system leads to a certain compositional heterogeneity, motivating the existence of a distribution of Curie temperatures. The parameters of the distribution (the average Curie temperature,

\bar{T_{C}}

, and the broadening of the distribution,

∆ T_{C}

) have been obtained using a recently reported procedure, based on the analysis of the approach towards the saturation curves and the magnetocaloric effect. The decrease of

∆ T_{C}

and the increase of

\bar{T_{C}}

with the milling time are in agreement with the microstructural results. As the remaining α-Fe phase decreases, the amorphous matrix is enriched in Fe atoms, enhancing its magnetic response. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Materials Synthesis by Mechanical Alloying/Milling)

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18 pages, 5433 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Wood Bottom Ash and GeoSilex: A By-Product of the Acetylene Industry as Alternative Raw Materials in Calcium Silicate Units

by Manuel Angel Felipe-Sesé, Luis Pérez-Villarejo, Eulogio Castro and Dolores Eliche-Quesada

Materials 2020, 13(2), 489; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13020489 - 20 Jan 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3336

Abstract

The main objective of this research was to obtain calcium silicate units from alternative raw materials, such as the bottom ashes from the combustion of wooden boards (WBA), as a source of silica, and GeoSilex (G), a by-product with low energy and environmental [...] Read more.

The main objective of this research was to obtain calcium silicate units from alternative raw materials, such as the bottom ashes from the combustion of wooden boards (WBA), as a source of silica, and GeoSilex (G), a by-product with low energy and environmental costs generated in the manufacture of acetylene, as a source of lime. Once the raw materials were physically, mineralogically and chemically characterized, calcium silicate units were obtained by mixing different amounts of WBA residue (90–20 wt%) and G by-product (10–80 wt%). The mixtures were compressed at 10 MPa and cured in water for 28 days. The calcium silicate units were subjected to a wide experimental program that included the determination of physical properties (bulk density, apparent porosity and water absorption), mechanical properties (compressive strength), and thermal properties (thermal conductivity). Optimum values are obtained for calcium silicate units that contain a 1/1 WBA/G weight ratio, which have an optimal amount of SiO₂ and CaO for the cementation reaction. The 50WBA-50g units have compressive strength values of 46.9 MPa and a thermal conductivity value of 0.40 W/mK. However, all calcium silicate units obtained comply with the European Standard EN 771-2: 2011 to be used as structural building materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Progress in Sustainable Clay Ceramics)

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15 pages, 8942 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fracture Toughness, Breakthrough Morphology, Microstructural Analysis of the T2 Copper-45 Steel Welded Joints

by Hao Ding, Qi Huang, Peng Liu, Yumei Bao and Guozhong Chai

Materials 2020, 13(2), 488; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13020488 - 20 Jan 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3449

Abstract

The performance and flaws of welded joints are important features that characteristics of the welding material influence. There is significant research activity on the performance and characteristics of welding joint materials. However, the properties of dissimilar welding materials and the cracking problem have [...] Read more.

The performance and flaws of welded joints are important features that characteristics of the welding material influence. There is significant research activity on the performance and characteristics of welding joint materials. However, the properties of dissimilar welding materials and the cracking problem have not been thoroughly investigated. This investigation focuses on the evaluation and analysis of fracture mechanics, including fracture toughness, microstructural analysis, and crack initiation of T2 copper-45 steel dissimilar welding materials. Standard tensile and three-point bending experiments were performed to calculate the ultimate strength, yield strength, and elastic modulus for fracture toughness. The macro/micro-fracture morphology for tensile fracture and three-point bending fracture were analysed. Based on these investigations, it was concluded that the fracture types were quasi-cleavage and an intergranular brittle fracture mixed model. The deflection of the crack path was discussed and it was determined that the crack was extended along the weld area and tilted towards the T2 copper. Finally, the crack propagation and deflecting direction after the three-point bending test could provide the basis for improvement in the performance of welded joints based on experimental testing parameters and ABAQUS finite element analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Composites: From Materials Characterization to Structural Application)

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17 pages, 2261 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modification of Ordinary Concrete Using Fly Ash from Combustion of Municipal Sewage Sludge

by Gabriela Rutkowska, Piotr Wichowski, Małgorzata Franus, Michał Mendryk and Joanna Fronczyk

Materials 2020, 13(2), 487; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13020487 - 19 Jan 2020

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 3628

Abstract

This article focuses on the impact of fly ash from the combustion of municipal sewage sludge (FAMSS) as a cement additive in the amounts of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% (by mass) on selected concrete properties. In the course of the experimental [...] Read more.

This article focuses on the impact of fly ash from the combustion of municipal sewage sludge (FAMSS) as a cement additive in the amounts of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% (by mass) on selected concrete properties. In the course of the experimental work, water penetration depth and compressive strength measurements were made at various periods of curing (from 2 to 365 days). In addition, the potential impact of FAMSS on the natural environment was examined by determining the leachability of heavy metals. FAMSS-modified concretes showed small values of water penetration depth (lower than 50 mm), as well as good compressive strength (reaching minimum class C30/37 after 130 days of maturing)—similar to the compressive strength obtained for conventional concrete. In addition, the partial replacement of cement with FAMSS has environmental benefits, expressed as a reduction in CO₂ emissions. In addition, study has shown that compliance with environmental requirements is associated with heavy metal leaching. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Construction and Building Materials)

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16 pages, 5027 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Transition Metal Coordination Polymers with Trans-1,4-Cyclohexanedicarboxylate: Acidity-Controlled Synthesis, Structures and Properties

by Pavel A. Demakov, Artem S. Bogomyakov, Artem S. Urlukov, Aleksandra Yu. Andreeva, Denis G. Samsonenko, Danil N. Dybtsev and Vladimir P. Fedin

Materials 2020, 13(2), 486; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13020486 - 19 Jan 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3347

Abstract

Five trans-1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylate (chdc²⁻) metal–organic frameworks of transition metals were synthesized in aqueous systems. A careful control of pH, reaction temperature and solvent composition were shown to direct the crystallization of a particular compound. Isostructural [Co(H₂O)₄(chdc)]_n ( [...] Read more.

