Minerals

19755 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rare Earth Element Fluorocarbonate Minerals from the Olympic Dam Cu-U-Au-Ag Deposit, South Australia

by Danielle S. Schmandt, Nigel J. Cook, Cristiana L. Ciobanu, Kathy Ehrig, Benjamin P. Wade, Sarah Gilbert and Vadim S. Kamenetsky

Minerals 2017, 7(10), 202; https://doi.org/10.3390/min7100202 - 23 Oct 2017

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 10430

Abstract

Olympic Dam is a world-class breccia-hosted iron-oxide copper-gold-uranium ore deposit located in the Gawler Craton, South Australia. It contains elevated concentrations of rare earth elements (REE) which occur as the REE minerals bastnäsite, synchysite, florencite, monazite, and xenotime. This is the first study [...] Read more.

Olympic Dam is a world-class breccia-hosted iron-oxide copper-gold-uranium ore deposit located in the Gawler Craton, South Australia. It contains elevated concentrations of rare earth elements (REE) which occur as the REE minerals bastnäsite, synchysite, florencite, monazite, and xenotime. This is the first study to focus on the mineralogy and composition of the most abundant REE mineral at Olympic Dam, bastnäsite, and subordinate synchysite. The sample suite extends across the deposit and represents different sulfide mineralization styles (chalcopyrite-bornite and bornite-chalcocite) and breccias of various types, ranging from those dominated by clasts of granite, dykes, and hematite. The REE-fluorocarbonates (bastnäsite and synchysite) typically occur as fine-grained (<50 μm) disseminations in Cu-Fe-sulfides and gangue minerals, and also within breccia matrix. They are also locally concentrated within macroscopic REE-mineral-rich pockets at various locations across the deposit. Such coarse-grained samples formed the primary target of this study. Three general textural groups of bastnäsite are recognized: matrix (further divided into disseminated, fine-grained, and stubby types), irregular (sulfide-associated), and clast replacement. Textures are largely driven by the specific location and prevailing mineral assemblage, with morphology and grain size often controlled by the associated minerals (hematite, sulfides). Major element concentration data reveal limited compositional variation among the REE-fluorocarbonates; all are Ce-dominant. Subtle compositional differences among REE-fluorocarbonates define a spectrum from relatively La-enriched to (Ce + Nd)-enriched phases. Granite-derived hydrothermal fluids were the likely source of F in the REE-fluorocarbonates, as well as some of the CO₂, which may also have been contributed by associated mafic-ultramafic magmatism. However, transport of REE by Cl-ligands is the most likely scenario. Stubby bastnäsite and synchysite may have formed earlier, coincident with hydrothermal alteration of granite releasing Ca from feldspars. Other categories of bastnäsite, notably those co-existing with sulfides, and reaching the top of the IOCG mineralization at Olympic Dam (chalcocite + bornite zone) are relatively younger. Such an interpretation is concordant with subtle changes in the REE patterns for the different categories. The common association of bastnäsite and fluorite throughout the deposit is typical of the hematite breccias and can be deposited from neutral, slightly acidic fluids (sericite stability) at T ≈ 300 °C. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rare-Earth Carbonates)

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6636 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Stress Ratios in Entire Mine Stopes with Cohesionless Backfill: A Numerical Study

by Pengyu Yang, Li Li and Michel Aubertin

Minerals 2017, 7(10), 201; https://doi.org/10.3390/min7100201 - 20 Oct 2017

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4526

Abstract

Evaluation of stress states in backfilled mine stopes (or similar openings), using arching theory, can be largely impacted by the value selected for the earth pressure coefficient, K = σ′_h/σ′_v. Recently, the current study’s authors addressed [...] Read more.

Evaluation of stress states in backfilled mine stopes (or similar openings), using arching theory, can be largely impacted by the value selected for the earth pressure coefficient, K = σ′_h/σ′_v. Recently, the current study’s authors addressed the debate about the value of K near the opening center, based on Rankine’s active coefficient (Ka) and at-rest coefficient (K₀). Here, stress ratios in vertical backfilled stopes are numerically assessed (in two dimension, 2D), considering both the independent and related backfill internal friction angle (ϕ′) and Poisson’s ratio (ν). Emphasis is placed on the backfill state near stope walls, where local rotation of stresses occurs, so the coefficient (K) and principal stress ratio, Kps (= σ′₃/σ′₁), should be distinguished. Parametric analyses indicate that values of K and Kps depend on the position and the relationship between ϕ′ and ν. Near the opening center, K (= Kps) is close to Ka when ν or ϕ′ is below a critical value; otherwise the value approaches K₀, defined from ν. Near both walls, Kps is always close to Ka, while K is near K₀ for related ν − ϕ′ cases and depends on their respective values for independent ν and ϕ′. Additional simulations conducted with interface elements indicate that the stress ratios near the opening center line are insensitive to interface roughness and are almost identical to values obtained without interfaces, but the stress ratios near walls may change for less rough or smooth interfaces. Full article

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Open AccessArticle

Adsorption of Scandium and Neodymium on Biochar Derived after Low-Temperature Pyrolysis of Sawdust

by Konstantinos Komnitsas, Dimitra Zaharaki, Georgios Bartzas and Georgios Alevizos

Minerals 2017, 7(10), 200; https://doi.org/10.3390/min7100200 - 20 Oct 2017

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 6442

Abstract

The objective of this study was to investigate the adsorption of two rare earth elements (REEs), namely scandium (Sc) and neodymium (Nd), on biochar produced after low temperature pyrolysis (350 °C) of wood sawdust. The biochar was characterized with the use of several [...] Read more.

