Societies

20 pages, 298 KiB

Open AccessReview

Career Choices Among Individuals with Disabilities in the Gulf Region: Cultural, Religious, Policy, and Socio-Economic Influences: A Literature Review

by Maha Al-Hendawi, Esraa Hussein and Fathia Ismail

Societies 2024, 14(11), 243; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc14110243 - 20 Nov 2024

Viewed by 228

Abstract

This study explores the multifaceted factors influencing career decisions among individuals with disabilities (IWDs) in the Gulf region, emphasizing the interplay between health and cultural/religious contexts. To examine these complex influences, this review adopts Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory as a guiding framework. This [...] Read more.

This study explores the multifaceted factors influencing career decisions among individuals with disabilities (IWDs) in the Gulf region, emphasizing the interplay between health and cultural/religious contexts. To examine these complex influences, this review adopts Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory as a guiding framework. This theoretical lens facilitates an in-depth analysis of how personal attributes, religious and cultural beliefs, disability-specific challenges, systemic and environmental barriers, gender-related issues, social networks, transition and teachers’ attitudes, work environment, and government policies interact across multiple levels to shape career choices for IWDs in the Gulf region. Cultural and religious beliefs critically shape both the perceptions and opportunities available to IWDs, reflecting the broader macrosystem influences. By applying this multi-layered approach, this review highlights the need to integrate religious and spiritual considerations into support frameworks to enhance the mental and physical well-being of IWDs as they navigate their career paths. The findings suggest actionable implications for policymakers and practitioners dedicated to improving inclusion and equity in the workforce for individuals with disabilities. Full article

20 pages, 323 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Gender-Based Violence and 2SLGBTQI+ Groups

by Cara A. Davidson, Tara Mantler and Kimberley T. Jackson

Societies 2024, 14(11), 242; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc14110242 - 20 Nov 2024

Viewed by 254

Abstract

Gender-based violence (GBV) is a pervasive public health issue that affects all Canadians, including Indigenous peoples (First Nations, Inuit, Métis); however, it is well-understood that GBV disproportionately affects certain social groups. An estimated one million Canadians aged 15 and older identify with a [...] Read more.

Gender-based violence (GBV) is a pervasive public health issue that affects all Canadians, including Indigenous peoples (First Nations, Inuit, Métis); however, it is well-understood that GBV disproportionately affects certain social groups. An estimated one million Canadians aged 15 and older identify with a sexual orientation other than heterosexual, and approximately 1 in 300 people identify as transgender or non-binary. In Canada, violence rooted in biphobia, homophobia, transphobia, and queerphobia results in disproportionately high levels of GBV experienced by Two-Spirit, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer (or questioning), intersex, and other individuals who identify outside of cisgender, heterosexual norms (2SLGBTQI+ people). The health impacts of GBV experienced by people who identify outside of gender and sexuality norms are profound, spanning mental and physical dimensions across the life course. This article employs an anti-oppression queer framework to provide a comprehensive overview of current knowledge and understandings of GBV in Canada concerning 2SLGBTQI+ people, emphasizing (1) the disproportionate risk of GBV faced by 2SLGBTQI+ communities within the context of Canadian social politics; (2) key links between the experiences of GBV among 2SLGBTQI+ people in Canada and associated health disparities; (3) current orientations to GBV policy, practice, and research, with an emphasis on contemporary, inclusive paradigms that shape equity-oriented health and social services; and (4) future directions aimed at eradicating GBV and addressing health inequities among 2SLGBTQI+ people in Canada. While much work remains to be done, the expansion of 2SLGBTQI+ inclusion in GBV prevention within the past five years points to a promising future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Social Politics of Gender-Based Violence: A Critical Canadian Health Perspective, 2024)

17 pages, 1267 KiB

Open AccessArticle

“Inclination Towards Innovation”: Deconstructing Neoliberal Educational Discourses from a School Context

by Diego Luna, Jesús Romero Morante, José Antonio Pineda-Alfonso and Coral I. Hunt-Gómez

Societies 2024, 14(11), 241; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc14110241 - 20 Nov 2024

Viewed by 197

Abstract

Educational innovation is a key concept for policymakers, school leaders, and families, but its conflicting aspects make it hard to define clearly. This study explores how pro-innovation narratives are created within Spanish educational policies and how these narratives are received in schools. Using [...] Read more.

Educational innovation is a key concept for policymakers, school leaders, and families, but its conflicting aspects make it hard to define clearly. This study explores how pro-innovation narratives are created within Spanish educational policies and how these narratives are received in schools. Using principles of critical discourse analysis, we examined a corpus of ten texts from three different discursive fields with a tailored analytical approach. This paper focuses specifically on findings related to regulations and the private school involved in the study. The results reveal a strong connection between Spanish educational laws and the political environment in which they were developed. Additionally, the study identifies new, economically-driven definitions for key concepts like education, quality, and innovation. A major conclusion is that today’s “innovative” schools align with the principles of educational neoliberalism. In this context, the concept of innovation reflects lawmakers’ goals, which school leaders endorse. At the school level, administrators adopt a self-promotional discourse that often appears contradictory and propagandist. Full article

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23 pages, 1320 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Socio-Cultural Aspects of Diabetic Foot: An Ethnographic Study and an Integrated Model Proposal

by Davide Costa, Giuseppe Gallelli, Enrica Scalise, Nicola Ielapi, Umberto Marcello Bracale and Raffaele Serra

Societies 2024, 14(11), 240; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc14110240 - 18 Nov 2024

Viewed by 366

Abstract

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an ongoing and growing health problem worldwide, with a series of important complications such as diabetic foot that can significatively reduce the quality of life of affected patients. This study aims to explore the socio-cultural aspects of patients [...] Read more.