Five trans-1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylate (chdc²⁻) metal–organic frameworks of transition metals were synthesized in aqueous systems. A careful control of pH, reaction temperature and solvent composition were shown to direct the crystallization of a particular compound. Isostructural [Co(H₂O)₄(chdc)]_n (1) and [Fe(H₂O)₄(chdc)]_n (2) consist of one-dimensional hydrogen-bonded chains. Compounds [Cd(H₂O)(chdc)]_n∙0.5nCH₃CN (3), [Mn₄(H₂O)₃(chdc)₄]_n (4) and [Mn₂(Hchdc)₂(chdc)]_n (5) possess three-dimensional framework structures. The compounds 1, 4 and 5 were further characterized by magnetochemical analysis, which reveals paramagnetic nature of these compounds. A presence of antiferromagnetic exchange at low temperatures is observed for 5 while the antiferromagnetic coupling in 4 is rather strong, even at ambient conditions. The thermal decompositions of 1, 4 and 5 were investigated and the obtained metal oxide (cubic Co₃O₄ and MnO) samples were analyzed by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coordination Polymers: Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Multifunctional Applications)

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16 pages, 4023 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Magnetocaloric Effect in Cu5-NIPA Molecular Magnet: A Theoretical Study

by Karol Szałowski and Pamela Kowalewska

Materials 2020, 13(2), 485; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13020485 - 19 Jan 2020

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3617

Abstract

We calculated the magnetocaloric properties of the molecular nanomagnet Cu5-NIPA, consisting of five spins

S = 1 / 2

arranged in two corner-sharing triangles (hourglass-like structure without magnetic frustration). The thermodynamics of the system in question was described using the quantum Heisenberg model [...] Read more.

We calculated the magnetocaloric properties of the molecular nanomagnet Cu5-NIPA, consisting of five spins

S = 1 / 2

arranged in two corner-sharing triangles (hourglass-like structure without magnetic frustration). The thermodynamics of the system in question was described using the quantum Heisenberg model solved within the field ensemble (canonical ensemble) using exact numerical diagonalization. The dependence of the magnetic entropy and magnetic specific heat on the temperature and the external magnetic field was investigated. The isothermal entropy change for a wide range of initial and final magnetic fields was discussed. Due to plateau-like behavior of the isothermal entropy change as a function of the temperature, a high degree of tunability of magnetocaloric effect with the initial and final magnetic field was demonstrated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Molecular Magnetic Materials)

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15 pages, 3402 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Alternative Fillers on the Adhesive Properties of Mastics Fabricated with Red Mud

by Mayara S. Siverio Lima, Liseane P. Thives, Viktors Haritonovs and Florian Gschösser

Materials 2020, 13(2), 484; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13020484 - 19 Jan 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3192

Abstract

The adhesion between bitumen and aggregates strongly influences the lifetime of pavements. To improve adhesiveness, the road construction industry has been using additives to alter the interfacial energy and improve the affinity of materials in the presence of water. However, the water sensitivity [...] Read more.

The adhesion between bitumen and aggregates strongly influences the lifetime of pavements. To improve adhesiveness, the road construction industry has been using additives to alter the interfacial energy and improve the affinity of materials in the presence of water. However, the water sensitivity varies according to the mixture design, since the interaction may occur differently depending on the materials chosen. As the use of alternative materials is increasing in road constructions, further analysis of its affinity with aggregates and bitumen is necessary. In that sense, this study evaluates the adhesion performance of mastics mixed with traditional fillers, such as limestone and dolomite, and residues, such as fly ash and red mud. To assess possible interactions with the red mud, the fillers are mixed in distinct percentages and tested for adhesiveness, wettability, penetration, and softening point. The results show the importance of hydrophilicity, asphalt viscosity, and physical–chemical properties to define adhesive interactions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Materials and Technologies for the Urban Roads of the Future)

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14 pages, 2817 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Solidification Crack Evolution in High-Strength Steel Welding Using the Extended Finite Element Method

by Zhanglan Chen, Jianmin Liu and Haijun Qiu

Materials 2020, 13(2), 483; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13020483 - 19 Jan 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3217

Abstract

High-strength steel suffers from an increasing susceptibility to solidification cracking in welding due to increasing carbon equivalents. However, the cracking mechanism is not fully clear for a confidently completely crack-free welding process. To present a full, direct knowledge of fracture behavior in high-strength [...] Read more.

