Antioxidants

16 pages, 663 KiB

Open AccessReview

Resolution of Inflammation after Skeletal Muscle Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury: A Focus on the Lipid Mediators Lipoxins, Resolvins, Protectins and Maresins

by Cindy Barnig, Gaetan Lutzweiler, Margherita Giannini, Anne Lejay, Anne-Laure Charles, Alain Meyer and Bernard Geny

Antioxidants 2022, 11(6), 1213; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11061213 - 20 Jun 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3510

Abstract

Skeletal muscle ischemia reperfusion is very frequent in humans and results not only in muscle destruction but also in multi-organ failure and death via systemic effects related to inflammation and oxidative stress. In addition to overabundance of pro-inflammatory stimuli, excessive and uncontrolled inflammation [...] Read more.

Skeletal muscle ischemia reperfusion is very frequent in humans and results not only in muscle destruction but also in multi-organ failure and death via systemic effects related to inflammation and oxidative stress. In addition to overabundance of pro-inflammatory stimuli, excessive and uncontrolled inflammation can also result from defects in resolution signaling. Importantly, the resolution of inflammation is an active process also based on specific lipid mediators including lipoxins, resolvins and maresins that orchestrate the potential return to tissue homeostasis. Thus, lipid mediators have received growing attention since they dampen deleterious effects related to ischemia–reperfusion. For instance, the treatment of skeletal muscles with resolvins prior to ischemia decreases polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) infiltration. Additionally, remote alterations in lungs or kidneys are reduced when enhancing lipid mediators’ functions. Accordingly, lipoxins prevented oxidative-stress-mediated tissue injuries, macrophage polarization was modified and in mice lacking DRV2 receptors, ischemia/reperfusion resulted in excessive leukocyte accumulation. In this review, we first aimed to describe the inflammatory response during ischemia and reperfusion in skeletal muscle and then discuss recent discoveries in resolution pathways. We focused on the role of specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and their potential therapeutic applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Redox Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Mass and Function in Health and Disease)

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18 pages, 1078 KiB

Open AccessReview

Dietary Polyphenol, Gut Microbiota, and Health Benefits

by Xiaofei Wang, Yue Qi and Hao Zheng

Antioxidants 2022, 11(6), 1212; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11061212 - 20 Jun 2022

Cited by 120 | Viewed by 13584

Abstract

Polyphenols, which are probably the most important secondary metabolites produced by plants, have attracted tremendous attention due to their health-promoting effects, including their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-adipogenic, and neuro-protective activities, as well as health properties. However, due to their complicated structures and high [...] Read more.

Polyphenols, which are probably the most important secondary metabolites produced by plants, have attracted tremendous attention due to their health-promoting effects, including their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-adipogenic, and neuro-protective activities, as well as health properties. However, due to their complicated structures and high molecular weights, a large proportion of dietary polyphenols remain unabsorbed along the gastrointestinal tract, while in the large intestine they are biotransformed into bioactive, low-molecular-weight phenolic metabolites through the residing gut microbiota. Dietary polyphenols can modulate the composition of intestinal microbes, and in turn, gut microbes catabolize polyphenols to release bioactive metabolites. To better investigate the health benefits of dietary polyphenols, this review provides a summary of their modulation through in vitro and in vivo evidence (animal models and humans), as well as their possible actions through intestinal barrier function and gut microbes. This review aims to provide a basis for better understanding the relationship between dietary polyphenols, gut microbiota, and host health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants in Fruits and Vegetables)

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18 pages, 1114 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Beneficial Effects of Natural Extracts and Bioactive Compounds on the Gut-Liver Axis: A Promising Intervention for Alcoholic Liver Disease

by Liang Zhao, Shaoxuan Wang, Nanhai Zhang, Jingxuan Zhou, Arshad Mehmood, Rifat Nowshin Raka, Feng Zhou and Lei Zhao

Antioxidants 2022, 11(6), 1211; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11061211 - 20 Jun 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3648

Abstract

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It can cause fatty liver (steatosis), steatohepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. Alcohol consumption can also disturb the composition of gut microbiota, increasing the composition of harmful microbes and decreasing [...] Read more.

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It can cause fatty liver (steatosis), steatohepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. Alcohol consumption can also disturb the composition of gut microbiota, increasing the composition of harmful microbes and decreasing beneficial ones. Restoring eubiosis or preventing dysbiosis after alcohol consumption is an important strategy in treating ALD. Plant natural products and polyphenolic compounds exert beneficial effects on several metabolic disorders associated with ALD. Natural products and related phytochemicals act through multiple pathways, such as modulating gut microbiota, improving redox stress, and anti-inflammation. In the present review article, we gather information on natural extract and bioactive compounds on the gut-liver axis for the possible treatment of ALD. Supplementation with natural extracts and bioactive compounds promoted the intestinal tight junction, protected against the alcohol-induced gut leakiness and inflammation, and reduced endotoxemia in alcohol-exposed animals. Taken together, natural extracts and bioactive compounds have strong potential against ALD; however, further clinical studies are still needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Resident Microbiota: The Protective Effects of Natural Antioxidants on the Intestinal Mucosa)

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17 pages, 1679 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thermo-Responsive Gel Containing Hydroxytyrosol-Chitosan Nanoparticles (Hyt@tgel) Counteracts the Increase of Osteoarthritis Biomarkers in Human Chondrocytes

by Anna Valentino, Raffaele Conte, Ilenia De Luca, Francesca Di Cristo, Gianfranco Peluso, Michela Bosetti and Anna Calarco

Antioxidants 2022, 11(6), 1210; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11061210 - 20 Jun 2022

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 3742

Abstract

Although osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic inflammatory degenerative disease affecting millions of people worldwide, the current therapies are limited to palliative care and do not eliminate the necessity of surgical intervention in the most severe cases. Several dietary and nutraceutical factors, such as [...] Read more.