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an ongoing and growing health problem worldwide, with a series of important complications such as diabetic foot that can significatively reduce the quality of life of affected patients. This study aims to explore the socio-cultural aspects of patients with diabetic foot, analyzing the following research question: “What are the socio-cultural aspects experienced by patients with diabetic foot?” Methods: A qualitative design using an ethnographic approach was applied to study the social and cultural aspects of Italian diabetic foot patients. Results: We included 20 key informants: 13 men and 7 women. Ages ranged from 54 to 71, with an average age of 61.2. The data analysis revealed five main themes: perceptions of diabetic foot, living with diabetic foot, impacts of culture and economic performance, barriers to health and diabetic foot, and home remedies and alternative medicine. Conclusions: This study provides a new perspective on the influence of cultural factors on the health of diabetic foot patients, showing various factors related to a lack of knowledge and training, fear, and acceptance of diabetic foot. This study also presents a new integrated model which will allow patients and practitioners to act on the various critical issues that emerged from our research. Full article

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24 pages, 817 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Towards a “Social Justice Ecosystem Framework” for Enhancing Livelihoods and Sustainability in Pastoralist Communities

by Charles Fonchingong Che and Henry Ngenyam Bang

Societies 2024, 14(11), 239; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc14110239 - 18 Nov 2024

Viewed by 431

Abstract

Aimed at understanding how pastoralist livelihoods are affected within the Northwest Region of Cameroon, this article explores the nexus of social justice, indigenous know-how, livelihoods, social security, and sustainability through a political ecology lens. Through a qualitative case study based on in-depth interviews [...] Read more.

Aimed at understanding how pastoralist livelihoods are affected within the Northwest Region of Cameroon, this article explores the nexus of social justice, indigenous know-how, livelihoods, social security, and sustainability through a political ecology lens. Through a qualitative case study based on in-depth interviews with 59 key informants, this study departs from existing literature by exploring the linkages that exacerbate risks and vulnerabilities for pastoralist livelihoods. We situate the contending issues through emerging data and analysis, which highlight indigenous elements that sustain pastoralist livelihoods (coping strategies and sustenance) and identify diversified barriers that impede pastoralists’ sense of social justice and community-mindedness. Other intersecting pointers identified relate to environmental interactions, social security, sustainability, and decision-making within local and national governance mechanisms that either enhance or impede sustainable development. We proposed a social justice ecosystem framework (SJEF) that uncovers the enmeshments of social justice, social security, indigenous know-how, and livelihoods, with implications for sustainable development. The framework makes a compelling case for co-produced policies; implementing symbiotic social justice-based policies is mandatory, encapsulating thriving aspects of pastoralists’ unique traditions, which are often missed by governments and agencies in social community development planning and sustainable development initiatives. Full article

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18 pages, 548 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Can We Measure Social Justice? Development and Initial Validation of a Tool Measuring Social Justice Through Values

by Marina Alexandra Tudoran, Laurențiu Gabriel Țîru and Alexandru Neagoe

Societies 2024, 14(11), 238; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc14110238 - 15 Nov 2024

Viewed by 381

Abstract

The Social Justice Values (SJV) scale, as presented in this work, was developed to assess individuals’ attitudes and behaviors towards the values of social justice. Exploratory factor analysis and reliability analysis were employed to ascertain the validity and reliability of the SJV instrument. [...] Read more.

The Social Justice Values (SJV) scale, as presented in this work, was developed to assess individuals’ attitudes and behaviors towards the values of social justice. Exploratory factor analysis and reliability analysis were employed to ascertain the validity and reliability of the SJV instrument. The investigations revealed that the scale consists of 17 items across three factors, namely, instrumental values of social justice, social terminal values of social justice, and personal terminal values of social justice. The Cronbach alpha coefficient for the entire scale was 0.893. The nomological validity of the proposed scale was assessed by testing its association with two relevant scales: Distributive Justice and Multidimensional Belief in A Just World. Although the investigations indicated that this scale is a reliable instrument for assessing social justice through values among university students, further studies are required to confirm its validity with other samples. Full article

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12 pages, 209 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Canadian Strategy Against Gender-Based Violence and Gaps

by Lanyan Chen, Jennifer McCarthy and Miao Chen

Societies 2024, 14(11), 237; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc14110237 - 13 Nov 2024

Viewed by 327

Abstract

Promoting the Essential Services Package (ESP) for Women and Girls Subject to Violence has led to an emphasis on legislative commitments to a survivor-centred strategy. Such legislation includes provisions for fiscal planning, standards of services, and official programs to support networks of community-based [...] Read more.

Promoting the Essential Services Package (ESP) for Women and Girls Subject to Violence has led to an emphasis on legislative commitments to a survivor-centred strategy. Such legislation includes provisions for fiscal planning, standards of services, and official programs to support networks of community-based interventions to build capacity, share information, and co-generate knowledge across regions. This study identifies gaps in the Canadian strategy against gender-based violence in the operation of mechanisms for coordinating multi-sectoral trauma-informed “wrap-around” services that prioritize survivors in their distinct and diverse contexts and communities. It also recommends ways to transform the Canadian strategy in a global context. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Social Politics of Gender-Based Violence: A Critical Canadian Health Perspective, 2024)

18 pages, 706 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Inherent Shield: Learning-Based Stress Symptoms Among People Diagnosed with Specific Learning Disability and Its Relationship with Dispositional Mindfulness

by Nimrod Polak and Ephraim S. Grossman

Societies 2024, 14(11), 236; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc14110236 - 12 Nov 2024

Viewed by 519

Abstract

Background: Past research suggests that individuals with learning disabilities experience higher levels of emotional difficulties. Objective: The aim of the current study was to investigate the relationships between specific learning disabilities (SLDs) and learning-based stress symptoms (LBSSs). Further, this study examines whether dispositional [...] Read more.

Background: Past research suggests that individuals with learning disabilities experience higher levels of emotional difficulties. Objective: The aim of the current study was to investigate the relationships between specific learning disabilities (SLDs) and learning-based stress symptoms (LBSSs). Further, this study examines whether dispositional mindfulness (DM) can be used as a moderating factor for these symptoms resulting from the same stressful learning experience. Methods: The sample consisted of 133 participants (73 male) aged 23–44 years (M = 34.41; SD = 9.69). In this sample, 56 reported that they have been officially diagnosed with a SLD. Participants completed an online survey comprising a demographics questionnaire, self-report SLD questionnaire, school learning-based stress symptoms, and five-facet mindfulness questionnaire (FFMQ-24). Results: Results revealed that participants with an SLD had higher levels of LBSSs compared to the general population. Furthermore, findings revealed that DM significantly predicts LBSS levels. Conclusions: The present study provides further evidence on the impact of learning experiences on stress symptoms among individuals with SLDs, and this phenomenon we have termed as “learning-based stress symptoms”. Additionally, our findings introduce novel evidence that DM may influence the relationship between LBSSs and SLDs, suggesting that a high level of DM can serve as a protective factor against these learning-based stress symptoms. Full article

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33 pages, 1944 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Measuring the Unmeasurable: Decomposing Multidimensional Rural Poverty and Promoting Economic Development in the Poorest Region of Luzon, Philippines

by Emmanuel Azcarraga Onsay and Jomar Fajardo Rabajante

Societies 2024, 14(11), 235; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc14110235 - 12 Nov 2024

Viewed by 553

Abstract

Poverty is the oldest social problem that ever existed and is difficult to reverse. It is multidimensional and unmeasurable. Thus, measuring by decomposing rural multidimensional poverty is critical. Most poverty studies are usually generic, exposed to large sampling errors, and intended for macroeconomic [...] Read more.