High-strength steel suffers from an increasing susceptibility to solidification cracking in welding due to increasing carbon equivalents. However, the cracking mechanism is not fully clear for a confidently completely crack-free welding process. To present a full, direct knowledge of fracture behavior in high-strength steel welding, a three-dimensional (3-D) modeling method is developed using the extended finite element method (XFEM). The XFEM model and fracture loads are linked with the full model and the output of the thermo-mechanical finite element method (TM-FEM), respectively. Solidification cracks in welds are predicted to initiate at the upper tip at the current cross-section, propagate upward to and then through the upper weld surface, thereby propagating the lower crack tip down to the bottom until the final failure. This behavior indicates that solidification cracking is preferred on the upper weld surface, which has higher weld stress introduced by thermal contraction and solidification shrinkage. The modeling results show good agreement with the solidification crack fractography and in situ observations. Further XFEM results show that the initial defects that exhibit higher susceptibility to solidification cracking are those that are vertical to the weld plate plane, open to the current cross-section and concentratedly distributed compared to tilted, closed and dispersedly distributed ones, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Progress of Advance High-Strength Steels (AHSS))

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97 pages, 618 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Acknowledgement to Reviewers of Materials in 2019

by Materials Editorial Office

Materials 2020, 13(2), 482; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13020482 - 19 Jan 2020

Viewed by 12808

Abstract

The editorial team greatly appreciates the reviewers who have dedicated their considerable time and expertise to the journal’s rigorous editorial process over the past 12 months, regardless of whether the papers are finally published or not [...] Full article

15 pages, 4192 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Magnetic and Golden Yogurts. Food as a Potential Nanomedicine Carrier

by Víctor Garcés, Ana González, Laura Sabio, Carmen M. Sánchez-Arévalo, Natividad Gálvez and José M. Dominguez-Vera

Materials 2020, 13(2), 481; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13020481 - 19 Jan 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3694

Abstract

Yogurt is one of the most emblematic and popular fermented foods. It is produced by the fermentation of milk lactose by bacteria such as Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus acidophilus. Magnetic (MNPs) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were incorporated into the exopolysaccharides (EPSs) of [...] Read more.

Yogurt is one of the most emblematic and popular fermented foods. It is produced by the fermentation of milk lactose by bacteria such as Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus acidophilus. Magnetic (MNPs) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were incorporated into the exopolysaccharides (EPSs) of these bacteria. The functionalized bacteria were characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. A large number of MNPs and AuNPs were bound to the bacterial EPS. Interestingly, the nanoparticles’ (NPs) presence did not affect the bacteria’s capacity to ferment milk and to produce magnetic and golden yogurts. Magnetic and golden yogurts represent the perfect combination of emblematic food and nanoparticles and have a range of potential biomedical applications: use in iron-deficiency anemia, diagnosis and hyperthermia treatment of appropriate digestive diseases, and interest in glamour cuisine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications)

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9 pages, 2526 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Annealing on the Damping Behavior of Ni-Cu-Mn-Ga Ferromagnetic Shape Memory Alloys

by Xiaoqi Liao, Xin Xu, Lumei Gao, Muhammad Tahir Khan, Chunxi Hao, Fei Cheng, Yuewei He and Yu Wang

Materials 2020, 13(2), 480; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13020480 - 19 Jan 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2388

Abstract

Damping materials have attracted much attention for wide potential applications in the industry. Previous research shows that annealing treatment is an effective and costless way of improving the functional properties of conventional shape memory alloys. However, there are few investigations concerning the annealing [...] Read more.

Damping materials have attracted much attention for wide potential applications in the industry. Previous research shows that annealing treatment is an effective and costless way of improving the functional properties of conventional shape memory alloys. However, there are few investigations concerning the annealing effect of the ambient-temperature damping behavior. In this paper, we present the influence of annealing treatment on the martensitic transformation and damping behaviors of Ni

_{55 - x}

Cu

_{x}

Mn

_{25}

Ga

_{20}

(x = 0, 2, 4, 6) alloys within the ambient-temperature range. With increasing annealing time, the martensitic transformation temperature and the temperature span of martensitic transformation decrease. Moreover, annealing treatment greatly enhances the twin boundary damping peak of martensite. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurement demonstrates that annealing can improve the degree of L2

_{1}

atomic order, which relieves the pinning effects for the twin boundary motion and thus leads to the enhancement of the twin boundary damping of these alloys. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Alloys)

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12 pages, 7085 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of the Flame-Retardant and Mechanical Properties of Bamboo Fiber-Reinforced Polypropylene Composites with Melamine Pyrophosphate and Aluminum Hypophosphite Addition

by Lu Fang, Xizhen Lu, Jian Zeng, Yingyi Chen and Qiheng Tang

Materials 2020, 13(2), 479; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13020479 - 19 Jan 2020

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 4123

Abstract

To improve the flame-retardant performance of bamboo fiber (BF) reinforced polypropylene (PP) composites, melamine pyrophosphate (MPP) and aluminum hypophosphite (AP) at a constant mass ratio of 2:1 were added. The influence of the MPP/AP mass fraction on the mechanical and flame-retardant properties of [...] Read more.

To improve the flame-retardant performance of bamboo fiber (BF) reinforced polypropylene (PP) composites, melamine pyrophosphate (MPP) and aluminum hypophosphite (AP) at a constant mass ratio of 2:1 were added. The influence of the MPP/AP mass fraction on the mechanical and flame-retardant properties of the BF reinforced PP composites were evaluated by mechanical testing, limiting oxygen index (LOI) and cone calorimetry. Mechanical tests demonstrate that tensile properties of BF/PP decreased with the increase of MPP/AP mass fraction, while flexural properties of composites exhibited very different tendencies. Both flexural strength and modulus increased slightly with the addition of MPP/AP at first, and then decreased significantly after a relatively high content of MPP/AP was loaded. This was due to the poor interfacial compatibility between PP and MPP/AP. The flame retardancy of BF/PP composites has been greatly improved. When 30% MPP/AP was loaded into the composites, the LOI increased to 27.2%, which was 42.4% higher than that of the composite without flame retardant addition. Cone calorimetry results indicated that MPP/AP worked in both gas and condensed phases during the combustion process. Peak heat release rate, total smoke production and mass loss of the composites were significantly reduced because of the addition of MPP/AP. Full article

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14 pages, 7623 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fabrication, Structure and Mechanical and Ultrasonic Properties of Medical Ti6Al4V Alloys Part I: Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ti6Al4V Alloys Suitable for Ultrasonic Scalpel

by Zheyu He, Hao He, Jia Lou, Yimin Li, Dongyang Li, Yongzhi Chen and Shaojun Liu

Materials 2020, 13(2), 478; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13020478 - 19 Jan 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3525

Abstract

Ti6Al4V alloy has been considered as a key component used in ultrasonic scalpels. In this series of papers, the fabrication, structure, and mechanical and ultrasonic properties of medical Ti6Al4V alloys suitable for ultrasonic scalpel are studied systemically. These alloys with low elastic modulus [...] Read more.