Although osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic inflammatory degenerative disease affecting millions of people worldwide, the current therapies are limited to palliative care and do not eliminate the necessity of surgical intervention in the most severe cases. Several dietary and nutraceutical factors, such as hydroxytyrosol (Hyt), have demonstrated beneficial effects in the prevention or treatment of OA both in vitro and in animal models. However, the therapeutic application of Hyt is limited due to its poor bioavailability following oral administration. In the present study, a localized drug delivery platform containing a combination of Hyt-loading chitosan nanoparticles (Hyt-NPs) and in situ forming hydrogel have been developed to obtain the benefits of both hydrogels and nanoparticles. This thermosensitive formulation, based on Pluronic F-127 (F-127), hyaluronic acid (HA) and Hyt-NPs (called Hyt@tgel) presents the unique ability to be injected in a minimally invasive way into a target region as a freely flowing solution at room temperature forming a gel at body temperature. The Hyt@tgel system showed reduced oxidative and inflammatory effects in the chondrocyte cellular model as well as a reduction in senescent cells after induction with H₂O₂. In addition, Hyt@tgel influenced chondrocytes gene expression under pathological state maintaining their metabolic activity and limiting the expression of critical OA-related genes in human chondrocytes treated with stressors promoting OA-like features. Hence, it can be concluded that the formulated hydrogel injection could be proposed for the efficient and sustained Hyt delivery for OA treatment. The next step would be the extraction of “added-value” bioactive polyphenols from by-products of the olive industry, in order to develop a green delivery system able not only to enhance the human wellbeing but also to promote a sustainable environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization and Encapsulation of Natural Antioxidants: Interaction, Protection and Delivery)

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25 pages, 4239 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Carnosine Alleviates Knee Osteoarthritis and Promotes Synoviocyte Protection via Activating the Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling Pathway: An In-Vivo and In-Vitro Study

by Prabhakar Busa, Sing-Ong Lee, Niancih Huang, Yaswanth Kuthati and Chih-Shung Wong

Antioxidants 2022, 11(6), 1209; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11061209 - 20 Jun 2022

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 5017

Abstract

The most common joint disease in the elderly is knee osteoarthritis (OA). It is distinguished by cartilage degradation, subchondral bone loss, and a decrease in joint space. We studied the effects of carnosine (CA) on knee OA in male Wistar rats. OA is [...] Read more.

The most common joint disease in the elderly is knee osteoarthritis (OA). It is distinguished by cartilage degradation, subchondral bone loss, and a decrease in joint space. We studied the effects of carnosine (CA) on knee OA in male Wistar rats. OA is induced by anterior cruciate ligament transection combined with medial meniscectomy (ACLT+MMx) method and in vitro studies are conducted in fibroblast-like synoviocyte cells (FLS). The pain was assessed using weight-bearing and paw-withdrawal tests. CA supplementation significantly reduced pain. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method was used to detect inflammatory proteins in the blood and intra-articular synovial fluid (IASF), and CA reduced the levels of inflammatory proteins. Histopathological studies were performed on knee-tissue samples using toluidine blue and hematoxylin and eosin (H and E) assays. CA treatment improved synovial protection and decreased cartilage degradation while decreasing zonal depth lesions. Furthermore, Western blotting studies revealed that the CA-treated group activated nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase (HO-1) and reduced the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). FLS cells were isolated from the knee joints and treated with IL-1β to stimulate the inflammatory response and increase reactive oxygen species (ROS). The matrix metalloproteinase protein (MMP’s) levels (MMP-3, and MMP-13) were determined using the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and CA treatment reduced the MMP’s expression levels. When tested using the 2′,7′-dicholorodihydrofluroscene diacetate (DCFDA) assay and the 5,5′,6,6′-tetracholoro-1,1′,3,3′-tertraethylbenzimidazolcarboc janine iodide (JC-1) assay in augmented ROS FLS cells, CA reduced the ROS levels and improved the mitochondrial membrane permeability. This study’s investigation suggests that CA significantly alleviates knee OA both in vitro and in vivo. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reactive Oxygen Species and Oxidative Damage Mediate Neuropathic Pain)

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20 pages, 5402 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biochemical Discrimination of the Down Syndrome-Related Metabolic and Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress Alterations from the Physiologic Age-Related Changes through the Targeted Metabolomic Analysis of Serum

by Giacomo Lazzarino, Angela M. Amorini, Renata Mangione, Miriam Wissam Saab, Enrico Di Stasio, Michelino Di Rosa, Barbara Tavazzi, Giuseppe Lazzarino, Graziano Onder and Angelo Carfì

Antioxidants 2022, 11(6), 1208; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11061208 - 20 Jun 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2712

Abstract

Down Syndrome (DS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is characterized by an accelerated aging process, frequently associated with the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Previous studies evidenced that DS patients have various metabolic anomalies, easily measurable in their serum samples, although values that [...] Read more.

Down Syndrome (DS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is characterized by an accelerated aging process, frequently associated with the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Previous studies evidenced that DS patients have various metabolic anomalies, easily measurable in their serum samples, although values that were found in DS patients were compared with those of age-matched non-DS patients, thus hampering to discriminate the physiologic age-related changes of serum metabolites from those that are truly caused by the pathologic processes associated with DS. In the present study we performed a targeted metabolomic evaluation of serum samples from DS patients without dementia of two age classes (Younger DS Patients, YDSP, aging 20–40 years; Aged DS Patients, ADSP, aging 41–60 years), comparing the results with those that were obtained in two age classes of non-DS patients (Younger non-DS Patients, YnonDSP, aging 30–60 years; Aged-nonDS Patients, AnonDSP, aging 75–90 years). Of the 36 compounds assayed, 30 had significantly different concentrations in Pooled non-DS Patients (PnonDSP), compared to Pooled DS Patients (PDSP). Age categorization revealed that 11/30 compounds were significantly different in AnonDSP, compared to YnonDSP, indicating physiologic, age-related changes of their circulating concentrations. A comparison between YDSP and ADSP showed that 19/30 metabolites had significantly different values from those found in the corresponding classes of non-DS patients, strongly suggesting pathologic, DS-associated alterations of their serum levels. Twelve compounds selectively and specifically discriminated PnonDSP from PDSP, whilst only three discriminated YDSP from ADSP. The results allowed to determine, for the first time and to the best of our knowledge, the true, age-independent alterations of metabolism that are measurable in serum and attributable only to DS. These findings may be of high relevance for better strategies (pharmacological, nutritional) aiming to specifically target the dysmetabolism and decreased antioxidant defenses that are associated with DS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress in Neurodegeneration)

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14 pages, 3602 KiB

Open AccessArticle

PPARδ Inhibits Hyperglycemia-Triggered Senescence of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells by Upregulating SIRT1

by Eun Ji Lee, Jun Pil Won, Hyuk Gyoon Lee, Eunsu Kim, Jinwoo Hur, Won Jin Lee, Jung Seok Hwang and Han Geuk Seo

Antioxidants 2022, 11(6), 1207; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11061207 - 20 Jun 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2329

Abstract

Emerging evidence shows that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPARδ) plays a pivotal role in cellular aging. However, its function in retinal disease processes such as hyperglycemia-associated diabetic retinopathy is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that PPARδ inhibits premature senescence of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) [...] Read more.