Poverty is the oldest social problem that ever existed and is difficult to reverse. It is multidimensional and unmeasurable. Thus, measuring by decomposing rural multidimensional poverty is critical. Most poverty studies are usually generic, exposed to large sampling errors, and intended for macroeconomic decisions. Thus, measuring poverty for a specific locality with various configurations (15) is critical for economic development. The paper combines predictive analytics and advanced econometrics to decompose poverty at the micro-level by utilizing the Community-Based Monitoring system at complete enumeration (L = 34, S = 4). Logistic Regression (78) Models with 19 Independent Variables and 12 Intervening Variables were fitted. Headcount Analysis (0.2138–0.9845), Poverty Gap (0.2228–0.0502), Severity statistics (0.0723–0.0168) and Watts Index (0.2724–0.0618) are scrutinized. Poverty levels vary by location; a significant fraction of the population (P_0i = 68.50%, P_0f = 55.80%) and households (P_0i = 63.70%, P_0f = 50.70%) live below the poverty line and food threshold. It has been revealed that poverty is extreme in Isarog (i = 0.7793), moderate in Poblacion (p = 0.4019), intense in Ranggas (r = 0.6542), and severe in Salog (s = 0.6353). Multidimensional variables (13VAR) significantly predict poverty outcomes (p-value = 0.0000, PseudoR2 = 0.75). Moreover, intervening variables have been impacting poverty across all locals. All models tested are significant across all sectors and correctly predicted by the model classifications (Estat = 73.29–74.12%). Poverty is multifaceted; thus, it requires different interventions. Finally, policy proposals (54) were outlined to alleviate poverty and promote local economic development. Full article

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19 pages, 696 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Empowerment and Sustainability: Investigating Barriers to Women’s Transition from Higher Education to Empowerment in Brazil

by Muhammad Qasim Rana, Angela Lee, José Fernando Rodrigues Bezerra and Guilherme Hissa Villas Boas

Societies 2024, 14(11), 234; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc14110234 - 12 Nov 2024

Viewed by 639

Abstract

Gender equality continues to be a global issue, with significant disparities in attention and action between developed and developing nations. Women, in particular, face unique challenges when transitioning from higher education (HE) to empowerment compared to their male counterparts. In many developing countries, [...] Read more.

Gender equality continues to be a global issue, with significant disparities in attention and action between developed and developing nations. Women, in particular, face unique challenges when transitioning from higher education (HE) to empowerment compared to their male counterparts. In many developing countries, barriers to accessing formal education are prevalent, while, in others, despite access to education, women struggle to leverage their learning for societal advancement. This paper adopts the development theory approach by exploring the role of gender equality in fostering sustainable development, emphasizing how women’s empowerment is integral to overall societal progress. This study focuses on Brazil, where, despite high levels of female educational attainment, women still encounter substantial obstacles in transforming their education into meaningful societal empowerment. These challenges include restricted freedom and mobility, deeply ingrained gender norms, violence and harassment, cultural and societal expectations, economic limitations, and family obligations. Survey data were collated from 192 students, alumni, and staff at three academic higher education (HE) institutions in Brazil, utilizing a range of descriptive and inferential statistical analyses to uncover the most significant barriers. This study concludes with policy recommendations aimed at various stakeholders, including government bodies, employers, and other organizations, to support a smoother transition for women from higher education to empowerment. These recommendations include improving workplace policies, enhancing legal protections, and promoting gender equality in leadership roles, all of which are essential to narrowing the gender gap in Brazil. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gender and Class: Exploring the Intersections of Power and Inequality)

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13 pages, 248 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Perceived Parents’ Stigma and Personal Stigma Toward COVID-19 Survivors: A Study Among Emerging Adults in India

by Shanu Shukla, Sushanta Kumar Mishra and Ranu Pandey

Societies 2024, 14(11), 233; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc14110233 - 11 Nov 2024

Viewed by 384

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic introduced widespread stigma toward individuals who contracted the virus, impacting social interactions and perceptions within communities. This study aimed to understand personal and perceived parental stigma toward COVID-19 survivors among Indian college students, examining how this stigma varies based on [...] Read more.

The COVID-19 pandemic introduced widespread stigma toward individuals who contracted the virus, impacting social interactions and perceptions within communities. This study aimed to understand personal and perceived parental stigma toward COVID-19 survivors among Indian college students, examining how this stigma varies based on the relationship closeness to the survivor (peer vs. best friend) and whether gender differences influence personal stigma levels. A sample of 650 Indian college students (mean age = 20.01 years, SD = 1.43; 501 males) participated in the study. We assessed both personal stigma and perceived parental stigma toward COVID-19 survivors, with additional comparisons made based on the survivor’s relationship to the student (peer vs. best friend) and participant gender. Findings indicated that personal and perceived parental stigma were significantly higher toward peers than toward best friends who had recovered from COVID-19. Additionally, among perceived parental stigmas, stigma attributed to mothers was highest, followed by that attributed to fathers, with participants’ personal stigma being lowest. Notably, no significant gender differences were found in personal stigma among participants. The results highlight nuanced perceptions of stigma toward COVID-19 survivors, with stigma levels varying by relational closeness and perceived parental attitudes, particularly mothers. These findings underscore the importance of targeting stigma reduction efforts, considering family influence and relational factors. Policymakers and mental health professionals could develop age-specific interventions to mitigate stigma toward COVID-19 survivors, potentially enhancing social support systems within college communities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Cultural Differences and Migrant Mental Health in the Age of COVID-19)

19 pages, 3374 KiB

Open AccessArticle

New Trends of Thought in Response to Post-Pandemic Work Precariousness Among Second-Generation Romanian Citizens in Spain

by Silvia Marcu

Societies 2024, 14(11), 232; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc14110232 - 11 Nov 2024

Viewed by 523

Abstract

Drawing on 65 in-depth interviews with young Romanians between 22 and 33 years old, the contribution of this article is to offer an innovative analysis of the work experiences of second-generation young people who, having studied and completed their degrees in Spain during [...] Read more.