The objective of this study was to investigate the adsorption of two rare earth elements (REEs), namely scandium (Sc) and neodymium (Nd), on biochar produced after low temperature pyrolysis (350 °C) of wood sawdust. The biochar was characterized with the use of several analytical techniques, namely X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, while the pH at point of zero charge (pH_PZC) was also determined. The experimental conditions were: absorbent concentration 1–10 g·L⁻¹, REE concentration in solution 20 mg·L⁻¹, contact time for equilibrium 24 h, temperature 25 °C and stirring speed 350 rpm. The efficiency of biochar was compared to that of a commercial activated carbon. Geochemical modelling was carried out to determine speciation of Nd and Sc species in aqueous solutions using PHREEQC-3 equipped with the llnl database. The experimental results indicated the potential of low temperature produced biochar, even though inferior to that of activated carbon, to adsorb efficiently both REEs. The equilibrium adsorption data were very well fitted into the Freundlich isotherm model, while kinetic data suggested that the removal of both REEs follows the pseudo-second order kinetic reaction. Finally, the most probable adsorption mechanisms are discussed. Full article

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Open AccessArticle

Fingerprinting the Hydrothermal Fluid Characteristics from LA-ICP-MS Trace Element Geochemistry of Garnet in the Yongping Cu Deposit, SE China

by Yu Zhang, Qingquan Liu, Yongjun Shao and Hongbin Li

Minerals 2017, 7(10), 199; https://doi.org/10.3390/min7100199 - 19 Oct 2017

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 6645

Abstract

The large Yongping Cu deposit is situated in the eastern Qin-Hang Metallogenic Belt, Southeast China and on the southern side of the Yangtze—Cathaysia suture zone, and is characterized by large stratiform orebodies. Garnet represents the main non-metallic mineral at Yongping, and shows variations [...] Read more.

The large Yongping Cu deposit is situated in the eastern Qin-Hang Metallogenic Belt, Southeast China and on the southern side of the Yangtze—Cathaysia suture zone, and is characterized by large stratiform orebodies. Garnet represents the main non-metallic mineral at Yongping, and shows variations in color from dark red to green to light brown with distance from the Shizitou porphyritic biotite granite stock. An in situ elemental analysis using EPMA and LA-ICP-MS and fluid inclusions microthermometric measurement on the Yongping garnet were conducted to constrain the hydrothermal and physicochemical mineralization conditions and the ore origin. The Yongping garnet ranges from nearly pure to impure andradite, is characterized by low concentrations of MnO (0.11–0.71 wt %) with a wide range of Y/Ho (2.1–494.9) and does not exhibit any melting inclusions or fluid-melt inclusions, indicating that they are likely to be resulted from hydrothermal replacements. The Yongping garnet is rich in LREEs, Cs, Th, U and Pb; relatively depleted in HREEs, Rb, Sr and Ba; but exhibits distinct Eu anomalies (δEu of the dark red, green and light brown garnet range 2.12–20.54, 0.74–1.70 and 0.52–0.85, respectively) with the homogenization temperatures and salinities of the fluid inclusions principally ranging from 387–477 °C and 7.8–16.0 wt % NaCl equivalent, respectively. The distinct trace elements and microthermometric characteristics reveal that the garnet was formed in a physicochemical conditions of medium-high temperature, 44–64 MPa pressures, mildly acidic pH levels, and unstable oxygen fugacity, and indicate that they were primarily formed by infiltration metasomatism, quite fitting with the scenario that the preferential entrance of magmatic-hydrothermal fluids derived from the Shizitou stock into the relatively low-pressure fracture zones between the limestone and quartz sandstone in the Yejiawan Formation, and further led to the formation of the Yongping stratiform mineralization. Full article

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8185 KiB

Open AccessArticle

UMineAR: Mobile-Tablet-Based Abandoned Mine Hazard Site Investigation Support System Using Augmented Reality

by Jangwon Suh, Sangho Lee and Yosoon Choi

Minerals 2017, 7(10), 198; https://doi.org/10.3390/min7100198 - 18 Oct 2017

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5997

Abstract

Conventional mine site investigation has difficulties in fostering location awareness and understanding the subsurface environment; moreover, it produces a large amount of hardcopy data. To overcome these limitations, the UMineAR mobile tablet application was developed. It enables users to rapidly identify underground mine [...] Read more.

Conventional mine site investigation has difficulties in fostering location awareness and understanding the subsurface environment; moreover, it produces a large amount of hardcopy data. To overcome these limitations, the UMineAR mobile tablet application was developed. It enables users to rapidly identify underground mine objects (drifts, entrances, boreholes, hazards) and intuitively visualize them in 3D using a mobile augmented reality (AR) technique. To design UMineAR, South Korean georeferenced standard-mine geographic information system (GIS) databases were employed. A web database system was designed to access via a tablet groundwater-level data measured every hour by sensors installed in boreholes. UMineAR consists of search, AR, map, and database modules. The search module provides data retrieval and visualization options/functions. The AR module provides 3D interactive visualization of mine GIS data and camera imagery on the tablet screen. The map module shows the locations of corresponding borehole data on a 2D map. The database module provides mine GIS database management functions. A case study showed that the proposed application is suitable for onsite visualization of high-volume mine GIS data based on geolocations; no specialized equipment or skills are required to understand the underground mine environment. UMineAR can be used to support abandoned-mine hazard site investigations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Geological Modelling)

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Open AccessArticle

Geological Controls on High-Grade Iron Ores from Kiriburu-Meghahatuburu Iron Ore Deposit, Singhbhum-Orissa Craton, Eastern India

by Jitendra Prasad, Akella Satya Venkatesh, Prabodha Ranjan Sahoo, Sahendra Singh and Nguo Sylvestre Kanouo

Minerals 2017, 7(10), 197; https://doi.org/10.3390/min7100197 - 18 Oct 2017

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 24482

Abstract

Numerous iron ore deposits are hosted within the Meso to Neo-Archean banded iron formations (BIFs) extending across the Singhbhum-Orissa Craton, eastern India. Despite the widespread distribution of BIFs, which forms part of the iron ore group (IOG), heterogeneity in their grade and mineral [...] Read more.