Emerging evidence shows that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPARδ) plays a pivotal role in cellular aging. However, its function in retinal disease processes such as hyperglycemia-associated diabetic retinopathy is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that PPARδ inhibits premature senescence of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells induced by high glucose (HG) through SIRT1 upregulation. A specific ligand GW501516-activation of PPARδ suppressed premature senescence and production of reactive oxygen species induced by HG in ARPE-19 cells, a spontaneously arising human RPE cell line. These effects were accompanied by the regulation of the premature senescence-associated genes p53, p21, and SMP-30. Furthermore, GW501516-activated PPARδ almost completely abolished the effects of HG treatment on the formation of phosphorylated H2A histone family member X (γ-H2A.X) foci, a molecular marker of aging. These inhibitory effects of GW501516 were significantly reversed in ARPE-19 cells stably expressing small hairpin RNA targeting PPARδ. Notably, GW501516 significantly increased the mRNA and protein levels of SIRT1, indicating that GW501516-activated PPARδ exerted its beneficial effects through SIRT1. In addition, GW501516 restored HG-suppressed SIRT1 expression, corroborating the role of SIRT1 in the anti-senescence function of PPARδ. The effects of PPARδ on HG-induced premature senescence and the expression of the senescence-associated genes p53, p21, and SMP-30 were mimicked by the SIRT1 activator resveratrol, but blocked by the SIRT1 inhibitor sirtinol. Collectively, these results indicate that GW501516-activated PPARδ inhibits HG-triggered premature senescence of RPE cells by modulating SIRT1 signaling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress and Retinal Diseases)

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19 pages, 1274 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Colorant Pigments, Nutrients, Bioactive Components, and Antiradical Potential of Danta Leaves (Amaranthus lividus)

by Umakanta Sarker, Md. Asif Iqbal, Md. Nazmul Hossain, Shinya Oba, Sezai Ercisli, Crina Carmen Muresan and Romina Alina Marc

Antioxidants 2022, 11(6), 1206; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11061206 - 20 Jun 2022

Cited by 44 | Viewed by 4234

Abstract

In the Indian subcontinent, danta (stems) of underutilized amaranth are used as vegetables in different culinary dishes. At the edible stage of the danta, leaves are discarded as waste in the dustbin because they are overaged. For the first time, we assessed the [...] Read more.

In the Indian subcontinent, danta (stems) of underutilized amaranth are used as vegetables in different culinary dishes. At the edible stage of the danta, leaves are discarded as waste in the dustbin because they are overaged. For the first time, we assessed the colorant pigments, bioactive components, nutrients, and antiradical potential (AP) of the leaves of danta to valorize the by-product (leaf) for antioxidant, nutritional, and pharmacological uses. Leaves of danta were analyzed for proximate and element compositions, colorant pigments, bioactive constituents, AP (DPPH), and AP (ABTS⁺). Danta leaves had satisfactory moisture, protein, carbohydrates, and dietary fiber. The chosen danta leaves contained satisfactory magnesium, iron, calcium, potassium, manganese, copper, and zinc; adequate bioactive pigments, such as betacyanins, carotenoids, betalains, β-carotene, chlorophylls, and betaxanthins; and copious bioactive ascorbic acid, polyphenols, flavonoids, and AP. The correlation coefficient indicated that bioactive phytochemicals and colorant pigments of the selected danta leaves had good AP as assessed via ABTS⁺ and DPPH assays. The selected danta leaves had good ROS-scavenging potential that could indicate massive possibilities for promoting the health of the nutraceutical- and antioxidant-deficit public. The findings showed that danta leaves are a beautiful by-product for contributing as an alternate origin of antioxidants, nutrients, and bioactive compounds with pharmacological use. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Phytochemical Antioxidants in Food)

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26 pages, 2991 KiB

Open AccessReview

Electrochemical Methodologies for Investigating the Antioxidant Potential of Plant and Fruit Extracts: A Review

by Mir Waqas Alam, Jawayria Najeeb, Sumaira Naeem, Sheikh Muhammad Usman, Insha Nahvi, Fai Alismail, Alaaedeen Abuzir, Mohd Farhan and Allah Nawaz

Antioxidants 2022, 11(6), 1205; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11061205 - 20 Jun 2022

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3476

Abstract

In recent years, the growing research interests in the applications of plant and fruit extracts (synthetic/stabilization materials for the nanomaterials, medicinal applications, functional foods, and nutraceuticals) have led to the development of new analytical techniques to be utilized for identifying numerous properties of [...] Read more.

In recent years, the growing research interests in the applications of plant and fruit extracts (synthetic/stabilization materials for the nanomaterials, medicinal applications, functional foods, and nutraceuticals) have led to the development of new analytical techniques to be utilized for identifying numerous properties of these extracts. One of the main properties essential for the applicability of these plant extracts is the antioxidant capacity (AOC) that is conventionally determined by spectrophotometric techniques. Nowadays, electrochemical methodologies are emerging as alternative tools for quantifying this particular property of the extract. These methodologies address numerous drawbacks of the conventional spectroscopic approach, such as the utilization of expensive and hazardous solvents, extensive sample pre-treatment requirements, long reaction times, low sensitivity, etc. The electrochemical methodologies discussed in this review include cyclic voltammetry (CV), square wave voltammetry (SWV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and chronoamperometry (CAP). This review presents a critical comparison between both the conventional and electrochemical approaches for the quantification of the parameter of AOC and discusses the numerous applications of the obtained bioextracts based on the AOC parameter. Full article

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18 pages, 2074 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Differential Induction of Reactive Oxygen Species and Expression of Antioxidant Enzymes in Human Melanocytes Correlate with Melanin Content: Implications on the Response to Solar UV and Melanoma Susceptibility

by Parth R. Upadhyay, Renny J. Starner, Viki B. Swope, Kazumasa Wakamatsu, Shosuke Ito and Zalfa A. Abdel-Malek

Antioxidants 2022, 11(6), 1204; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11061204 - 20 Jun 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3822

Abstract

Constitutive pigmentation determines the response to sun exposure and the risk for melanoma, an oxidative stress–driven tumor. Using primary cultures of human melanocytes, we compared the effects of constitutive pigmentation on their antioxidant response to solar UV. The quantitation of eumelanin and pheomelanin [...] Read more.