Drawing on 65 in-depth interviews with young Romanians between 22 and 33 years old, the contribution of this article is to offer an innovative analysis of the work experiences of second-generation young people who, having studied and completed their degrees in Spain during the pandemic, are developing their skills and creativity in a difficult labour market. I argue that unlike their parents’ generation, who in many cases have returned home or practice mobility, this generation wishes to remain in Spain. Consequently, the (im)mobility experienced by second-generation young people has become a fundamental post-pandemic trend. Three interlinked profiles were identified: (1) young graduates doing work for which they are overqualified, who want to find better jobs; (2) young people who have completed master’s or doctoral degrees and now have their own business, are applying for research funding or are unemployed; and (3) unemployed graduates who are making a living from self-employment or aspire to have their own business. The conclusions highlight new trends of thought among young Romanians educated and trained during the pandemic in terms of how to overcome work precariousness and live in Spain. Full article

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17 pages, 265 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Workplace Inclusion Initiatives Across the Globe: The Importance of Leader and Coworker Support for Employees’ Attitudes, Beliefs, and Planned Behaviors

by Cristen Dalessandro and Alexander Lovell

Societies 2024, 14(11), 231; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc14110231 - 7 Nov 2024

Viewed by 877

Abstract

Despite the benefits of inclusion at work, organizational inclusivity efforts—such as diversity, equity, and inclusion (DE&I) trainings—often fail. Thus, there is a need to investigate from an employee point of view which characteristics (including both organizational culture and inclusion training modalities themselves) may [...] Read more.

Despite the benefits of inclusion at work, organizational inclusivity efforts—such as diversity, equity, and inclusion (DE&I) trainings—often fail. Thus, there is a need to investigate from an employee point of view which characteristics (including both organizational culture and inclusion training modalities themselves) may have the biggest impact when it comes to increasing inclusion in the workplace. Combining “planned behavior” and social constructionist theoretical approaches, this study uses logistic regression and data from an original survey with a diverse, international group of employees who have undergone inclusion training (n = 2043) to understand which factors matter for perceptions of inclusion success in the workplace. Findings indicate that coworker and leader support for inclusion predict employee optimism around the achievability of inclusion. In addition, leader and coworker support for inclusion predict employees’ attitudes, beliefs, and perceptions of how their own actions matter when it comes to inclusion. Despite the difficulty with identifying a “one-size-fits-all” approach, this research finds that globally, employees are more likely to believe in inclusion—and to believe that their own actions around inclusion matter—when they perceive that leaders and coworkers are also committed to the cause. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Inclusion and Well-Being, How Contemporary Societies Have Transformed)

17 pages, 743 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Career Interventions at a Distance: A Systematic Literature Review

by Célia Sampaio, Maria do Céu Taveira, Catarina Carvalho and Ana Daniela Silva

Societies 2024, 14(11), 230; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc14110230 - 5 Nov 2024

Viewed by 462

Abstract

Background: Due to global technological advances, psychology professionals have experienced constant changes in their daily routines. The field of career development and vocational psychology is no different. Amplified by the adjustments brought about by the circumstances of the pandemic, there has been an [...] Read more.

Background: Due to global technological advances, psychology professionals have experienced constant changes in their daily routines. The field of career development and vocational psychology is no different. Amplified by the adjustments brought about by the circumstances of the pandemic, there has been an increased demand for and development of various distance intervention methodologies. Methods: This study presents a systematic review of distance career interventions, focusing on (1) rationale, (2) groups of the population, (3) structure, (4) evaluation, and (5) outcomes and recommendations. Eleven keywords, three databases, and five eligibility criteria were defined. Results: Sixteen articles were collected for analysis. The results showed a predominance of (1) career construction theory and social cognitive theory rationales, (2) a sample of university students, (3) group career intervention, (4) pre- and post-test evaluation systems, and (5) effects in different dimensions and recommendations about intervention research design. Conclusions: Although there has been an increase in the number of publications in recent years, few studies evaluate distance career interventions. There are also few studies with different target populations. In this sense, indications for future interventions and studies are given, as well as the implications of these studies for practice. Full article

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12 pages, 265 KiB

Open AccessConcept Paper

Rethinking the Roles of the Social Determinants of Health in Bystander Intervention for Partner Violence Among College Students

by Yok-Fong Paat, Thenral Mangadu, Shawna L. Payan and Stephanie C. Flores

Societies 2024, 14(11), 229; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc14110229 - 5 Nov 2024

Viewed by 664

Abstract

Willingness to intervene as an effective bystander is critical in preventing partner violence and fostering safety among college students. Informed by the Social Determinants of Health framework, this conceptual paper provides an overview of the background and historical evolution of bystander intervention and [...] Read more.

Willingness to intervene as an effective bystander is critical in preventing partner violence and fostering safety among college students. Informed by the Social Determinants of Health framework, this conceptual paper provides an overview of the background and historical evolution of bystander intervention and invites a rethinking of how various factors impact bystander intervention for partner violence among college students by highlighting the roles of (1) economic factors and education, (2) sexual beliefs, myths, and media, (3) gender values and norms, (4) environmental factors, (5) college students at risk, (6) social support network and access to services, (7) acculturation and familiarity with the U.S. culture, and (8) cost-benefit analyses. We also discuss potential practice, research, and policy implications. Understanding the Social Determinants of Health is instrumental in addressing the root cause of intersecting health disparities, which is vital in preventing violence, encouraging bystander intervention, and creating a safer community. Full article

19 pages, 745 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improving Innovative Work Behavior in Small and Medium Enterprises: Integrating Transformational Leadership, Knowledge Sharing, and Psychological Empowerment

by I Nengah Aristana, Ni Made Dwi Puspitawati, Putu Pradiva Putra Salain, Viktor Koval, Oksana Konarivska and Tetiana Paniuk

Societies 2024, 14(11), 228; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc14110228 - 3 Nov 2024

Viewed by 805

Abstract

Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) significantly contribute to society’s growth and welfare. Nevertheless, SMEs often experience challenges, i.e., high levels of competition and market demands. To maintain SMEs’ existence, a competitive advantage is demanded by increasing innovative work behavior. This study explores and [...] Read more.

Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) significantly contribute to society’s growth and welfare. Nevertheless, SMEs often experience challenges, i.e., high levels of competition and market demands. To maintain SMEs’ existence, a competitive advantage is demanded by increasing innovative work behavior. This study explores and evaluates the relationship between transformational leadership and innovative work behavior and examines the mediating role of knowledge sharing and psychological empowerment on the relationship between transformational leadership and innovative work behavior. This study uses a quantitative approach, where data were gathered from a questionnaire distributed to 190 employees of export SMEs and were further examined using Smart PLS 3.2.9. The findings demonstrate that transformational leadership does not influence innovative work behavior but significantly and positively influences psychological empowerment and knowledge sharing. Psychological empowerment and knowledge sharing significantly and positively influence innovative work behavior. Subsequently, psychological empowerment and knowledge sharing partially mediate the linkage between transformational leadership and innovative work behavior. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interdisciplinary Social Research in Economics, Environment, Education, and Philosophy)

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28 pages, 4770 KiB

Open AccessConcept Paper

Information, Entanglement, and Emergent Social Norms: Searching for ‘Normal’

by James Scott Cardinal and Jennifer Ann Loughmiller-Cardinal

Societies 2024, 14(11), 227; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc14110227 - 2 Nov 2024

Viewed by 1117

Abstract

Social norms are often regarded as informal rules or strategies. Previously, we have proposed that norms are better understood as information. Social norms represent a behavioral adaptation that identifies and curates the information required to create and maintain a predictable environment. Here, we [...] Read more.

Social norms are often regarded as informal rules or strategies. Previously, we have proposed that norms are better understood as information. Social norms represent a behavioral adaptation that identifies and curates the information required to create and maintain a predictable environment. Here, we further demonstrate that social norms act as the leading edge of individual and collective search and optimization processes. These processes provide efficient and effective evolutionary mechanisms for constant adjustment and adaptation to an environment. We show that social norms constitute the forefront of our ability to ingest and process information, and are responsible for the conditions under which social and collective cognition are possible. This new model of social information processing provides not only insight into how humans adapt and evolve to diverse environments, but also provides concrete definitions of human sociality and its distinctions from that of other social animals. Our social constructs and behaviors are not separate from the physical world we inhabit, but are instead the primary means by which we exist within it. Full article

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25 pages, 2497 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Digital Competencies as Predictors of Academic Self-Efficacy: Correlations and Implications for Educational Development

by Vicente González-Prida, Julima Gisella Chuquin-Berrios, Fabricio Miguel Moreno-Menéndez, Jesús César Sandoval-Trigos, Diana Pariona-Amaya and Kesler Osmar Gómez-Bernaola

Societies 2024, 14(11), 226; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc14110226 - 1 Nov 2024

Viewed by 613

Abstract

This study focuses on determining the correlation between digital competencies and academic self-efficacy of students in universities in the Selva Central (Central Jungle) region of Peru to establish the significance of these factors in academic achievement. This study employs a quantitative, hypothesis-testing design [...] Read more.

This study focuses on determining the correlation between digital competencies and academic self-efficacy of students in universities in the Selva Central (Central Jungle) region of Peru to establish the significance of these factors in academic achievement. This study employs a quantitative, hypothesis-testing design and is both fundamental and co-relational in nature; 84 students from Universidad de la Selva Central were selected. Validated questionnaires were used to gather data on the participants’ DCs including information literacy, communication, content creation, security, and problem-solving skills, as well as the academic self-efficacy of the participants, with all having reliability scores of 0.823 and 0.895, respectively, for the Spearman correlation coefficient. By using statistical analysis, it was established that there is a stronger positive relationship between academic self-efficacy and every dimension of the digital competencies; this was particularly the case with communication and collaboration, rho = 0.853, and digital content creation, rho = 0.863. As such, there is evidence that increasing digital literacy may help improve the learners’ self-confidence in achieving academic success and address the problem of early school leaving, as well as improve competitiveness in the European Union labor market. This study suggests that appropriate curricula and/or workshops to strengthen these effectiveness- and efficiency-related competencies be disseminated to education stakeholders and the findings published in relevant outlets. This research therefore fits within the larger body of literature on the inclusion of digital literacy within tertiary education, information science, and technology. Full article

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27 pages, 11961 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Land of Maramureș (Romania) Identity Valences: Perceptions, Promotion and Potential for Valorisation

by Cristian-Nicolae Boțan, Viorel Gligor, Silviu-Florin Fonogea, Ion-Horațiu Pavel and Csaba Horvath

Societies 2024, 14(11), 225; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc14110225 - 1 Nov 2024

Viewed by 511

Abstract

The territorial personality of a region is defined by its diverse elements and complex interrelations, evolving over time. This scientific endeavour, particularly prevalent in regional geography, aims to understand and leverage these identity elements for regional branding and development. Such studies focus on [...] Read more.

The territorial personality of a region is defined by its diverse elements and complex interrelations, evolving over time. This scientific endeavour, particularly prevalent in regional geography, aims to understand and leverage these identity elements for regional branding and development. Such studies focus on areas known as “lands”, among which the Land of Maramureș in Romania is notable for its historical depth and cross-border nature with Ukraine. Characterized by its unique culture and the intricate relationships between its people and the land, Maramureș showcases significant multiculturalism. This paper investigates the key elements that constitute the regional identity of Maramureș, ranking them by their perceived importance among local residents. By identifying and understanding these elements, the research seeks to enhance their recognition and utility as drivers of regional development. The findings aim to serve both academic readers and local government authorities, guiding investments in identity-aligned initiatives to foster regional growth and improve community well-being. This approach underscores the critical role of territorial identity in shaping regional strategies and enhancing the quality of life for inhabitants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tourism, Urban Culture and Local Development)

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11 pages, 233 KiB

Open AccessConcept Paper

Reclaiming Being: Applying a Decolonial Lens to Gendered Violence, Indigenous Motherhood, and Community Wellbeing

by Leslie Dawson

Societies 2024, 14(11), 224; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc14110224 - 31 Oct 2024

Viewed by 581

Abstract

Indigenous women and children in Canada are significantly more likely to experience some form of family violence than their non-Indigenous counterparts. However, biomedical and academic discussions around the violence that Indigenous women and their families and communities face reflect a colonial narrative emphasizing [...] Read more.