Ti6Al4V alloy has been considered as a key component used in ultrasonic scalpels. In this series of papers, the fabrication, structure, and mechanical and ultrasonic properties of medical Ti6Al4V alloys suitable for ultrasonic scalpel are studied systemically. These alloys with low elastic modulus and present a typical bimodal microstructure with relatively high β phase content (~40%) and lamellar α thickness of ≤ 0.9 µm. In the first paper, the relationship between the microstructure and mechanical properties of hot-rolled Ti6Al4V alloys treated by heating treatment is discussed. In the second paper, the dependence of the ultrasonic properties on the microstructure of the heat-treated Ti6Al4V alloys is reported. With increasing solid solution temperature, the content and size of the primary α phase decrease. In contrast, the content and size of the lamellar α phase increase. Additionally, the β phase content first increases and then decreases. The microstructure of Ti6Al4V alloys could be slightly changed by aging treatment. When the solid solution treatment temperature increases to 980 °C from 960 °C, the average size of the lamellar α phase in the alloys increases by 1.1 µm. This results in a decrease in the average yield strength (93 MPa). The elastic modulus of alloys is mainly controlled by the β phase content. The microstructure of alloys by solution-treatment at 960 °C shows the highest β phase content and lowest average elastic modulus of 99.69 GPa, resulting in the minimum resonant frequency (55.06 kHz) and the highest average amplitude (21.48 µm) of the alloys at the length of 41.25 mm. Full article

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16 pages, 9763 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ultralight Industrial Bamboo Residue-Derived Holocellulose Thermal Insulation Aerogels with Hydrophobic and Fire Resistant Properties

by Hanxiao Huang, Yunshui Yu, Yan Qing, Xiaofeng Zhang, Jia Cui and Hankun Wang

Materials 2020, 13(2), 477; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13020477 - 19 Jan 2020

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 4256

Abstract

In this study, water-soluble ammonium polyphosphate- (APP) and methyl trimethoxysilane (MTMS)-modified industrial bamboo residue (IBR)-derived holocellulose nanofibrils (HCNF/APP/MTMS) were used as the raw materials to prepare aerogels in a freeze-drying process. Synthetically modified aerogels were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, [...] Read more.

In this study, water-soluble ammonium polyphosphate- (APP) and methyl trimethoxysilane (MTMS)-modified industrial bamboo residue (IBR)-derived holocellulose nanofibrils (HCNF/APP/MTMS) were used as the raw materials to prepare aerogels in a freeze-drying process. Synthetically modified aerogels were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and thermal stability measurements. As-prepared HCNF/APP/MTMS aerogels showed themselves to be soft and flexible. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed that the foam-like structure translates into a 3D network structure from HCNF aerogels to HCNF/APP/MTMS aerogels. The compressive modules of the HCNF/APP/MTMS aerogels were decreased from 38 kPa to 8.9 kPa with a density in the range of 12.04–28.54 kg/m³, which was due to the structural change caused by the addition of APP and MTMS. Compared with HCNF aerogels, HCNF/APP/MTMS aerogels showed a high hydrophobicity, in which the water contact angle was 130°, and great flame retardant properties. The peak of heat release rate (pHRR) and total smoke production (TSP) decreased from 466.6 to 219.1 kW/m² and 0.18 to 0.04 m², respectively, meanwhile, the fire growth rate (FIGRA) decreased to 8.76 kW/s·m². The thermal conductivity of the HCNF/APP/MTMS aerogels was 0.039 W/m·K. All results indicated the prepared aerogels should be expected to show great potential for thermally insulative materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Composite Biomaterials)

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14 pages, 5705 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Zr Content on Phase Stability, Deformation Behavior, and Young’s Modulus in Ti–Nb–Zr Alloys

by Kyong Min Kim, Hee Young Kim and Shuichi Miyazaki

Materials 2020, 13(2), 476; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13020476 - 19 Jan 2020

Cited by 68 | Viewed by 5555

Abstract

Ti alloys have attracted continuing research attention as promising biomaterials due to their superior corrosion resistance and biocompatibility and excellent mechanical properties. Metastable β-type Ti alloys also provide several unique properties such as low Young’s modulus, shape memory effect, and superelasticity. Such unique [...] Read more.