Constitutive pigmentation determines the response to sun exposure and the risk for melanoma, an oxidative stress–driven tumor. Using primary cultures of human melanocytes, we compared the effects of constitutive pigmentation on their antioxidant response to solar UV. The quantitation of eumelanin and pheomelanin showed that the eumelanin content and eumelanin to pheomelanin ratio correlated inversely with the basal levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Irradiation with 7 J/cm² solar UV increased ROS generation without compromising melanocyte viability. Among the antioxidant enzymes tested, the basal levels of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and the glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic subunit and modifier subunit (GCLC and GCLM) correlated directly with the eumelanin and total melanin contents. The levels of HO-1 and GCLM decreased at 6 h but increased at 24 h post–solar UV. Consistent with the GCLC and GCLM levels, the basal glutathione (GSH) content was significantly lower in light than in dark melanocytes. The expression of HMOX1, GCLC, GCLM, and CAT did not correlate with the melanin content and was reduced 3 h after solar UV irradiation, particularly in lightly pigmented melanocytes. Solar UV increased p53 and lipid peroxidation, which correlated inversely with the eumelanin and total melanin contents. These intrinsic differences between light and dark melanocytes should determine their antioxidant response and melanoma risk. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Free Radicals, Antioxidants and Melanoma: Where Do We Stand?)

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24 pages, 3921 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Study of the Results of Operations in Patients with Tumor and Non-Tumor Obstructive Jaundice Who Received and Did Not Receive Antioxidant Therapy for the Correction of Endotoxemia, Glycolysis, and Oxidative Stress

by Victor Stupin, Igor Abramov, Teymur Gahramanov, Alexey Kovalenko, Natalia Manturova, Petr Litvitskiy, Zalim Balkizov and Ekaterina Silina

Antioxidants 2022, 11(6), 1203; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11061203 - 20 Jun 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2540

Abstract

Purpose: To compare the results of surgical treatment and changes in biomarkers of cholestasis, endotoxicosis, cytolysis, lipid peroxidation, glycolysis disorders, and inflammation in patients with benign and malignant obstructive jaundice (OJ) in patients receiving and not receiving antioxidant pharmacotherapy (AOT). Patients and methods: [...] Read more.

Purpose: To compare the results of surgical treatment and changes in biomarkers of cholestasis, endotoxicosis, cytolysis, lipid peroxidation, glycolysis disorders, and inflammation in patients with benign and malignant obstructive jaundice (OJ) in patients receiving and not receiving antioxidant pharmacotherapy (AOT). Patients and methods: The study included 113 patients (aged 21–90 years; 47 males and 66 females) who received surgical intervention for OJ due to non-malignant (71%) or malignant tumor (29%) etiologies. Patients were divided into two groups: Group I (n = 61) who did not receive AOT and Group II (n = 51) who received AOT (succinate-containing drug Reamberin) as part of detoxification infusion therapy. The surgical approach and scope of interventions in both groups were identical. Dynamic indicators of endotoxicosis, cholestasis, and cytolysis (total, direct, and indirect bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase [ALT], aspartate aminotransferase [AST], alkaline phosphatase [AP] and gamma-glutamyltransferase [GGT]), kidney function (urea), lipid peroxidation (malonic dialdehyde, MDA), inflammation (leukocytosis), and glycolysis disorders (lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glucose) were evaluated. Results: Tumor jaundice, unlike non-tumor jaundice, persisted and was characterized by a more severe course, a higher level of hyperbilirubinemia, and lipid peroxidation. The prognostic value of the direct (and total) bilirubin, MDA, glycemia, and leukocytosis levels on the day of hospitalization, which increased significantly in severe jaundice and, especially, in deceased patients, was established. Decompression interventions significantly reduced levels of markers of liver failure, cytolysis, cholestasis, and lipid peroxidation on day 3 after decompression by 1.5–3 times from initial levels; this is better achieved in non-tumor OJ. However, 8 days after decompression, most patients did not normalize the parameters studied in both groups. AOT favorably influenced the dynamics (on day 8 after decompression) of total and direct bilirubin, ALT, AST, MDA, and leukocytosis in non-tumor jaundice, as well as the dynamics of direct bilirubin, AST, MDA, glucose, and LDH in tumor jaundice. Clinically, in the AOT group, a two-fold reduction in the operative and non-operative complications was recorded (from 23% to 11.5%), a reduction in the duration of biliary drainage by 30%, the length of stay in intensive care units was reduced by 5 days, and even hospital mortality decreased, especially in malignancy-induced OJ. Conclusion: A mechanism for the development of liver failure in OJ is oxidative stress with the appearance of enhanced lipid peroxidation and accompanied by hepatocyte necrosis. Inclusion of AOT in perioperative treatment in these patients improves treatment outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress in Gastrointestinal Diseases: Challenges and Opportunities)

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21 pages, 3582 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Activation of the MAC1-ERK1/2-NOX2 Pathway Is Required for LPS-Induced Sustaining Reactive Microgliosis, Chronic Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration

by Shih-Heng Chen, Shuangyu Han, Chih-Fen Hu, Ran Zhou, Yun Gao, Dezhen Tu, Huiming Gao, Jing Feng, Yubao Wang, Ru-Band Lu and Jau-Shyong Hong

Antioxidants 2022, 11(6), 1202; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11061202 - 20 Jun 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2306

Abstract

Recent studies suggest that improper resolution of acute neuroinflammation may lead to long-lasting low-grade chronic neuroinflammation and drive progressive neurodegeneration. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the transition from acute to chronic neuroinflammation remains unclear. The main purpose of this study was to search [...] Read more.