Indigenous women and children in Canada are significantly more likely to experience some form of family violence than their non-Indigenous counterparts. However, biomedical and academic discussions around the violence that Indigenous women and their families and communities face reflect a colonial narrative emphasizing Euro-Canadian perspectives and values; a colonial narrative that disconnects the role of past and ongoing forms of colonial violence and naturalizes family violence within Indigenous communities, informing a view of Indigeneity as risk. Through a decolonial lens, the underlying causes of family violence in Indigenous communities can be connected to the gendered violence of patriarchal colonialism targeting Indigenous women. It is revealed how Indigenous women’s bodies became a site of the coloniality of violence as colonization disenfranchised and displaced Indigenous women from their lands, communities, and central roles. Gendered colonial violence attacked Indigenous women’s scared status in their societies and disrupted Indigenous relational modes of being. This informed a coloniality of being for Indigenous peoples; a coloniality of being integral to intergenerational trauma and family violence. Through the lens of Indigenous laws as a decolonial approach to family violence, the centrality of Indigenous women’s roles and responsibilities as mothers is linked to community wellbeing and intertwined with leadership and governance. By grounding the rights of Indigenous women within relationships, Indigenous women can reclaim their sacred places within respectful, reciprocal, and interconnected ways of being. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Social Politics of Gender-Based Violence: A Critical Canadian Health Perspective, 2024)

10 pages, 1174 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Building Sustainable Societies: The Role of Technology in Empowering Momtrepreneurs of Children with Special Needs

by Zehra Altinay, Emirali Evcimen, Gokmen Dagli and Ainur Kenebayeva

Societies 2024, 14(11), 223; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc14110223 - 31 Oct 2024

Viewed by 470

Abstract

This study investigates the technology usage patterns among mothers of children with special needs, focusing on their proficiency, frequency, and purposes of computer and internet use. The aim of this study is to reveal the level of technology use of mothers with disabled [...] Read more.

This study investigates the technology usage patterns among mothers of children with special needs, focusing on their proficiency, frequency, and purposes of computer and internet use. The aim of this study is to reveal the level of technology use of mothers with disabled children and the difficulties they experience in this regard. In addition, this study is expected to reveal the level of knowledge that mothers have about both the use of technological devices and their applications and to guide projects and development programs to be carried out for mothers. Utilizing a qualitative research methodology, data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 16 mothers whose children attend Famagusta Special Education and Job Training School. The findings reveal that while a significant portion of the participants are beginners or lack confidence in using computers, 87.5 percent of the respondents utilize the internet regularly, primarily for accessing information related to their children’s disabilities and for entertainment purposes. Despite some mothers having received formal training in computer usage, the majority indicated a need for further education to enhance their technological skills. This study underscores the necessity of tailored programs to support these mothers in effectively leveraging technology for their personal and familial needs, contributing to broader discussions on gender equality and empowerment within the framework of the Sustainable Development Goals. Full article

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24 pages, 3029 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Class and Ethno-Gender Differences in Education and Labour Market Position—An Intersectional Analysis of Ethnic Integration in the UK

by Yaojun Li

Societies 2024, 14(11), 222; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc14110222 - 28 Oct 2024

Viewed by 524

Abstract

This paper analyses the socio-economic disadvantages of women from different ethnic minority heritages in the UK. Using data from the Labour Force Survey (2014–2023), which contains detailed information on parental class and respondents’ socio-economic conditions, we examine four domains of life chances which [...] Read more.

This paper analyses the socio-economic disadvantages of women from different ethnic minority heritages in the UK. Using data from the Labour Force Survey (2014–2023), which contains detailed information on parental class and respondents’ socio-economic conditions, we examine four domains of life chances which are crucial for ethnic integration: educational attainment at the degree level, risks of unemployment, access to professional-managerial (salariat) position and earning power. We proceeded with the gross differences and then examined the differences by ethno-gender status and parental class combinations, controlling for many confounding factors. We also examined the net ethno-gender differences over the life course and the trends of social fluidity over the period covered and across the ethno-gender groups. We found that women from all ethnic origins were doing well in education but faced multiple disadvantages in the labour market, especially in access to the salariat and in earning power. Women of Pakistani/Bangladeshi heritages faced pronounced unemployment risks, especially at the earlier life stages. There is a significant increase in fluidity over the period covered, but this is marked by considerable ethnic and class differences, with Black Caribbean, Black African, Pakistani and Bangladeshi women from more advantaged class origins being unable to secure advantaged class positions and those from working-class families unable to make long-range upward mobility as effectively as White men. Overall, Bangladeshi, Pakistani, Black African and Black Caribbean women are found to be considerably disadvantaged, but there are also signs of social progress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gender and Class: Exploring the Intersections of Power and Inequality)

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12 pages, 1472 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Building Bridges in Diverse Societies: A Meta-Analysis of Field Experimental Cooperative Learning Studies on Intergroup Relations in Educational Settings

by Marselius Sampe Tondok, Suryanto Suryanto and Rahkman Ardi

Societies 2024, 14(11), 221; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc14110221 - 27 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1168

Abstract

Cooperative learning has been widely utilized as an intervention to enhance intergroup relations in diverse societies, drawing on intergroup contact theory. Despite numerous field experiments testing its effectiveness in educational contexts, a comprehensive meta-analyses evaluating its overall efficacy has yet to be conducted. [...] Read more.

Cooperative learning has been widely utilized as an intervention to enhance intergroup relations in diverse societies, drawing on intergroup contact theory. Despite numerous field experiments testing its effectiveness in educational contexts, a comprehensive meta-analyses evaluating its overall efficacy has yet to be conducted. This meta-analysis aims to assess the magnitude of the effect of cooperative learning on promoting intergroup relations within experimental field studies conducted in educational settings. The article search was performed according to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines, using predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria across ERIC, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and SpringerLink. Data analysis involved generating forest plots, conducting heterogeneity tests, calculating summary effects using a random effects model, and identifying publication bias. The meta-analysis of 18 field experimental intervention studies, involving 5265 participants, revealed that cooperative learning intervention programs positively impact intergroup relations, with a moderate effect size (ES = 0.33; 95% CI [0.25, 0.40]). Consequently, cooperative learning can be employed as an alternative strategy to bridge gaps, reduce prejudice, and improve relations among groups with diverse social identities in educational settings. Full article

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18 pages, 248 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Self-Regulation of Internet Behaviors on Social Media Platforms

by Clara B. Rebello, Kiana L. C. Reddock, Sonia Ghir, Angelie Ignacio and Gerald C. Cupchik

Societies 2024, 14(11), 220; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc14110220 - 26 Oct 2024

Viewed by 688

Abstract

The current research sought a comprehensive understanding about the consequences of information-sharing behavior on social media, given public concerns about privacy violations. We used a mixed-methods approach to investigate the influence of the self on “revealing” and emotional “healing” experiences online. Respondents completed [...] Read more.