Numerous iron ore deposits are hosted within the Meso to Neo-Archean banded iron formations (BIFs) extending across the Singhbhum-Orissa Craton, eastern India. Despite the widespread distribution of BIFs, which forms part of the iron ore group (IOG), heterogeneity in their grade and mineral composition is occasionally observed even within a single ore deposit. Kiriburu-Meghahatuburu iron ore deposit (KMIOD), west Singhbhum district, Jharkhand, eastern India is characterized by a dominant hematite (often martitized) occurrence with a total resource of >150 million tonnes (MT) at 62.85 wt % Fe. Very high-grade blue dust ore (friable and powdery hematitewith~67% Fe), high-grade massive, hard laminated hematitic ores (~66% Fe) and medium to low grade goethitic/lateritic ores (50%–60% Fe) are the common iron-ore lithologies in KMIOD. These ores can be distinguished in the field from their physical appearance, meso-scale texture and spatial occurrences with the host rocks along with the variation in chemical composition. The high-grade ores are characterized by high Fe (>62 wt %), low Al₂O₃ (1.5–2.5 wt %), low SiO₂ (2.0–4.5 wt %) and low P (<0.06 wt %). Detailed field studies and laboratory investigations on the ore mineral assemblages suggest that the mineralization of high-grade iron ores at KMIOD is controlled by three major parameters, i.e., lithological, paleoclimatic and structural controls. High-grade iron ores such as blue dust seem to be formed during leaching processes through inter-bedded ferruginous shale and banded hematite jasper (BHJ) occurring within BIFs. Structural elements such as folds, joint network, fracture arrays, local faults and steeply dipping bedding planes are surmised as strong controls for the evolution of different iron ore types from the BHJ. Most of the high-grade ores are concentrated at the hinge portions of second generation folds (F₂) owing to the easy access for circulation of meteoric solution along the fractures developed due to release of stresses at the hinge portions aided by supergene ore enrichment processes. The BHJ and interbedded ferruginous shale seem to have been given a significant contribution for the formation of different grades of iron ores over the area. Lithologically, the BIFs are governed by rheological features providing channel ways in the ore enrichment process. The variation in the iron ore mineralogy is caused by the variation in depositional and paleoclimatic environment, structural setting and lithological attributes. Hence, these parameters could be used for future exploration and grade recovery of iron ore resources in the region and in the adjoining areas. Full article

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Open AccessArticle

Insights into Alkali-Acid Leaching of Sericite: Dissolution Behavior and Mechanism

by Hao Wang, Qiming Feng, Xuekun Tang, Kesheng Zuo and Kun Liu

Minerals 2017, 7(10), 196; https://doi.org/10.3390/min7100196 - 17 Oct 2017

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 10026

Abstract

Sericite is a typical silicate impurity in microcrystalline graphite ores, and its removal is important in the preparation of high-purity graphite preparations. Alkali-acid leaching is an effective method used to purify graphite and remove silicate minerals. In this study, the dissolution behavior and [...] Read more.

Sericite is a typical silicate impurity in microcrystalline graphite ores, and its removal is important in the preparation of high-purity graphite preparations. Alkali-acid leaching is an effective method used to purify graphite and remove silicate minerals. In this study, the dissolution behavior and mechanism of sericite in alkali-acid leaching were investigated. The dissolution of sericite was mainly affected by alkali leaching temperature, sodium hydroxide concentration, and alkali leaching time. According to the XRD, FTIR, and SEM-EDS analyses, the dissolution mechanism of sericite is a three-stage process: (1) sericite is dissolved in the form of soluble silicate and aluminate; (2) the dissolved silicate and aluminate then react with each other to form aluminosilicate; and (3) finally the aluminosilicate mainly composed of hydroxycancrinite and sodalite is almost completely dissolved in the hydrochloric acid solution. Full article

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Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Backwater Al³⁺ on Diaspore Bauxite Flotation

by Chaojun Fang, Ziyong Chang, Qiming Feng, Wei Xiao, Shichao Yu, Guanzhou Qiu and Jun Wang

Minerals 2017, 7(10), 195; https://doi.org/10.3390/min7100195 - 15 Oct 2017

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 5331

Abstract

The effect of Al³⁺ in backwater on the flotation of diaspore bauxite was investigated by micro-flotation tests and the underlying mechanisms were investigated by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) measurement, zeta potential measurements, solution chemistry analyses, and synchrotron near edge X-ray absorption fine [...] Read more.

The effect of Al³⁺ in backwater on the flotation of diaspore bauxite was investigated by micro-flotation tests and the underlying mechanisms were investigated by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) measurement, zeta potential measurements, solution chemistry analyses, and synchrotron near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) analyses. The ICP measurement results show the concentration of Al³⁺ in backwater was up to 1 × 10⁻⁴ mol/L. The micro-flotation results indicated that backwater Al³⁺ reduced the flotation recovery of diaspore and improved the flotation recovery of kaolinite at pH 9, which was the pH value used in the industrial flotation. The adsorption of Al³⁺ species changed the zeta potential, the Al atomic abundance, and the number of active sites on the mineral surface. In particular, the result of solution chemistry analyses and synchrotron NEXAFS analyses show that the Al³⁺ in backwater was adsorbed on the mineral surface in the form of Al(OH)₃ (s), and the bond of –Al–O–Al–(OH)₂ or –Al/Si–O–Al–(OH)₂ was formed at pH 9. It changed the intensity of hydrogen bond force between minerals and collectors, and resulted in the depression of diaspore flotation and the activation of kaolinite flotation. This study can be used to guide the application of backwater in the flotation of diaspore bauxite in industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flotation Chemistry)

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Open AccessArticle

A Process Mineralogy Approach to Gravity Concentration of Tantalum Bearing Minerals

by Yousef Ghorbani, Rob Fitzpatrick, Melanie Kinchington, Gavyn Rollinson and Patrick Hegarty

Minerals 2017, 7(10), 194; https://doi.org/10.3390/min7100194 - 13 Oct 2017

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 6144

Abstract

The historic Penouta mine in northwest Spain is the focus of efforts to extract tantalum from tin mining waste. This paper describes the characterisation of the tantalum mineralogy of waste material from the deposit. Characterisation was realised using quantitative mineralogy and geochemistry. This [...] Read more.

The historic Penouta mine in northwest Spain is the focus of efforts to extract tantalum from tin mining waste. This paper describes the characterisation of the tantalum mineralogy of waste material from the deposit. Characterisation was realised using quantitative mineralogy and geochemistry. This paper further identifies other phases of interest and investigates the potential for extraction using gravity separation techniques. The gravity concentrate obtained through these tests was analysed using quantitative mineralogy and electron probe microanalysis. Following characterisation of the sample material to identify the key Ta-bearing mineral phases and assess liberation, a series of gravity separation trials were conducted using Heavy Liquid Separation (HLS), Mozley table, Knelson concentrator separation and shaking table. The laboratory shaking table used to conduct a rougher test and a rougher/cleaner test to simulate a spiral-table circuit using the Penouta material. Mass balance calculations were carried out to calculate the contained metal content of the feed material and concentrate products in order to assess recovery rates for Ta, Sn and Nb across a range of grains sizes. Ta was found to be present predominantly in the solid-solution columbite-group mineral, along with minor Ta present as microlite and as impurities within cassiterite. It was found that over 70% of the Ta is contained within the −125 μm fraction, with the Ta-bearing minerals tantalite and microlite being closely associated with quartz. Mozley table separation resulted in recoveries of 89% Ta and 85% Nb for the −125 μm fraction. The Knelson Concentrator trial was carried out on the −625 μm size fraction, thereby eliminating low grade material found in the coarsest fractions. Size analysis of the recovery rate for each product, shows that the Knelson concentrator is most efficient for recovery of −125 μm particles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Process Mineralogy of Critical Metals)

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Open AccessArticle

Near-Infrared Spectroscopy of Limestone Ore for CaO Estimation under Dry and Wet Conditions

by Sungchan Oh, Chang-Uk Hyun and Hyeong-Dong Park

Minerals 2017, 7(10), 193; https://doi.org/10.3390/min7100193 - 13 Oct 2017

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 6412

Abstract

Quantitative analysis of CaO in limestone mining is mandatory, not only for ore exploration, but also for grade control. A partial least squares regression (PLSR) CaO estimation technique was developed for limestone mining. The proposed near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR)-based method uses reflectance spectra of [...] Read more.