Recent studies suggest that improper resolution of acute neuroinflammation may lead to long-lasting low-grade chronic neuroinflammation and drive progressive neurodegeneration. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the transition from acute to chronic neuroinflammation remains unclear. The main purpose of this study was to search for potential pathways mediating LPS-elicited chronic neuroinflammation and resultant neurodegeneration. Using microglia cultures prepared from C57BL/6J, MAC1-deficient, and MyD88-deficient mice, the initial study showed that activation of TLR-4 is not sufficient for maintaining chronic neuroinflammation despite its essential role in LPS-initiated acute neuroinflammation. Opposite to TLR-4, our studies showed significantly reduced intensity of chronic neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and progressive loss of nigral dopaminergic neurons in MAC1-deficient neuron/glial cultures or mice stimulated with LPS. Mechanistic studies revealed the essential role ERK1/2 activation in chronic neuroinflammation-elicited neurodegeneration, which was demonstrated by using an ERK1/2 inhibitor in neuron-glial cultures. Taken together, we propose a key role of the MAC1-NOX2-ERK1/2 signaling pathway in the initiation and maintenance of low-grade chronic neuroinflammation. Continuing ERK1/2 phosphorylation and NOX2 activation form a vicious feedforward cycle in microglia to maintain the low-grade neuroinflammation and drive neurodegeneration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Redox Regulation in Inflammation and Disease)

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15 pages, 2455 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Behavioral and Synaptic Phenotypes of Female Prdx6^−/− Mice

by Tanita Pairojana, Sarayut Phasuk, Pavithra Suresh and Ingrid Y. Liu

Antioxidants 2022, 11(6), 1201; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11061201 - 19 Jun 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2901

Abstract

Peroxiredoxin 6 (PRDX6) is expressed throughout the brain, including the hippocampus, where it plays a potential role in synaptic regulation and forming emotional and spatial memories. PRDX6 is predominantly detected in the female mouse’s hippocampus; thus, we investigate the effect of the Prdx6 [...] Read more.

Peroxiredoxin 6 (PRDX6) is expressed throughout the brain, including the hippocampus, where it plays a potential role in synaptic regulation and forming emotional and spatial memories. PRDX6 is predominantly detected in the female mouse’s hippocampus; thus, we investigate the effect of the Prdx6 gene on behavioral phenotypes and synaptic functions using female Prdx6 knockout (Prdx6^−/−) mice. Our results demonstrate that female Prdx6^−/− mice exhibited anxiety-like behavior, enhanced contextual fear memory, and impaired spatial memory. We also found increased, paired–pulse facilitation ratios, and decreased long-term potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampal region of these female Prdx6^−/− mice. The present study helps to understand better the PRDX6’s role in emotional response and spatial memory formation in female mice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiological and Pathological Significance of Peroxiredoxins)

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22 pages, 2730 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Biofoil Based on Chitosan and Japanese Knotweed (Fallopia japonica, Houtt.) Rhizome Bark Extract

by Katerina Naumoska, Urška Jug, Kristi Kõrge, Ana Oberlintner, Majda Golob, Uroš Novak, Irena Vovk and Blaž Likozar

Antioxidants 2022, 11(6), 1200; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11061200 - 18 Jun 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3436

Abstract

A 70% ethanol_(aq) extract of the rhizome bark of the invasive alien plant species Japanese knotweed (JKRB) with potent (in the range of vitamin C) and stable antioxidant activity was incorporated in 1% w/v into a chitosan biofoil, which was then characterized [...] Read more.

A 70% ethanol_(aq) extract of the rhizome bark of the invasive alien plant species Japanese knotweed (JKRB) with potent (in the range of vitamin C) and stable antioxidant activity was incorporated in 1% w/v into a chitosan biofoil, which was then characterized on a lab-scale. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay confirmed the antioxidant activity of the JKRB biofoil upon contact with the food simulants A, B, C, and D1 (measured half-maximal inhibitory concentrations—IC₅₀) and supported the Folin–Ciocalteu assay result. The migration of the antioxidant marker, (−)-epicatechin, into all food simulants (A, B, C, D1, D2, and E) was quantified using liquid chromatography hyphenated to mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Calculations showed that 1 cm² of JKRB biofoil provided antioxidant activity to ~0.5 L of liquid food upon 1 h of contact. The JKRB biofoil demonstrated antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria. The incorporation of JKRB into the chitosan biofoil resulted in improved tensile strength from 0.75 MPa to 1.81 MPa, while elongation decreased to 28%. JKRB biofoil’s lower moisture content compared to chitosan biofoil was attributed to the formation of hydrogen bonds between chitosan biofoil and JKRB compounds, further confirmed with attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). The JKRB biofoil completely degraded in compost in 11 days. The future upscaled production of JKRB biofoil from biowastes for active packaging may support the fights against plastic waste, food waste, and the invasiveness of Japanese knotweed, while greatly contributing to the so-called ‘zero-waste’ strategy and the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications and Health Benefits of Novel Antioxidant Biomaterials)

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34 pages, 3914 KiB

Open AccessReview

Multi-Target Effects of ß-Caryophyllene and Carnosic Acid at the Crossroads of Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Neurodegeneration: From Oxidative Stress to Microglia-Mediated Neuroinflammation

by Roberto Iorio, Giuseppe Celenza and Sabrina Petricca

Antioxidants 2022, 11(6), 1199; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11061199 - 18 Jun 2022

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 7088

Abstract

Inflammation and oxidative stress are interlinked and interdependent processes involved in many chronic diseases, including neurodegeneration, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. Therefore, targeting inflammatory pathways may represent a potential therapeutic strategy. Emerging evidence indicates that many phytochemicals extracted from edible plants have the [...] Read more.