The current research sought a comprehensive understanding about the consequences of information-sharing behavior on social media, given public concerns about privacy violations. We used a mixed-methods approach to investigate the influence of the self on “revealing” and emotional “healing” experiences online. Respondents completed a survey measuring sense of self and motivations for using social media, as well as revealing and healing attitudes and behavior. We conducted a principal component factor analysis on separate parts of the survey and ran Pearson correlations of the emerging factors. Qualitative data describing experiences of online self-disclosure were used to illustrate the correlational findings. The “revealing” factors contrasted adaptive with maladaptive and naïve posting. The sense of self, as well as motivations for social media use, influenced whether users engaged in destructive posting behaviors. The “healing” factors were associated with positive motivations for self-disclosure, seeking a supportive online community, and building resilience. Correlational data revealed that respondents with an insecure or asocial sense of self felt the greater need for online self-disclosure. Motivations to self-disclose online and experiences of “healing”, with the help of a supportive online community, depended on whether the sense of self was secure, insecure, or asocial. Full article

31 pages, 918 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Young Europeans’ Geo-Political Identities: A Poststructural Analysis

by Alistair Ross

Societies 2024, 14(11), 219; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc14110219 - 25 Oct 2024

Viewed by 416

Abstract

This study analyses the way young Europeans, aged between 10 and 20, construct their sense of identity with geo-political entities such as the nation, the state and the European Union; how these are expressed; and how young people manage the potential multiplicity of [...] Read more.

This study analyses the way young Europeans, aged between 10 and 20, construct their sense of identity with geo-political entities such as the nation, the state and the European Union; how these are expressed; and how young people manage the potential multiplicity of identities. It re-analyses earlier data, some 224 transcripts of young Europeans discussing their identities and sense of attachment to the geo-political entities of the state and the nation. This study looks specifically at how they discuss affiliations to a country or nation and does so within the historical context of the development of European nations in the 19th and 20th centuries and the ‘strict definition’ of nationality, as based on either birthplace or parentage. The young people’s discussions identify a wide range of reasons for attachment (or not) to one or more states: these include parentage, birthplace, passports, culture, language, residence, etc., many of which are incompatible with each other. Their response to this is often to profess multiple identities, switching to use that is most appropriate to a particular context or contingency. How does this behaviour meet the various models of identity formation, such as the psychosocial, the socio-cultural, and the poststructuralist? These young people also offer a range of qualities or values that they expect a state to uphold and deliver and are sometimes critical of states’ behaviour in this area. The combination of these attributes and qualities leads to a range of attitudes towards a polity or polities, ranging from acceptance of their status to indifference. The explanations suggested in this paper are that globalisation and migration have led to the realisation that the ‘strict definitions’ of nationality are no longer appropriate, and there are new potential attributes for identity, and secondly, that the development of supranational codification and the implementation of human rights are weakening the sovereignty of states. Together, these two factors reduce the perception of the requirement to develop a single overriding national identity. This combination of multiple identities and recognising the importance of human rights values is most commonly found amongst young people who have grown up in multicultural societies, often urban, and the corollary of this is that combination is least likely to be found among the older population in more rural, monocultural settlements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Young People’s Constructions of Identities: Global Perspectives)

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17 pages, 4164 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing Compliance with Indigenous Self-Determination Standards: A Comparative Analysis of Chile, Colombia, and Mexico

by Martha Angélica Ramírez Salazar, Omar Alejandro Guirette Barbosa, Selene Castañeda-Burciaga, Leticia I. García Estrada, Juvenal Villanueva-Maldonado and José M. Celaya-Padilla

Societies 2024, 14(11), 218; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc14110218 - 25 Oct 2024

Viewed by 591

Abstract

Recent advancements have been observed in the global legal framework, particularly in the recognition of Indigenous peoples’ rights, among which the right to self-determination stands out. This right encompasses the ability to define their political status and to pursue economic, social, and cultural [...] Read more.

Recent advancements have been observed in the global legal framework, particularly in the recognition of Indigenous peoples’ rights, among which the right to self-determination stands out. This right encompasses the ability to define their political status and to pursue economic, social, and cultural development autonomously. The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) has identified six criteria to evaluate adherence to these rights. This study aims to assess the progress made by Chile, Colombia, and Mexico in meeting these criteria. Employing a non-experimental, cross-sectional, and exploratory research design, the study utilized a questionnaire based on a Likert scale to gather data from residents of Indigenous communities within the three countries under consideration to measure the perception that these individuals have regarding the compliance with the six standards of the IACHR, and specific questions have been designed based on the content of each standard. Once the degree of self-determination is understood, a multivariate analysis technique (Principal Component Analysis) will be used to compare the level of progress by country. The data collection instruments were applied in 2023 (September/November), with the results processed and the final report drafted in early 2024. Findings suggest that the criterion most adequately met is that of cultural identity and non-discrimination, whereas the criterion pertaining to the right to prior, free, and informed consultation and consent is the least fulfilled. Through principal component analysis, it was noted that Colombia exhibits a higher level of compliance with the right to self-determination, followed by Mexico, with Chile demonstrating a divergence and lagging in progress. The study concludes that a significant challenge for these countries lies in continuing efforts to effectively meet these standards and ensure the right to self-determination for Indigenous and tribal peoples. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vulnerable Groups Protection and Rights for Advocacy: From the Perspectives of Community-Based Policy Making and Initiatives)

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24 pages, 2568 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Re-Designing Secure Children’s Homes Through a Child-First Lens

by Caroline Andow, Stefan Kleipoedszus, Rachel Dunn, Nicola Wake, Raymond Arthur, Adeela Shafi and David Gibson

Societies 2024, 14(11), 217; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc14110217 - 25 Oct 2024

Viewed by 708

Abstract

This article explores existing learning gaps concerning optimal ways to support children within and beyond secure care in England and Wales, with a specific focus on Secure Children’s Homes (SCHs). Insights from key stakeholders working in SCHs are often omitted from research despite [...] Read more.