Quantitative analysis of CaO in limestone mining is mandatory, not only for ore exploration, but also for grade control. A partial least squares regression (PLSR) CaO estimation technique was developed for limestone mining. The proposed near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR)-based method uses reflectance spectra of the rock sample surface in the visible to short-wave infrared wavelength regions (350–2500 nm (4000–28,571 cm⁻¹)) without the need to crush and pulverize the rock samples. The root mean square (RMS) error of CaO estimation using limestone ore fragment was 1.2%. The CaO content estimated by the PLSR method was used to predict average CaO content of composite samples with a sample size of 15, which resulted in an RMS error of 0.3%. The prediction accuracy with moisture on sample surfaces was also examined to find out if the NIR-based method showed a similar RMS error. Results suggest that the NIR technique can be used as a rapid assaying method in limestone workings with or without the presence of groundwater. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Geological Modelling)

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Open AccessArticle

Constraints on Conceptual and Quantitative Modeling of Early Diagenetic Sediment-Hosted Stratiform Copper Mineralization

by Alex C. Brown

Minerals 2017, 7(10), 192; https://doi.org/10.3390/min7100192 - 13 Oct 2017

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 6414

Abstract

Early diagenetic sediment-hosted stratiform copper (eSSC) mineralization results from low-temperature cuprous chloride complexes carried by saline aqueous solution circulating through footwall aquifers. Favorable copper solubilities are attained in moderately oxidizing, near-neutral pH solutions. That specific oxidation level is not determined by co-existence with [...] Read more.

Early diagenetic sediment-hosted stratiform copper (eSSC) mineralization results from low-temperature cuprous chloride complexes carried by saline aqueous solution circulating through footwall aquifers. Favorable copper solubilities are attained in moderately oxidizing, near-neutral pH solutions. That specific oxidation level is not determined by co-existence with hematite, with its near-indiscriminant control over Eh. Instead, redbed footwall aquifers are signatures of diagenetic oxidation. Relentless in-situ oxidation of ferrous minerals in redbeds produces pore waters too reduced to transport copper, thus eliminating compaction waters as ore solutions. Continuous early influxes of descending oxygen-rich meteoric waters which have assimilated evaporitic salts may redden aquifers and still retain oxidation levels capable of carrying copper to form downstream eSSCs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Hydrothermal Metallic Mineral Deposits)

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Open AccessArticle

Experimental Deployment of Microbial Mineral Carbonation at an Asbestos Mine: Potential Applications to Carbon Storage and Tailings Stabilization

by Jenine McCutcheon, Connor C. Turvey, Sasha Wilson, Jessica L. Hamilton and Gordon Southam

Minerals 2017, 7(10), 191; https://doi.org/10.3390/min7100191 - 12 Oct 2017

Cited by 35 | Viewed by 7127

Abstract

A microbial mineral carbonation trial was conducted at the Woodsreef Asbestos Mine (NSW, Australia) to test cyanobacteria-accelerated Mg-carbonate mineral precipitation in mine tailings. The experiment aimed to produce a carbonate crust on the tailings pile surface using atmospheric carbon dioxide and magnesium from [...] Read more.

A microbial mineral carbonation trial was conducted at the Woodsreef Asbestos Mine (NSW, Australia) to test cyanobacteria-accelerated Mg-carbonate mineral precipitation in mine tailings. The experiment aimed to produce a carbonate crust on the tailings pile surface using atmospheric carbon dioxide and magnesium from serpentine minerals (asbestiform chrysotile; Mg₃Si₂O₅(OH)₄) and brucite [Mg(OH)₂]. The crust would serve two purposes: Sequestering carbon and stabilizing the hazardous tailings. Two plots (0.5 m³) on the tailings pile were treated with sulfuric acid prior to one plot being inoculated with a cyanobacteria-dominated consortium enriched from the mine pit lakes. After 11 weeks, mineral abundances in control and treated tailings were quantified by Rietveld refinement of powder X-ray diffraction data. Both treated plots possessed pyroaurite [Mg₆Fe₂(CO₃)(OH)₁₆·4H₂O] at 2 cm depth, made visible by its orange-red color. The inoculated plot exhibited an increase in the hydromagnesite [Mg₅(CO₃)₄(OH)₂·4H₂O] content from 2–4 cm depth. The degree of mineral carbonation was limited compared to previous experiments, revealing the difficulty of transitioning from laboratory conditions to mine-site mineral carbonation. Water and carbon availability were limiting factors for mineral carbonation. Overcoming these limitations and enhancing microbial activity could make microbial carbonation a viable strategy for carbon sequestration in mine tailings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Capture and Storage via Mineral Carbonation)

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Open AccessArticle

The Force of Crystallization and Fracture Propagation during In-Situ Carbonation of Peridotite

by Reinier Van Noort, Timotheus K. T. Wolterbeek, Martyn R. Drury, Michael T. Kandianis and Christopher J. Spiers

Minerals 2017, 7(10), 190; https://doi.org/10.3390/min7100190 - 11 Oct 2017

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 7772

Abstract

Subsurface mineralization of CO₂ by injection into (hydro-)fractured peridotites has been proposed as a carbon sequestration method. It is envisaged that the expansion in solid volume associated with the mineralization reaction leads to a build-up of stress, resulting in the opening of [...] Read more.