Inflammation and oxidative stress are interlinked and interdependent processes involved in many chronic diseases, including neurodegeneration, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. Therefore, targeting inflammatory pathways may represent a potential therapeutic strategy. Emerging evidence indicates that many phytochemicals extracted from edible plants have the potential to ameliorate the disease phenotypes. In this scenario, ß-caryophyllene (BCP), a bicyclic sesquiterpene, and carnosic acid (CA), an ortho-diphenolic diterpene, were demonstrated to exhibit anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities, as well as neuroprotective and mitoprotective effects in different in vitro and in vivo models. BCP essentially promotes its effects by acting as a selective agonist and allosteric modulator of cannabinoid type-2 receptor (CB2R). CA is a pro-electrophilic compound that, in response to oxidation, is converted to its electrophilic form. This can interact and activate the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE transcription pathway, triggering the synthesis of endogenous antioxidant “phase 2” enzymes. However, given the nature of its chemical structure, CA also exhibits direct antioxidant effects. BCP and CA can readily cross the BBB and accumulate in brain regions, giving rise to neuroprotective effects by preventing mitochondrial dysfunction and inhibiting activated microglia, substantially through the activation of pro-survival signalling pathways, including regulation of apoptosis and autophagy, and molecular mechanisms related to mitochondrial quality control. Findings from different in vitro/in vivo experimental models of Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease reported the beneficial effects of both compounds, suggesting that their use in treatments may be a promising strategy in the management of neurodegenerative diseases aimed at maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis and ameliorating glia-mediated neuroinflammation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemicals as Modulators of Oxidative Stress-Dependent, Inflammatory Conditions)

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18 pages, 3735 KiB

Open AccessArticle

SOD3 and IL-18 Predict the First Kidney Disease-Related Hospitalization or Death during the One-Year Follow-Up Period in Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease

by Yu-Hsien Liu, Yu-Hsuan Chen, Chi-Hua Ko, Chia-Wen Kuo, Chih-Ching Yen, Wei Chen, Kowit-Yu Chong and Chuan-Mu Chen

Antioxidants 2022, 11(6), 1198; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11061198 - 18 Jun 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2472

Abstract

End-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients experience oxidative stress due to excess exogenous or endogenous oxidants and insufficient antioxidants. Hence, oxidative stress and inflammation cause endothelial damage, contributing to vascular dysfunction and atherosclerosis. Therefore, ESRD patients suffer more cardiovascular and hospitalization events than healthy [...] Read more.

End-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients experience oxidative stress due to excess exogenous or endogenous oxidants and insufficient antioxidants. Hence, oxidative stress and inflammation cause endothelial damage, contributing to vascular dysfunction and atherosclerosis. Therefore, ESRD patients suffer more cardiovascular and hospitalization events than healthy people. This study aims to test the correlations between ROS, SOD3, IL-2, IL-6, and IL-18 and the first kidney disease-related hospitalization or death events in ESRD patients undergoing regular hemodialysis. A total of 212 participants was enrolled, including 45 normal healthy adults and 167 ESRD patients on regular dialysis. Blood samples from all participants were collected for ROS, SOD3, IL-2, IL-6, and IL-18 measurement at the beginning of the study, and every kidney disease-related admission or death was recorded for the next year. Multivariate analysis was conducted by fitting a linear regression model, logistic regression model, and Cox proportional hazards model to estimate the adjusted effects of risk factors, prognostic factors, or predictors on continuous, binary, and survival outcome data. The results showed that plasma SOD3 and serum IL-18 were two strong predictors of the first kidney disease-related hospitalization or death. In the Cox proportional hazards models (run in R), higher IL-18 concentration (>69.054 pg/mL) was associated with a hazard ratio of 3.376 for the first kidney disease-related hospitalization or death (95% CI: 1.2644 to 9.012), while log(SOD3) < 4.723 and dialysis clearance (Kt/V; 1.11 < value < 1.869) had a hazard ratio = 0.2730 (95% CI: 0.1133 to 0.6576) for reducing future kidney disease-related hospitalization or death. Other markers, including body mass index (BMI), transferrin saturation, total iron binding capacity, and sodium and alkaline phosphate, were also found to be significant in our study. These results reveal the new predictors SOD3 and IL-18 for the medical care of end-stage renal disease patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress and Inflammation as Targets for Novel Preventive and Therapeutic Approaches in Non-Communicable Diseases III)

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12 pages, 305 KiB

Open AccessReview

Genotoxic Assessment of Nutraceuticals Obtained from Agricultural Biowaste: Where Do We “AMES”?

by Giorgia Musto, Valentina Laurenzi, Giuseppe Annunziata, Ettore Novellino and Mariano Stornaiuolo

Antioxidants 2022, 11(6), 1197; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11061197 - 18 Jun 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2447

Abstract

Several pharmaceutical companies are nowadays considering the use of agri-food waste as alternative raw material for the extraction of bioactive compounds to include in nutraceuticals and food supplements. This recycling activity is encountering the support of authorities, which are alarmed by air, soil [...] Read more.

Several pharmaceutical companies are nowadays considering the use of agri-food waste as alternative raw material for the extraction of bioactive compounds to include in nutraceuticals and food supplements. This recycling activity is encountering the support of authorities, which are alarmed by air, soil and water pollution generated by agricultural waste disposal. Waste reuse has several economic advantages: (i) its low cost; (ii) its abundance; (iii) the high content of bioactive molecule (antioxidants, minerals, fibers, fatty acids); as well as (iv) the financial support received by governments eager to promote eco-compatible and pollution-reducing practices. While nutraceuticals produced from biowaste are becoming popular, products that have been risk-assessed in terms of safety are quite rare. This despite waste biomass, in virtue of its chemical complexity, could, in many cases, mine the overall safety of the final nutraceutical product. In this review, we summarize the scientific results published on genotoxicity risk-assessment of bioactive compounds extracted from agricultural waste. The review depicts a scenario where the risk-assessment of biowaste derived products is still scarcely diffuse, but when available, it confirms the safety of these products, and lets us envisage their future inclusion in the list of botanicals allowed for formulation intended for human consumption. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agri-Food Wastes as Natural Source of Bioactive Antioxidants)

11 pages, 961 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Early Prediction for Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes Using the Genetic Risk Score and Oxidative Stress Score

by Ximei Huang, Youngmin Han, Kyunghye Jang and Minjoo Kim

Antioxidants 2022, 11(6), 1196; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11061196 - 17 Jun 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2695

Abstract

We aimed to use a genetic risk score (GRS) constructed with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes-related single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and an oxidative stress score (OSS) to construct an early-prediction model for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) incidence in a Korean population. [...] Read more.