This article explores existing learning gaps concerning optimal ways to support children within and beyond secure care in England and Wales, with a specific focus on Secure Children’s Homes (SCHs). Insights from key stakeholders working in SCHs are often omitted from research despite being fundamental to understanding both challenges and best-practice initiatives. The Children’s Residential Care Research Network, which is a collaboration between the authors, aims to develop novel research with stakeholders working across the secure children’s estate and expand the extant literature to inform the design and build of future Secure Children’s Homes (SCH) through a Child-First lens. The research presented here involves a mixed-methods approach gathering rich qualitative data from participants across the sector. Fifty-three participants engaged in participatory methodologies, focus groups, and interviews, which led to a large data set. Thematic analysis identified three key themes to inform the design and build of new SCHs. SCHs should (i) be close to home to enable family involvement and continuity of care, (ii) feel like a home, and (iii) be flexible and adaptive to changing needs. These findings are feeding into the design of two new homes in England as well as the refurbishment of existing provision and can also influence future expansion of the secure estate. The research also contributes to knowledge about how the Child-First tenets can be engaged to improve outcomes for children deprived of their liberty, both in and outside the youth justice system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Youth Justice: Social Policy, Social Work and Practice)

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18 pages, 1758 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Degree of Concern and Awareness of Spanish Consumers About Working Conditions in the Clothing Industry

by Rafael Martínez Martín, Tamara Álvarez Lorente and María del Pilar Morales-Giner

Societies 2024, 14(11), 216; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc14110216 - 23 Oct 2024

Viewed by 609

Abstract

The clothing industry has experienced global and sustained growth in the last decades due, among other factors, to the decentralisation of production in this sector and its consequent lowering of prices, but also to the effect of the unceasing demand that fashion generates. [...] Read more.

The clothing industry has experienced global and sustained growth in the last decades due, among other factors, to the decentralisation of production in this sector and its consequent lowering of prices, but also to the effect of the unceasing demand that fashion generates. Simultaneously, the number of people employed in the textile sector has been growing in economically developing countries under precarious labour conditions. The objective of this study is to analyse the level of knowledge and awareness of the Spanish population about the working conditions in clothing manufacturing at production sites. To achieve this, we applied statistical analysis to data collected from a sample (n = 3000) of Spanish fashion consumers. The main results show a society with a high degree of concern for labour conditions in the textile sector, as well as for the environmental repercussions triggered by this type of production. Considering the differences based on socio-demographic variables, we find that women, older consumers, and respondents with higher education show a greater degree of concern about the working conditions in the clothing industry. Along the same lines, respondents who are ideologically left wing present a higher degree of concern than respondents from the extreme right. Full article

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55 pages, 607 KiB

Open AccessReview

Academic Coverage of Online Activism of Disabled People: A Scoping Review

by Gregor Wolbring, Laiba Nasir and Dana Mahr

Societies 2024, 14(11), 215; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc14110215 - 23 Oct 2024

Viewed by 963

Abstract

Disabled people need to be activists given the many problematic lived realities they face. However, they frequently encounter obstacles in traditional offline activism. Online activism could be a potential alternative. The objective of this scoping review is to examine the extent and nature [...] Read more.

Disabled people need to be activists given the many problematic lived realities they face. However, they frequently encounter obstacles in traditional offline activism. Online activism could be a potential alternative. The objective of this scoping review is to examine the extent and nature of the coverage of disabled people in the academic literature that focuses on online activism. We searched the abstracts in Scopus, Web of Science, and the 70 databases in EBSCO-HOST for the presence of 57 terms linked to online activism or online tools or places for online activism, which generated 18,069 abstracts for qualitative analysis. Of the 18,069 abstracts, only 54 discussed online the activism by disabled people. Among these 54 relevant abstracts, only one contained the term “Global South”. No relevant abstracts were found that contained the terms “Metaverse” or “Democrac*” together with “activis*”. Only two relevant abstracts contained the phrase “digital citizen*”. Out of the 57 terms, 28 had no hits. The thematic analysis identified 24 themes: 6 themes in 30 abstracts had a positive sentiment, 7 themes in 30 abstracts had a negative sentiment, and 11 themes present in 23 abstracts had a neutral sentiment. There were three main themes: the positive role and use of online activism; the technical accessibility barriers to online activism; and the attitudinal accessibility problems arising from ableist judgments. The intersectionality of the disability identity with other marginalized identities and the issue of empowerment were rarely addressed, and ability judgment-based concepts beyond the term’s “ableism” and “ableist” were not used. The study underscores the necessity for further research given the few relevant abstracts found. The study also indicates that actions are needed on barriers to online activism and that examples for best practices exist that could be applied more often. Future studies should also incorporate a broader range of ability judgment-based concepts to enrich the analysis and to support the empowerment of disabled activists. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Disabled People/People with Disabilities (Non-Medical Coverage))

20 pages, 345 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Socialization of Meritocracy and Market Justice Preferences at School

by Juan Carlos Castillo, Mauricio Salgado, Kevin Carrasco and Andreas Laffert

Societies 2024, 14(11), 214; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc14110214 - 23 Oct 2024

Viewed by 717

Abstract

Previous research has shown that schools often justify student performance differences using meritocratic ideals. One potential consequence of such ideals is the legitimization of outcome inequalities across various spheres, including those traditionally associated with equality and redistribution. In this study, we argue that [...] Read more.

Previous research has shown that schools often justify student performance differences using meritocratic ideals. One potential consequence of such ideals is the legitimization of outcome inequalities across various spheres, including those traditionally associated with equality and redistribution. In this study, we argue that the promotion of meritocratic values during school age can shape students’ beliefs about meritocracy and influence their views on market-based access to health, pensions, and education. Using data from the 2017 National Study of Civic Education in Chile, which includes 5047 eighth-grade students from 231 schools, we estimated a series of multilevel models (lme4 library, R version 4.1.3) to test our hypotheses. Our findings show that a significant proportion of Chilean students agree with market justice principles—more so than adults. Most students endorse meritocratic views, particularly the notion that effort should be rewarded, which strongly correlates with market justice preferences: students who believe in meritocracy are more likely to justify inequalities based on financial capacity. At the school level, market justice preferences are higher in high-status schools but lower in schools with higher academic achievement. Furthermore, the conditional influence of meritocratic beliefs diminishes in schools with higher socioeconomic status and performance levels. These results suggest that the association between meritocratic beliefs and market justice preferences is already established at school age and is shaped by the school environment. Full article

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Societies, Volume 14, Issue 11 (November 2024) – 31 articles

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