Subsurface mineralization of CO₂ by injection into (hydro-)fractured peridotites has been proposed as a carbon sequestration method. It is envisaged that the expansion in solid volume associated with the mineralization reaction leads to a build-up of stress, resulting in the opening of further fractures. We performed CO₂-mineralization experiments on simulated fractures in peridotite materials under confined, hydrothermal conditions, to directly measure the induced stresses. Only one of these experiments resulted in the development of a stress, which was less than 5% of the theoretical maximum. We also performed one method control test in which we measured stress development during the hydration of MgO. Based on microstructural observations, as well as XRD and TGA measurements, we infer that, due to pore clogging and grain boundary healing at growing mineral interfaces, the transport of CO₂, water and solutes into these sites inhibited reaction-related stress development. When grain boundary healing was impeded by the precipitation of silica, a small stress did develop. This implies that when applied to in-situ CO₂-storage, the mineralization reaction will be limited by transport through clogged fractures, and proceed at a rate that is likely too slow for the process to accommodate the volumes of CO₂ expected for sequestration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Capture and Storage via Mineral Carbonation)

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Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Trace Element Compositions and Defect Structures of High-Purity Quartz from the Southern Ural Region, Russia

by Jens Götze, Yuanming Pan, Axel Müller, Elena L. Kotova and Daniele Cerin

Minerals 2017, 7(10), 189; https://doi.org/10.3390/min7100189 - 11 Oct 2017

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 7408

Abstract

Quartz samples of different origin from 10 localities in the Southern Ural region, Russia have been investigated to characterize their trace element compositions and defect structures. The analytical combination of cathodoluminescence (CL) microscopy and spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, and trace-element analysis [...] Read more.

Quartz samples of different origin from 10 localities in the Southern Ural region, Russia have been investigated to characterize their trace element compositions and defect structures. The analytical combination of cathodoluminescence (CL) microscopy and spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, and trace-element analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) revealed that almost all investigated quartz samples showed very low concentrations of trace elements (cumulative concentrations of <50 ppm with <30 ppm Al and <10 ppm Ti) and low abundances of paramagnetic defects, defining them economically as “high-purity” quartz (HPQ) suitable for high-tech applications. EPR and CL data confirmed the low abundances of substitutional Ti and Fe, and showed Al to be the only significant trace element structurally bound in the investigated quartz samples. CL microscopy revealed a heterogeneous distribution of luminescence centres (i.e., luminescence active trace elements such as Al) as well as features of deformation and recrystallization. It is suggested that healing of defects due to deformation-related recrystallization and reorganization processes of the quartz lattice during retrograde metamorphism resulted in low concentrations of CL activator and other trace elements or vacancies, and thus are the main driving processes for the formation of HPQ deposits in the investigated area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mineralogy of Quartz and Silica Minerals)

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Open AccessReview

The Thermodynamics of Selenium Minerals in Near-Surface Environments

by Vladimir Krivovichev, Marina Charykova and Andrey Vishnevsky

Minerals 2017, 7(10), 188; https://doi.org/10.3390/min7100188 - 6 Oct 2017

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 7199

Abstract

Selenium compounds are relatively rare as minerals; there are presently only 118 known mineral species. This work is intended to codify and systematize the data of mineral systems and the thermodynamics of selenium minerals, which are unstable (selenides) or formed in near-surface environments [...] Read more.

Selenium compounds are relatively rare as minerals; there are presently only 118 known mineral species. This work is intended to codify and systematize the data of mineral systems and the thermodynamics of selenium minerals, which are unstable (selenides) or formed in near-surface environments (selenites), where the behavior of selenium is controlled by variations of the redox potential and the acidity of solutions at low temperatures and pressures. These parameters determine the migration of selenium and its precipitation as various solid phases. All selenium minerals are divided into four groups—native selenium, oxide, selenides, and oxysalts—anhydrous selenites (I) and hydrous selenites and selenates (II). Within each of the groups, minerals are codified according to the minimum number of independent elements necessary to define the composition of the mineral system. Eh–pH diagrams were calculated and plotted using the Geochemist’s Workbench (GMB 9.0) software package. The Eh–pH diagrams of the Me–Se–H2O systems (where Me = Co, Ni, Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Hg, Ag, Bi, As, Sb, Al and Ca) were plotted for the average contents of these elements in acidic waters in the oxidation zones of sulfide deposits. The possibility of the formation of Zn, Cd, Ag and Hg selenites under natural oxidation conditions in near surface environments is discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Se-Bearing Minerals: Structure, Composition, and Origin)

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3493 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

A Micro-Comb Test System for In Situ Investigation of Infiltration and Crystallization Processes

by Dominik Gruber, Stefan L. P. Wolf, Andra-Lisa M. Hoyt, Julian P. Konsek and Helmut Cölfen

Minerals 2017, 7(10), 187; https://doi.org/10.3390/min7100187 - 6 Oct 2017

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 5403

Abstract

The investigation of mineralization and demineralization processes is important for the understanding of many phenomena in daily life. Many crystalline materials are exposed to decay processes, resulting in lesions, cracks, and cavities. Historical artifacts, for example, often composed of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), are [...] Read more.

The investigation of mineralization and demineralization processes is important for the understanding of many phenomena in daily life. Many crystalline materials are exposed to decay processes, resulting in lesions, cracks, and cavities. Historical artifacts, for example, often composed of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), are damaged by exposure to acid rain or temperature cycles. Another example for lesions in a crystalline material is dental caries, which lead to the loss of dental hard tissue, mainly composed of hydroxyapatite (HAp). The filling of such cavities and lesions, to avoid further mineral loss and enable or support the remineralization, is a major effort in both areas. Nevertheless, the investigation of the filling process of these materials into the cavities is difficult due to the non-transparency and crystallinity of the concerned materials. In order to address this problem, we present a transparent, inexpensive, and reusable test system for the investigation of infiltration and crystallization processes in situ, being able to deliver datasets that could potentially be used for quantitative evaluation of the infiltration process. This was achieved using a UV-lithography-based micro-comb test system (MCTS), combined with self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) to mimic the surface tension/wettability of different materials, like marble, sandstone, or human enamel. Moreover, the potential of this test system is illustrated by infiltration of a CaCO3 crystallization solution and a hydroxyapatite precursor (HApP) into the MCTS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nucleation of Minerals: Precursors, Intermediates and Their Use in Materials Chemistry)

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3772 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Quartz on the Flotation of Fine Wolframite with Octyl Hydroxamic Acid

by Qingyou Meng, Zhitao Yuan, Qiming Feng and Leming Ou

Minerals 2017, 7(10), 186; https://doi.org/10.3390/min7100186 - 30 Sep 2017

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4895

Abstract

The influence of quartz on the flotation of fine wolframite using octyl hydroxamic acid (OHA) as the collector was investigated by micro-flotation tests, inductively coupled plasma (ICP) measurements, adsorption experiments, zeta potential, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis. Micro-flotation tests showed that [...] Read more.