We aimed to use a genetic risk score (GRS) constructed with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes-related single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and an oxidative stress score (OSS) to construct an early-prediction model for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) incidence in a Korean population. The study population included 549 prediabetes and T2DM patients and 1036 normal subjects. The GRS was constructed using six prediabetes and T2DM-related SNPs, and the OSS was composed of three recognized oxidative stress biomarkers. Among the nine SNPs, six showed significant associations with the incidence of prediabetes and T2DM. The GRS was profoundly associated with increased prediabetes and T2DM (OR = 1.946) compared with individual SNPs after adjusting for age, sex, and BMI. Each of the three oxidative stress biomarkers was markedly higher in the prediabetes and T2DM group than in the normal group, and the OSS was significantly associated with increased prediabetes and T2DM (OR = 2.270). When BMI was introduced to the model with the OSS and GRS, the area under the ROC curve improved (from 69.3% to 70.5%). We found that the prediction model composed of the OSS, GRS, and BMI showed a significant prediction ability for the incidence of prediabetes and T2DM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Oxidative Stress and Inflammation)

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35 pages, 3017 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Breast Cancer Protooncogenes HER2, BRCA1 and BRCA2 and Their Regulation by the iNOS/NOS2 Axis

by Katie Lin, Stavroula Baritaki, Silvia Vivarelli, Luca Falzone, Aurora Scalisi, Massimo Libra and Benjamin Bonavida

Antioxidants 2022, 11(6), 1195; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11061195 - 17 Jun 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 5042

Abstract

The expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS; NOS2) and derived NO in various cancers was reported to exert pro- and anti-tumorigenic effects depending on the levels of expression and the tumor types. In humans, the breast cancer level of iNOS was reported [...] Read more.

The expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS; NOS2) and derived NO in various cancers was reported to exert pro- and anti-tumorigenic effects depending on the levels of expression and the tumor types. In humans, the breast cancer level of iNOS was reported to be overexpressed, to exhibit pro-tumorigenic activities, and to be of prognostic significance. Likewise, the expression of the oncogenes HER2, BRCA1, and BRCA2 has been associated with malignancy. The interrelationship between the expression of these protooncogenes and oncogenes and the expression of iNOS is not clear. We have hypothesized that there exist cross-talk signaling pathways between the breast cancer protooncogenes, the iNOS axis, and iNOS-mediated NO mutations of these protooncogenes into oncogenes. We review the molecular regulation of the expression of the protooncogenes in breast cancer and their interrelationships with iNOS expression and activities. In addition, we discuss the roles of iNOS, HER2, BRCA1/2, and NO metabolism in the pathophysiology of cancer stem cells. Bioinformatic analyses have been performed and have found suggested molecular alterations responsible for breast cancer aggressiveness. These include the association of BRCA1/2 mutations and HER2 amplifications with the dysregulation of the NOS pathway. We propose that future studies should be undertaken to investigate the regulatory mechanisms underlying the expression of iNOS and various breast cancer oncogenes, with the aim of identifying new therapeutic targets for the treatment of breast cancers that are refractory to current treatments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue NO Role in Evolution: Significance and Signaling)

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21 pages, 856 KiB

Open AccessReview

Extracellular Vesicles and Cancer Therapy: Insights into the Role of Oxidative Stress

by Jenni Ho, Luksana Chaiswing and Daret K. St. Clair

Antioxidants 2022, 11(6), 1194; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11061194 - 17 Jun 2022

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3622

Abstract

Oxidative stress plays a significant role in cancer development and cancer therapy, and is a major contributor to normal tissue injury. The unique characteristics of extracellular vesicles (EVs) have made them potentially useful as a diagnostic tool in that their molecular content indicates [...] Read more.

Oxidative stress plays a significant role in cancer development and cancer therapy, and is a major contributor to normal tissue injury. The unique characteristics of extracellular vesicles (EVs) have made them potentially useful as a diagnostic tool in that their molecular content indicates their cell of origin and their lipid membrane protects the content from enzymatic degradation. In addition to their possible use as a diagnostic tool, their role in how normal and diseased cells communicate is of high research interest. The most exciting area is the association of EVs, oxidative stress, and pathogenesis of numerous diseases. However, the relationship between oxidative stress and oxidative modifications of EVs is still unclear, which limits full understanding of the clinical potential of EVs. Here, we discuss how EVs, oxidative stress, and cancer therapy relate to one another; how oxidative stress can contribute to the generation of EVs; and how EVs’ contents reveal the presence of oxidative stress. We also point out the potential promise and limitations of using oxidatively modified EVs as biomarkers of cancer and tissue injury with a focus on pediatric oncology patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Antioxidants—Aberrant and Signaling Oxidation of Biomolecules)

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11 pages, 1119 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Magnetite Nanoparticles Coated with Aspartic Acid on the Growth, Antioxidant Enzymes Activity and Chlorophyll Content of Maize

by Mihaela Răcuciu, Andreea Tecucianu and Simona Oancea

Antioxidants 2022, 11(6), 1193; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11061193 - 17 Jun 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2418

Abstract

In recent decades, magnetite nanoparticles received greater attention in nanobiotechnology due to wide applications. This study presents the influence of the oxidative stress caused by magnetite nanoparticles coated with aspartic acid (A-MNP) of 9.17 nm mean diameter size, on maize (Zea mays) [...] Read more.

In recent decades, magnetite nanoparticles received greater attention in nanobiotechnology due to wide applications. This study presents the influence of the oxidative stress caused by magnetite nanoparticles coated with aspartic acid (A-MNP) of 9.17 nm mean diameter size, on maize (Zea mays) seedlings, in terms of growth, enzymatic activity and chlorophyll content as evaluated in exposed plant tissues. Diluted suspensions of colloidal magnetite nanoparticles stabilized in water were added to the culture medium of maize seeds, such as to equate nanoparticle concentrations varying from 0.55 mg/L to 11 mg/L. The obtained results showed that the growth of maize was stimulated by increasing the level of A-MNPs. Plant samples treated with different concentrations of A-MNP proved increased activities of catalase and peroxidase, and chlorophyll content, as well. The exposure of plants to magnetite nanoparticles may induce oxidative stress, which activates the plant defense/antioxidant mechanisms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Extraction and Industrial Applications of Antioxidants)

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20 pages, 1602 KiB

Open AccessReview

Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Cytotoxic Activity of Phenolic Compound Family Extracted from Raspberries (Rubus idaeus): A General Review

by Alejandra Vanessa Lopez-Corona, Illeen Valencia-Espinosa, Fabio Antonio González-Sánchez, Angélica Lizeth Sánchez-López, Luis Eduardo Garcia-Amezquita and Rebeca Garcia-Varela

Antioxidants 2022, 11(6), 1192; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11061192 - 17 Jun 2022

Cited by 68 | Viewed by 8626

Abstract

Raspberries (Rubus idaeus) possess a wide phenolic family profile; this serves the role of self-protection for the plant. Interest in these compounds have significantly increased, since they have been classified as nutraceuticals due to the positive health effects provided to consumers. [...] Read more.