Ti alloys have attracted continuing research attention as promising biomaterials due to their superior corrosion resistance and biocompatibility and excellent mechanical properties. Metastable β-type Ti alloys also provide several unique properties such as low Young’s modulus, shape memory effect, and superelasticity. Such unique properties are predominantly attributed to the phase stability and reversible martensitic transformation. In this study, the effects of the Nb and Zr contents on phase constitution, transformation temperature, deformation behavior, and Young’s modulus were investigated. Ti–Nb and Ti–Nb–Zr alloys over a wide composition range, i.e., Ti–(18–40)Nb, Ti–(15–40)Nb–4Zr, Ti–(16–40)Nb–8Zr, Ti–(15–40)Nb–12Zr, Ti–(12–17)Nb–18Zr, were fabricated and their properties were characterized. The phase boundary between the β phase and the α′′ martensite phase was clarified. The lower limit content of Nb to suppress the martensitic transformation and to obtain a single β phase at room temperature decreased with increasing Zr content. The Ti–25Nb, Ti–22Nb–4Zr, Ti–19Nb–8Zr, Ti–17Nb–12Zr and Ti–14Nb–18Zr alloys exhibit the lowest Young’s modulus among Ti–Nb–Zr alloys with Zr content of 0, 4, 8, 12, and 18 at.%, respectively. Particularly, the Ti–14Nb–18Zr alloy exhibits a very low Young’s modulus less than 40 GPa. Correlation among alloy composition, phase stability, and Young’s modulus was discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials)

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22 pages, 5312 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation of Mesoporous Mn–Ce–Ti–O Aerogels by a One-Pot Sol–Gel Method for Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO with NH₃

by Yabin Wei, Shuangling Jin, Rui Zhang, Weifeng Li, Jiangcan Wang, Shuo Yang, He Wang, Minghe Yang, Yan Liu, Wenming Qiao, Licheng Ling and Minglin Jin

Materials 2020, 13(2), 475; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13020475 - 19 Jan 2020

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3279

Abstract

Novel Mn–Ce–Ti–O composite aerogels with large mesopore size were prepared via a one-pot sol–gel method by using propylene oxide as a network gel inducer and ethyl acetoacetate as a complexing agent. The effect of calcination temperature (400, 500, 600, and 700 °C) on [...] Read more.

Novel Mn–Ce–Ti–O composite aerogels with large mesopore size were prepared via a one-pot sol–gel method by using propylene oxide as a network gel inducer and ethyl acetoacetate as a complexing agent. The effect of calcination temperature (400, 500, 600, and 700 °C) on the NH₃–selective catalytic reduction (SCR) performance of the obtained Mn–Ce–Ti–O composite aerogels was investigated. The results show that the Mn–Ce–Ti–O catalyst calcined at 600 °C exhibits the highest NH₃–SCR activity and lowest apparent activation energy due to its most abundant Lewis acid sites and best reducibility. The NO conversion of the MCTO-600 catalyst maintains 100% at 200 °C in the presence of 100 ppm SO₂, showing the superior resistance to SO₂ poisoning as compared with the MnO_x–CeO₂–TiO₂ catalysts reported the literature. This should be mainly attributed to its large mesopore sizes with an average pore size of 32 nm and abundant Lewis acid sites. The former fact facilitates the decomposition of NH₄HSO₄, and the latter fact reduces vapor pressure of NH₃. The NH₃–SCR process on the MCTO-600 catalyst follows both the Eley–Rideal (E–R) mechanism and the Langmuir–Hinshelwood (L–H) mechanism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heterogeneous Catalysts Synthesis and Characterization)

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13 pages, 4779 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Study on the Phase Transition Characteristics of Asphalt Mixture for Stress Absorbing Membrane Interlayer

by Guang Yang, Xudong Wang, Xingye Zhou and Yanzhu Wang

Materials 2020, 13(2), 474; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13020474 - 19 Jan 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2587

Abstract

Asphalt mixtures used in stress absorbing membrane interlayers (SAMIs) play a significant role in improving the performance of asphalt pavement. To investigate the rheological properties and phase transition characteristics of asphalt mixtures used in SAMI with temperature changes, twenty-seven candidate mixtures with different [...] Read more.

Asphalt mixtures used in stress absorbing membrane interlayers (SAMIs) play a significant role in improving the performance of asphalt pavement. To investigate the rheological properties and phase transition characteristics of asphalt mixtures used in SAMI with temperature changes, twenty-seven candidate mixtures with different binders, gradation types and binder contents were selected in this research. During the study, dynamic mechanical analysis method was employed to evaluate their temperature-dependent properties and a series of wide-range temperature sweep tests were conducted under a sinusoidal loading. Some critical points and key indexes from the testing curves such as glass transition temperature (Tg) can be obtained. Test results show that phase transition characteristics can better reflect the rheological properties of asphalt mixtures at different temperatures. Crumb rubber modified asphalt mixtures (AR) provide a better performance at both high and low temperatures. Additionally, the range of AR asphalt mixtures’ effective functioning temperature ΔT is wider, and the slope K value is greater than the others, which indicates that AR asphalt mixtures are less sensitive to temperature changes. Additionally, gradation type and asphalt content also influence the properties: finer gradation and more asphalt content have a good effect on the low-temperature performance of the asphalt mixtures; while mixtures with a coarser gradation and less asphalt content perform better at high temperature and they are less sensitive to temperature changes. Finally, AR asphalt mixture is more suitable to be applied in the SAMI due to its phase transition characteristics from this method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Designed Pavement Materials)

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23 pages, 5823 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Degradation and Biocompatibility of AZ31 Magnesium Alloy Implants In Vitro and In Vivo: A Micro-Computed Tomography Study in Rats

by Naohiko Kawamura, Yuya Nakao, Rina Ishikawa, Dai Tsuchida and Masahiro Iijima

Materials 2020, 13(2), 473; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13020473 - 19 Jan 2020

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 4654

Abstract

In current orthodontic practice, miniscrew implants (MSIs) for anchorage and bone fixation plates (BFPs) for surgical orthodontic treatment are commonly used. MSIs and BFPs that are made of bioabsorbable material would avoid the need for removal surgery. We investigated the mechanical, degradation and [...] Read more.