The influence of quartz on the flotation of fine wolframite using octyl hydroxamic acid (OHA) as the collector was investigated by micro-flotation tests, inductively coupled plasma (ICP) measurements, adsorption experiments, zeta potential, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis. Micro-flotation tests showed that a large difference in floatability existed between fine wolframite and quartz in the pH range of 7.0 to 10.0. However, in a synthetic mixture, the flotation separation of fine wolframite from quartz became more difficult as the particle size of the latter decreased. When a dissolved solution of wolframite was used as the flotation medium, quartz floatability improved significantly. Zeta potentials of quartz particles shifted positively in the dissolved solution of wolframite compared to distilled water, especially at a pH level of 7.0–10.0, which was attributed to the metal ions dissolved from the wolframite being adsorbed onto the quartz surface. The surface activation of quartz led to an increase in the OHA adsorption and made the surface hydrophobic. FT-IR analysis further demonstrated that OHA could adsorb onto the activated quartz surface through a dominantly chemical process. Full article

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Open AccessArticle

Copper Isotope Constraints on the Genesis of the Keweenaw Peninsula Native Copper District, Michigan, USA

by Theodore J. Bornhorst and Ryan Mathur

Minerals 2017, 7(10), 185; https://doi.org/10.3390/min7100185 - 30 Sep 2017

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 11961

Abstract

The Keweenaw Peninsula native copper district of Michigan, USA is the largest concentration of native copper in the world. The copper isotopic composition of native copper was measured from stratabound and vein deposits, hosted by multiple rift-filling basalt-dominated stratigraphic horizons over 110 km [...] Read more.

The Keweenaw Peninsula native copper district of Michigan, USA is the largest concentration of native copper in the world. The copper isotopic composition of native copper was measured from stratabound and vein deposits, hosted by multiple rift-filling basalt-dominated stratigraphic horizons over 110 km of strike length. The δ⁶⁵Cu of the native copper has an overall mean of +0.28‰ and a range of −0.32‰ to +0.80‰ (excluding one anomalous value). The data appear to be normally distributed and unimodal with no substantial differences between the native copper isotopic composition from the wide spread of deposits studied here. This suggests a common regional and relatively uniform process of derivation and precipitation of the copper in these deposits. Several published studies indicate that the ore-forming hydrothermal fluids carried copper as Cu¹⁺, which is reduced to Cu⁰ during the precipitation of native copper. The δ⁶⁵Cu of copper in the ore-forming fluids is thereby constrained to +0.80‰ or higher in order to yield the measured native copper values by reductive precipitation. The currently accepted hypothesis for the genesis of native copper relies on the leaching of copper from the rift-filling basalt-dominated stratigraphic section at a depth below the deposits during burial metamorphism. Oxidative dissolution of copper from magmatic source rocks with magmatic δ⁶⁵Cu of 0‰ ± 0.3‰ is needed to obtain the copper isotopic composition of the metamorphogenic ore-forming hydrothermal fluids. In order to accommodate oxidative dissolution of copper from the rift-filling basalt source rocks, the copper needs to have been sited in native copper. Magmatic native copper in basalt is likely stable when the magma is low in sulfur. Low sulfur is predicted by the lack of sulfide minerals in the ore deposits and in the rift-filling basalt-dominated section, which are source rocks, the same rocks through which the ore fluids moved upwards, and the host rocks for the native copper ores. When combined with geologic evidence and inferences, the copper isotopic composition of native copper helps to further constrain the genetic model for this unique mining district. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Hydrothermal Metallic Mineral Deposits)

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Open AccessArticle

Remote Sensing for Mineral Exploration in Central Portugal

by Ricardo Manuel, Maria Da Graça Brito, Martim Chichorro and Carlos Rosa

Minerals 2017, 7(10), 184; https://doi.org/10.3390/min7100184 - 29 Sep 2017

Cited by 45 | Viewed by 14389

Abstract

Central Portugal is well known for the existence of Sn-W and Au-Ag mineral occurrences primarily associated with hydrothermal processes. Despite the economic and strategic importance of such occurrences, the detailed geology of this particular region is poorly known and there is an obvious [...] Read more.

Central Portugal is well known for the existence of Sn-W and Au-Ag mineral occurrences primarily associated with hydrothermal processes. Despite the economic and strategic importance of such occurrences, the detailed geology of this particular region is poorly known and there is an obvious absence of geological mapping at an adequate scale. Remote sensing techniques were used in order to increase current geological knowledge of the Góis–Castanheira de Pêra area (600 km2) and to guide future exploration stages by targeting and prioritising potential locations. Digital image processing algorithms, such as Red, Green, Blue (RGB) colour composites, digital spatial filters, band ratios and Principal Components Analysis, were applied to Landsat 8 imagery and elevation data. Lineaments were extracted relying on geological photointerpretation criteria, allowing the identification of new geological–structural elements. Fieldwork was carried out in order to validate the remote sensing interpretations. Integration of remote sensing data with other information sources led to the definition of locations possibly suitable for hosting Sn-W and Au-Ag mineral occurrences. These areas were ranked according to their mineral potential. Targeting the most promising locations resulted in a reduction to less than 10% of the original study area (50.5 km2). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the 2nd International Conference on Mining in Europe)

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4644 KiB

Open AccessArticle

First Principles Thermodynamics of Minerals at HP–HT Conditions: MgO as a Prototypical Material

by Donato Belmonte

Minerals 2017, 7(10), 183; https://doi.org/10.3390/min7100183 - 28 Sep 2017

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 6253

Abstract

Ab initio thermodynamic properties, equation of state and phase stability of periclase (MgO, B1-type structure) have been investigated in a broad P–T range (0–160 GPa; 0–3000 K) in order to set a model reference system for phase equilibria simulations under deep Earth conditions. [...] Read more.

Ab initio thermodynamic properties, equation of state and phase stability of periclase (MgO, B1-type structure) have been investigated in a broad P–T range (0–160 GPa; 0–3000 K) in order to set a model reference system for phase equilibria simulations under deep Earth conditions. Phonon dispersion calculations performed on large supercells using the finite displacement method and in the framework of quasi-harmonic approximation highlight the performance of the Becke three-parameter Lee-Yang-Parr (B3LYP) hybrid density functional in predicting accurate thermodynamic functions (heat capacity, entropy, thermal expansivity, isothermal bulk modulus) and phase reaction boundaries at high pressure and temperature. A first principles Mie–Grüneisen equation of state based on lattice vibrations directly provides a physically-consistent description of thermal pressure and P–V–T relations without any need to rely on empirical parameters or other phenomenological formalisms that could give spurious anomalies or uncontrolled extrapolations at HP–HT. The post-spinel phase transformation, Mg₂SiO₄ (ringwoodite) = MgO (periclase) + MgSiO₃ (bridgmanite), is taken as a computational example to illustrate how first principles theory combined with the use of hybrid functionals is able to provide sound results on the Clapeyron slope, density change and P–T location of equilibrium mineral reactions relevant to mantle dynamics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue High Pressure Minerals)

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Open AccessArticle

A Novel Eco-Friendly Vanadium Precipitation Method by Hydrothermal Hydrogen Reduction Technology

by Guobin Zhang, Yimin Zhang, Shenxu Bao, Jing Huang and Liuhong Zhang

Minerals 2017, 7(10), 182; https://doi.org/10.3390/min7100182 - 28 Sep 2017

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 5430

Abstract

In view of the serious pollution problems caused by the traditional vanadium precipitation process, the eco-friendly technology of hydrothermal hydrogen reduction was first applied to precipitate phase pure vanadium sesquioxide (V₂O₃) products from stripped pentavalent vanadium (V (V)) solution [...] Read more.

In view of the serious pollution problems caused by the traditional vanadium precipitation process, the eco-friendly technology of hydrothermal hydrogen reduction was first applied to precipitate phase pure vanadium sesquioxide (V₂O₃) products from stripped pentavalent vanadium (V (V)) solution extracted from vanadium-bearing shale. Thermodynamic analysis demonstrate the method of hydrothermal hydrogen reduction is feasible for precipitating V₂O₃ from V (V) solution at a suitable pH range, and the reduction should better be carried out at a lower pH under the pH range in which V₂O₃ can exist stably. The V₂O₃ products of 99.92% in purity and a high vanadium precipitation percentage of 99.25% were achieved under a facile reaction condition of initial solution pH of 6, reaction temperature of 523 K, H₂ partial pressure of 4 MPa and reaction time of 2 h. Based on the analysis of XRD and FE-SEM with EDS for the precipitation products obtained at serial reaction times, the phase transformation mechanism was summarized to serial reductions with the phase transformation of H_xV_yO_z^{(2z−x−5y)−} → NaV₂O₅ → VO₂(H₂O)_0.5 → VOOH → V₂O₃. Compared with the two-step traditional method of precipitating vanadium with ammonium salt and roast-reduction (react at above 773 K for more than 3 h) for preparing V₂O₃, this method only experiences one-step reduction under a green atmosphere of H₂ gas with a lower reaction temperature of 523 K and a shorter reaction time of 2h. Therefore, this method for vanadium precipitation is characterized by being eco-friendly, having a short process and being low-energy consumption, which has great significance for the sustainable development of vanadium industry. Full article

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9739 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Situ Investigation of the Adsorption of Styrene Phosphonic Acid on Cassiterite (110) Surface by Molecular Modeling

by Guichen Gong, Yuexin Han, Jie Liu, Yimin Zhu, Yanfeng Li and Shuai Yuan

Minerals 2017, 7(10), 181; https://doi.org/10.3390/min7100181 - 27 Sep 2017

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4363

Abstract

Abstract: The flotation, adsorption and bonding mechanisms of styrene phosphonic acid (SPA) to cassiterite were studied using microflotation tests, zeta potential measurements, solution chemistry analysis and density functional theory (DFT) calculations in this paper. Flotation results demonstrated SPA was an excellent collector [...] Read more.

Abstract: The flotation, adsorption and bonding mechanisms of styrene phosphonic acid (SPA) to cassiterite were studied using microflotation tests, zeta potential measurements, solution chemistry analysis and density functional theory (DFT) calculations in this paper. Flotation results demonstrated SPA was an excellent collector for cassiterite which could recover over 85% cassiterite particles with the pH range 4.3–6.06 and 40 mg/L SPA. Zeta potential measurements and solution chemistry analysis revealed the adsorption of SPA was mainly contributed by the chemisorption of the monoanions on cassiterite surfaces. Frontier molecular orbital theory analysis and adsorption energy calculation results proved the monoanion of SPA was able to replace the OH⁻ on cassiterite surfaces. The adsorption structure optimization results confirmed the binuclear complex was the most favorable adsorption configuration of SPA on cassiterite (110) surface. Mulliken population calculations and density of states analysis indicated during the bonding process the Sn3 atom lost electrons to O3 atom, and the bonding interaction between O3 and Sn3 atoms was mainly from the contribution of the 2p orbital of O3 atom and the 5s and 5p orbitals of Sn3 atom. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Simulation of Mineral-Solution Interfaces)

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Open AccessArticle

Heap Leaching of Caliche Ore. Modeling of a Multicomponent System with Particle Size Distribution

by Javier I. Ordóñez, Alicia Condori, Luis Moreno and Luis A. Cisternas

Minerals 2017, 7(10), 180; https://doi.org/10.3390/min7100180 - 26 Sep 2017

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 6685

Abstract

Caliche is a mineral exploited in northern Chile, from which iodine and Nitrate salts (saltpeter) are obtained. This ore is the most important source of iodine in the world and is processed mainly by heap leaching using water as a leaching agent. Heap [...] Read more.