In current orthodontic practice, miniscrew implants (MSIs) for anchorage and bone fixation plates (BFPs) for surgical orthodontic treatment are commonly used. MSIs and BFPs that are made of bioabsorbable material would avoid the need for removal surgery. We investigated the mechanical, degradation and osseointegration properties and the bone-implant interface strength of the AZ31 bioabsorbable magnesium alloy to assess its suitability for MSIs and BFPs. The mechanical properties of a Ti alloy (TiA), AZ31 Mg alloy (MgA), pure Mg and poly-L-lactic acid (PLA) were investigated using a nanoindentation test. Also, pH changes in the solution and degradation rates were determined using immersion tests. Three-dimensional, high-resolution, micro-computed tomography (CT) of implants in the rat femur was performed. Biomechanical push-out testing was conducted to calculate the maximum shear strength of the bone-implant interface. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), histological analysis and an evaluation of systemic inflammation were performed. MgA has mechanical properties similar to those of bone, and is suitable for implants. The degradation rate of MgA was significantly lower than that of Mg. MgA achieved a significantly higher bone-implant bond strength than TiA. Micro-CT revealed no significant differences in bone density or bone-implant contact between TiA and MgA. In conclusion, the AZ31 Mg alloy is suitable for both MSIs and BFPs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Corrosion)

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13 pages, 4982 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Titanium Porous Coating Using 3D Direct Energy Deposition (DED) Printing for Cementless TKA Implants: Does It Induce Chronic Inflammation?

by Dong Jin Ryu, Chung-Hee Sonn, Da Hee Hong, Kyeu Back Kwon, Sang Jun Park, Hun Yeong Ban, Tae Yang Kwak, Dohyung Lim and Joon Ho Wang

Materials 2020, 13(2), 472; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13020472 - 19 Jan 2020

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4368

Abstract

Because of the recent technological advances, the cementless total knee arthroplasty (TKA) implant showed satisfactory implant survival rate. Newly developed 3D printing direct energy deposition (DED) has superior resistance to abrasion as compared to traditional methods. However, there is still concern about the [...] Read more.

Because of the recent technological advances, the cementless total knee arthroplasty (TKA) implant showed satisfactory implant survival rate. Newly developed 3D printing direct energy deposition (DED) has superior resistance to abrasion as compared to traditional methods. However, there is still concern about the mechanical stability and the risk of osteolysis by the titanium (Ti) nanoparticles. Therefore, in this work, we investigated whether DED Ti-coated cobalt-chrome (CoCr) alloys induce chronic inflammation reactions through in vitro and in vivo models. We studied three types of implant surfaces (smooth, sand-blasted, and DED Ti-coated) to compare their inflammatory reaction. We conducted the in vitro effect of specimens using the cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and an inflammatory cytokine assay. Subsequently, in vivo analysis of the immune profiling, cytokine assay, and histomorphometric evaluation using C57BL/6 mice were performed. There were no significant differences in the CCK-8 assay, the cytokine assay, and the immune profiling assay. Moreover, there were no difference for semi-quantitative histomorphometry analysis at 4 and 8 weeks among the sham, smooth, and DED Ti-coated samples. These results suggest that DED Ti-coated printing technique do not induce chronic inflammation both in vitro and in vivo. It has biocompatibility for being used as a surface coating of TKA implant. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials, Implants and Scaffolds in Additive Manufacturing)

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15 pages, 3894 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance of 3D-Printed Continuous-Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Plastics with Pressure

by Jun Zhang, Zude Zhou, Fan Zhang, Yuegang Tan, Yiwen Tu and Baojun Yang

Materials 2020, 13(2), 471; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13020471 - 19 Jan 2020

Cited by 59 | Viewed by 7129

Abstract

Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) has been investigated as a low-cost manufacturing method for fiber-reinforced composites. The traditional and mature technology for manufacturing continuous-carbon-fiber-reinforced plastics is Automated Fiber Placement (AFP), which uses a consolidation roller and an autoclave process to improve the quality of [...] Read more.

Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) has been investigated as a low-cost manufacturing method for fiber-reinforced composites. The traditional and mature technology for manufacturing continuous-carbon-fiber-reinforced plastics is Automated Fiber Placement (AFP), which uses a consolidation roller and an autoclave process to improve the quality of parts. Compared to AFP, FDM is simple in design and operation but lacks the ability to pressurize and heat the model. In this work, a novel method for printing continuous carbon-fiber-reinforced plastics with a pressure roller was investigated. First, the path processing of the pressure roller was researched, which will reduce the number of rotations of the pressure roller and increase the service life of the equipment and the efficiency of printing. Thereafter, three specimens were printed under different pressures and the tensile and bending strength of specimens were tested. The tensile strength and bending strength of specimens were enhanced to 644.8 MPa and 401.24 MPa by increasing the pressure, compared to the tensile strength and bending strength of specimens without pressure of 109.9 MPa and 163.13 MPa. However, excessive pressure will destroy the path of the continuous carbon fiber (CCF) and the surface quality of the model, and may even lead to printing failure. Full article

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10 pages, 3969 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reliability Study of c-Si PV Module Mounted on a Concrete Slab by Thermal Cycling Using Electroluminescence Scanning: Application in Future Solar Roadways

by Firoz Khan, Béchir Dridi Rezgui and Jae Hyun Kim

Materials 2020, 13(2), 470; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13020470 - 19 Jan 2020

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 3390

Abstract

Several tests were conducted to ratify the reliability and durability of the solar photovoltaic (PV) devices before deployment in the real field (non-ideal conditions). In the real field, the temperature of the PV modules was varied during the day and night. Nowadays, people [...] Read more.

Several tests were conducted to ratify the reliability and durability of the solar photovoltaic (PV) devices before deployment in the real field (non-ideal conditions). In the real field, the temperature of the PV modules was varied during the day and night. Nowadays, people have been bearing in mind the deployment of PV modules on concrete roads to make use of the space accessible on roads. In this regard, a comparative study on the failure and degradation behaviors of crystalline Si PV modules with and without a concrete slab was executed via a thermal cycling stress test. The impact of the concrete slab on the performance degradation of PV modules was evaluated. Electroluminescence (EL) results showed that the defect due to thermal cycling (TC) stress was reduced in the PV module with a concrete slab. The power loss due to the thermal cycling was reduced by approximately 1% using a concrete slab for 200 cycles. The R_sh value was reduced to approximately 91% and 71% after thermal cycling of 200 cycles for reference PV modules, respectively. The value of I₀ was increased to approximately 3.1 and 2.9 times the initial value for the PV modules without and with concrete, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in New Material Production and Characterization Using Scanning Techniques)

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19 pages, 5074 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evolution of Microstructure and Texture in Laboratory- and Industrial-Scaled Production of Automotive Al-Sheets

by Jakob Grasserbauer, Irmgard Weißensteiner, Georg Falkinger, Stefan Mitsche, Peter J. Uggowitzer and Stefan Pogatscher

Materials 2020, 13(2), 469; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13020469 - 19 Jan 2020

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4454

Abstract

With the rising importance of aluminum sheets for automotive applications, the influence of microstructure and texture on mechanical properties and on forming behavior has gained re-increased interest in recent years. This paper provides an introduction to the topic and demonstrates the evolution of [...] Read more.

With the rising importance of aluminum sheets for automotive applications, the influence of microstructure and texture on mechanical properties and on forming behavior has gained re-increased interest in recent years. This paper provides an introduction to the topic and demonstrates the evolution of microstructure and texture in the standard alloys EN AW-5182 and EN AW-6016 for different processing scales. Moreover, strategies for texture and microstructure characterization of automotive Al-sheets are discussed. As the development of alloys or processes usually starts in laboratory facilities, the transferability to the industrial scale of the results thereof is studied. A detailed analysis of the entire processing chain shows good conformity of careful laboratory production with the industrial production concerning microstructure as well as qualitative and quantitative texture evolution for EN AW-5182. While comparable grain sizes can be achieved in final annealed sheets of EN AW-6016, quantitative discrepancies in texture occur between the different production scales for some sample states. The results are discussed in light of the basics of plasticity and recrystallisation including the effect of solutes, primary phases, and secondary phases in the alloys. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Alloy and Process Development of Light Metals)

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16 pages, 2029 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhanced Selenate Removal in Aqueous Phase by Copper-Coated Activated Carbon

by Xinhai Zhao, Aiqing Zhang, Jianhong Zhang, Qipeng Wang, Xuquan Huang, Yonghong Wu and Cilai Tang

Materials 2020, 13(2), 468; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13020468 - 19 Jan 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2884

Abstract

In this study, we prepared a novel sorbent derived from precipitating copper ion onto the surfaces of activated carbon (Cu-AC). The sorbents were comprehensively characterized by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), zeta potential analysis, SEM, XRD, and FTIR. Batch experiments were conducted to evaluate selenate removal [...] Read more.

In this study, we prepared a novel sorbent derived from precipitating copper ion onto the surfaces of activated carbon (Cu-AC). The sorbents were comprehensively characterized by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), zeta potential analysis, SEM, XRD, and FTIR. Batch experiments were conducted to evaluate selenate removal by Cu-AC under different conditions. The results showed that Cu was uniformly coated on the AC surface. Copper pretreatment markedly decreased the specific surface area and total pore volume of AC, and changed its surface zeta potential from highly negative to low negative and even positive. The Cu-AC substantially improved selenate adsorption capacity from the 1.36 mg Se/g AC of raw AC to 3.32, 3.56, 4.23, and 4.48 mg Se/g AC after loading of 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 5 mmol Cu/g AC, respectively. The results of toxicity leaching test showed AC coated with ≤1.0 mmol Cu/g was acceptable for potential application. Selenate adsorption was significantly inhibited by high ionic strength (>50 mM NaCl) and pH (>10). The electrostatic attraction between positive surface charge of Cu-AC and selenate ions and hydrogen bonding between CuO and HSeO₄⁻ might contribute to selenate sorption. Evidence showed that the selenate adsorption might involve outer-sphere surface complexation. The adsorption data appeared to be better described by Langmuir than Freundlich isotherm. The spent adsorbent could be effectively regenerated by hydroxide for reuse. Only a little decrease of removal efficiency was observed in the second and third run. This study implies that Cu-coated AC is a potential adsorbent for sustainable removal selenate from relative low salinity water/wastewater. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Carbon Materials)

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25 pages, 7182 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Absolute Rheological Measurements of Model Suspensions: Influence and Correction of Wall Slip Prevention Measures

by Sebastian Pawelczyk, Marieluise Kniepkamp, Steffen Jesinghausen and Hans-Joachim Schmid

Materials 2020, 13(2), 467; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13020467 - 18 Jan 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4818

Abstract

Since suspensions (e.g., in food, cement, or cosmetics industries) tend to show wall slip, the application of structured measuring surfaces in rheometers is widespread. Usually, for parallel-plate geometries, the tip-to-tip distance is used for calculation of absolute rheological values, which implies that there [...] Read more.