Caliche is a mineral exploited in northern Chile, from which iodine and Nitrate salts (saltpeter) are obtained. This ore is the most important source of iodine in the world and is processed mainly by heap leaching using water as a leaching agent. Heap leaching of caliche ore is carried out by the stacking of ROM (Run-Of-Mine) material, where the particle size distribution covers a wide range, from a few millimeters up to several decimeters, even diameters about 1 m. During the leaching, the multiple soluble species of caliche, which can reach total fractions larger than 40%, are dissolved at different rates, mainly controlled by their solubilities. When it occurs and unlike most other leachable ores, the particle size diminishes. The leaching modeling of several soluble species of caliche has been recently addressed; however, one of the main assumptions is the idealization that the heap is composed of particles of the same size. The present work aims to complement the previously formulated phenomenological models for caliche ore leaching, through a model that considers the simultaneous dissolution of two species from caliche with three different particle sizes. These two water-soluble species have different solubilities and dissolution rates and the conceptual model considers that both species are dissolved at the particle surface. When the most soluble species is being depleted, the particle collapses, leaving a remaining fraction of the less soluble species together with insoluble material. The less soluble species is now being dissolved from the collapsed material. This article also includes the experimental verification of the conceptual model using data obtained from column leaching tests conducted for this purpose, focusing on the dissolution of two soluble species: Nitrate and Magnesium. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heap Leaching: The State-of-the-Art)

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Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Three Key Marine Shale Reservoirs in the Southeastern Margin of the Sichuan Basin, SW China

by Jun Liu, Yanbin Yao, Dameng Liu, Zhejun Pan and Yidong Cai

Minerals 2017, 7(10), 179; https://doi.org/10.3390/min7100179 - 26 Sep 2017

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 4290

Abstract

This study performs a comprehensive comparison of three key marine shale reservoirs in the southeastern margin of the Sichuan Basin, and explains why commercial gas production was only achieved in the Lower Silurian Longmaxi (LSL) and Upper Ordovician Wufeng (UOW) formations, but not [...] Read more.

This study performs a comprehensive comparison of three key marine shale reservoirs in the southeastern margin of the Sichuan Basin, and explains why commercial gas production was only achieved in the Lower Silurian Longmaxi (LSL) and Upper Ordovician Wufeng (UOW) formations, but not in the Lower Cambrian Niutitang (LCN) formation. The experimental methods included in situ gas content and gas composition tests, methane adsorption analysis, low-pressure N₂ adsorption, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and total organic carbon (TOC) and vitrinite reflectance (R_o) analyses to evaluate the lithology, mineralogy, physical properties of the reservoir, organic geochemistry, in situ gas content and methane adsorption capacity characteristics of the three shales. The LCN shale has lower quartz and clay mineral contents and a low brittleness index, but higher contents of feldspar, pyrite and carbonate minerals than the LSL and UOW shales. The porosity and permeability of the LSL and UOW shales are higher than those of the LCN shale. The primary contributions to the high permeability in the LSL shale are its well-developed fractures and organic matter pores. In contrast, the over-mature LCN shale is unfavorable for the development of organic pores and fractures. Although the LCN shale has a higher methane sorption capacity than the LSL and UOW shales, the gas content and methane saturation of the LCN shale are distinctly lower than those of the LSL and UOW shales. This is primarily due to gas migration from the LCN shale, resulting from the activities of tectonic uplift and the unconformable contact between the LCN shale and the Dengying formation. When compared with gas shale in North America, the LSL shale is the most favorable shale reservoir out of the three Sichuan shales, while the combination of the LSL and UOW shales is also potentially productive. However, the individual single layer production of the UOW or LCN shales is still limited due to poor resource potential and/or reservoir physical characteristics in the study area. Full article

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1121 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

The Carbon and Nitrogen Isotope Characteristics of Type Ib-IaA Cuboid Diamonds from Alluvial Placers in the Northeastern Siberian Platform

by Dmitry Zedgenizov, Vadim Reutsky and Michael Wiedenbeck

Minerals 2017, 7(10), 178; https://doi.org/10.3390/min7100178 - 26 Sep 2017

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4256

Abstract

Cuboid diamonds are particularly common in the placers of the northeastern Siberian platform, but their origin remains unclear. These crystals usually range in color from dark yellow to orange and, more interestingly, are characterized by unusual low aggregated nitrogen impurities (non-aggregated C-center), suggesting [...] Read more.

Cuboid diamonds are particularly common in the placers of the northeastern Siberian platform, but their origin remains unclear. These crystals usually range in color from dark yellow to orange and, more interestingly, are characterized by unusual low aggregated nitrogen impurities (non-aggregated C-center), suggesting a short residence time and/or low temperatures at which they have been stored in the mantle. In order to track possible isotopic signature that could help deciphering cuboid diamond’s crystallization processes, δ¹³C values, δ¹⁵N values, and nitrogen concentrations have been determined in situ in three samples using secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), whereas nitrogen aggregation states have been determined by FTIR spectroscopy. The samples fall out of the δ¹³C vs. δ¹⁵N field of canonical mantle composition. Different scales of carbon and nitrogen fractionation may produce the observed variations. Alternatively, mixing mantle and crustal material would obscure initial co-variations of δ¹³C values with δ¹⁵N or nitrogen content. Full article

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Open AccessArticle

Further Investigations on Simultaneous Ultrasonic Coal Flotation

by Safak Gokhan Ozkan

Minerals 2017, 7(10), 177; https://doi.org/10.3390/min7100177 - 22 Sep 2017

Cited by 42 | Viewed by 7111

Abstract

This study investigates the flotation performance of a representative hard coal slime sample (d₈₀ particle size of minus 0.2 mm) obtained from the Prosper-Haniel coal preparation plant located in Bottrop, Germany. Flotation was carried out with a newly designed flotation cell refurbished [...] Read more.

This study investigates the flotation performance of a representative hard coal slime sample (d₈₀ particle size of minus 0.2 mm) obtained from the Prosper-Haniel coal preparation plant located in Bottrop, Germany. Flotation was carried out with a newly designed flotation cell refurbished from an old ultrasonic cleaning bath (2.5 L volume) equipped with a single frequency (35 kHz) and two different power levels (80–160 W) and a sub-aeration-type flotation machine operating at a stable impeller speed (1200 rpm) and air rate (2.5 L/min). The reagent combination for conventional and simultaneous ultrasonic coal flotation tests was Ekofol-440 at variable dosages (40–300 g/t) with controlling water temperature (20–25 °C) at natural pH (6.5–7.0). The batch coal flotation results were analyzed by comparing the combustible recovery (%) and separation efficiency (%) values, taking mass yield and ash concentrations of the froths and tailings into account. It was found that simultaneous ultrasonic coal flotation increased yield and recovery values of the floated products with lower ash values than the conventional flotation despite using similar reagent dosages. Furthermore, particle size distribution of the ultrasonically treated and untreated coals was measured. Finely distributed coal particles seemed to be agglomerated during the ultrasonic treatment, while ash-forming slimes were removed by hydrodynamic cavitation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the 2nd International Conference on Mining in Europe)

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