Since suspensions (e.g., in food, cement, or cosmetics industries) tend to show wall slip, the application of structured measuring surfaces in rheometers is widespread. Usually, for parallel-plate geometries, the tip-to-tip distance is used for calculation of absolute rheological values, which implies that there is no flow behind this distance. However, several studies show that this is not true. Therefore, the measuring gap needs to be corrected by adding the effective gap extension

δ

to the prescribed gap height

H

in order to obtain absolute rheological properties. In this paper, we determine the effective gap extension

δ

for different structures and fluids (Newtonian, shear thinning, and model suspensions that can be adjusted to the behavior of real fluids) and compare the corrected values to reference data. We observe that for Newtonian fluids a gap- and material-independent correction function can be derived for every measuring system, which is also applicable to suspensions, but not to shear thinning fluids. Since this relation appears to be mainly dependent on the characteristics of flow behaviour, we show that the calibration of structured measuring systems is possible with Newtonian fluids and then can be transferred to suspensions up to a certain particle content. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rheology of Reactive, Multiscale, Multiphase Construction Materials)

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15 pages, 2548 KiB

Open AccessReview

Parameters Influencing the Outcome of Additive Manufacturing of Tiny Medical Devices Based on PEEK

by Yiqiao Wang, Wolf-Dieter Müller, Adam Rumjahn and Andreas Schwitalla

Materials 2020, 13(2), 466; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13020466 - 18 Jan 2020

Cited by 68 | Viewed by 7526

Abstract

In this review, we discuss the parameters of fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology used in finished parts made from polyether ether ketone (PEEK) and also the possibility of printing small PEEK parts. The published articles reporting on 3D printed PEEK implants were obtained [...] Read more.

In this review, we discuss the parameters of fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology used in finished parts made from polyether ether ketone (PEEK) and also the possibility of printing small PEEK parts. The published articles reporting on 3D printed PEEK implants were obtained using PubMed and search engines such as Google Scholar including references cited therein. The results indicate that although many have been experiments conducted on PEEK 3D printing, the consensus on a suitable printing parameter combination has not been reached and optimized parameters for printing worth pursuing. The printing of reproducible tiny-sized PEEK parts with high accuracy has proved to be possible in our experiments. Understanding the relationships among material properties, design parameters, and the ultimate performance of finished objects will be the basis for further improvement of the quality of 3D printed medical devices based on PEEK and to expand the polymers applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials, Implants and Scaffolds in Additive Manufacturing)

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21 pages, 4461 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of High Temperatures on the Impact Strength of Concrete Based on Recycled Aggregate Made of Heat-Resistant Cullet

by Aleksandra Powęzka, Jacek Szulej and Paweł Ogrodnik

Materials 2020, 13(2), 465; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13020465 - 18 Jan 2020

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3493

Abstract

The article presents results obtained during testing of concrete based on CEM I 42.5R Portland cement, fine and coarse aggregate, glass, volatile ash, and superplastifier. The concrete mixture was modified using filler consisting of bromosilicate heat resistant cullet. Recycled aggregate was added to [...] Read more.

The article presents results obtained during testing of concrete based on CEM I 42.5R Portland cement, fine and coarse aggregate, glass, volatile ash, and superplastifier. The concrete mixture was modified using filler consisting of bromosilicate heat resistant cullet. Recycled aggregate was added to the batch. Samples for the need of testing were produced as (100 × 100 × 100) mm cubes. Before commencing proper tests, samples have been heated within the temperature range of 20–800 °C. Tests carried out during the proper testing procedure included tests of compressive strength, elevated temperature, impact strength, as well as macroscopic tests of the contact area. The obtained test results have provided proof of there being a possibility of producing special concrete, modified by products obtained from heat resistant cullet. This type of is generally characterized by satisfactory performance parameters. The average compressive strength for concrete modified by a 10% of heat resistant cullet was determined as 43.6 MPa and 48.3 MPa respectively after 28 and 180 days of curing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Durability of Concrete or Mineral-Asphalt Mixtures with Recycled Aggregates)

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11 pages, 4792 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characteristics of the Molten Pool Temperature Field and Its Influence on the Preparation of a Composite Coating on a Ti6Al4V Alloy in the Micro-Arc Oxidation Process

by Xinyi Li, Chaofang Dong, Qing Zhao and Fasong Cheng

Materials 2020, 13(2), 464; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13020464 - 18 Jan 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2051

Abstract

In this study, the phase transition of secondary phase particles in a composite coating is used to estimate the temperature field of the molten pool on a Ti6Al4V alloy in the micro-arc oxidation (MAO) process. The behavior of the sparks and the molten [...] Read more.

In this study, the phase transition of secondary phase particles in a composite coating is used to estimate the temperature field of the molten pool on a Ti6Al4V alloy in the micro-arc oxidation (MAO) process. The behavior of the sparks and the molten pool during the MAO process was observed in real-time by a long-distance microscope. The microstructures and compositions of the composite coatings were studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results revealed that, for the temperature field distribution range of the molten pool in the active period, the lower limit is 2123 K and the upper limit is not lower than 3683 K. The reason for the multiphase coexistence is that the high-temperature phase is retained by the rapid cooling effect of the electrolyte, and the low-temperature phase is formed due to secondary phase transformation during the long active time of the molten pool temperature field. The strengthening mechanism of the composite coating prepared by adding the secondary phase particles is elemental doping rather than particle enhancement. The secondary phase particles are able to enter the composite coating by adhering to the surface during the cooling process. The secondary phase particles will then be wrapped into the coating in the next active period. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Thin Films and Interfaces)

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