Raspberries (Rubus idaeus) possess a wide phenolic family profile; this serves the role of self-protection for the plant. Interest in these compounds have significantly increased, since they have been classified as nutraceuticals due to the positive health effects provided to consumers. Extensive chemical, in vitro and in vivo studies have been performed to prove and validate these benefits and their possible applications as an aid when treating several chronic degenerative diseases, characterized by oxidative stress and an inflammatory response. While many diseases could be co-adjuvanted by the intake of these phenolic compounds, this review will mainly discuss their effects on cancer. Anthocyanins and ellagitannins are known to provide a major antioxidant capacity in raspberries. The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge concerning the phenolic compound family of raspberries, and topics discussed include their characterization, biosynthesis, bioavailability, cytotoxicity, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Berries in Human Health: Antioxidation, Anti-inflammation and Other Modes of Action)

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17 pages, 3463 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of a Carboxymethyl Cellulose Coating Incorporated with an Ethanolic Propolis Extract on the Quality Criteria of Chicken Breast Meat

by Aly Farag El Sheikha, Ayman Younes Allam, Tahra ElObeid, Elham Abdelrahman Basiouny, Ahmad Abdelkaway Abdelaal, Ryszard Amarowicz, Emel Oz, Charalampos Proestos, Emad Karrar and Fatih Oz

Antioxidants 2022, 11(6), 1191; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11061191 - 17 Jun 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3031

Abstract

Recently, the demand for composite edible coatings has increased significantly as a new trend to confront the serious processing and storage problems that always arise regarding chicken meat. We aim to develop a carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) coating containing various concentrations (0, 1, 2, [...] Read more.

Recently, the demand for composite edible coatings has increased significantly as a new trend to confront the serious processing and storage problems that always arise regarding chicken meat. We aim to develop a carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) coating containing various concentrations (0, 1, 2, 3, and 4%) of an ethanolic propolis extract (EPE) to maintain the quality and extend the shelf life of chicken breast meat stored at 2 °C for 16 days. The influence of the CMC and EPE coating on the physicochemical and microbiological quality parameters of chicken breast meat, e.g., pH, color, metmyoglobin (MetMb), lipid oxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substance, TBARS), and microbiological and sensory analyses, was studied. Significantly lower weight loss and pH (p ≤ 0.05) were noted in the coated samples compared with the uncoated samples (control) over the storage period. MetMb content was significantly reduced (p ≤ 0.05) in the coated samples compared to the control. Additionally, the addition of EPE to CMC was more effective in inhibiting microbial growth, preventing lipid oxidation, and keeping the overall acceptability of coated chicken breast meat compared to the control. This work presents CMC and EPE as alternative preservatives to produce active packaging coatings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Use of Natural Antioxidants in Meat Industry)

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3 pages, 191 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Oxidative Stress as a Main Contributor of Retinal Degenerative Diseases

by Isabel Pinilla and Victoria Maneu

Antioxidants 2022, 11(6), 1190; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11061190 - 17 Jun 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1824

Abstract

Retinal degenerative diseases, including inherited retinal dystrophies (IRDs) and acquired multifactorial diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy (DR) or ganglion cell damage secondary to glaucoma or other pathologies, are the main causes of blindness in developed countries [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress in the Retina Diseases)

16 pages, 1575 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Flavonoids from Selaginella doederleinii Hieron and Their Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Activities

by Felix Wambua Muema, Ye Liu, Yongli Zhang, Guilin Chen and Mingquan Guo

Antioxidants 2022, 11(6), 1189; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11061189 - 17 Jun 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3203

Abstract

Selaginella doederleinii Hieron. (S. doederleinii) is a traditional herb that is widely used in China to treat several ailments, but mainly cancer. Studies have been carried out to determine the phytochemicals ascribed to its pharmacological activity. However, both phytochemical and pharmacological profiles [...] Read more.

Selaginella doederleinii Hieron. (S. doederleinii) is a traditional herb that is widely used in China to treat several ailments, but mainly cancer. Studies have been carried out to determine the phytochemicals ascribed to its pharmacological activity. However, both phytochemical and pharmacological profiles have not been fully explored as few compounds have been reported. This study evaluated the flavonoid content of the ethanol extract and its four fractions (petroleum ether, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol) together with their antioxidant activity (DPPH and FRAP assays). Further, the antiproliferative activity was evaluated. Two new secondary metabolites (1 and 3) were isolated from S. doederleinii, which comprised of an apigenin skeleton with a phenyl attached at C-8 of ring A and an acetyl group. Additionally, other known metabolites 2 and 4–16 were isolated, whereby compounds 2, 4, 5, 8, 12, 15, and 16 were reported for the first time in this species. These compounds were evaluated for their antioxidative potentials by both DPPH and FRAP assays, and for their antiproliferative activities by the MTT assay on three human cancer cell lines: colon cancer (HT-29), cervical cancer (HeLa), and lung cancer (A549). Compound 7 exhibited the best activity on the three cancer cell lines (HT-29, HeLa, A549) by inhibiting the rate of growth of the cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner with IC₅₀ values of 27.97, 35.47, and 20.71 µM, respectively. The structure–activity relationship of the pure compounds was highlighted in this study. Hence, the study enriched both the phytochemical and pharmacological profiles of S. doederleinii. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flavonoids and Chronic Diseases)

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22 pages, 7181 KiB

Open AccessReview

Selenium and Selenoproteins at the Intersection of Type 2 Diabetes and Thyroid Pathophysiology

by Francesca Gorini and Cristina Vassalle

Antioxidants 2022, 11(6), 1188; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11061188 - 16 Jun 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4890

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is considered one of the largest global public-health concerns, affecting approximately more than 400 million individuals worldwide. The pathogenesis of T2D is very complex and, among the modifiable risk factors, selenium (Se) has recently emerged as a determinant of [...] Read more.

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is considered one of the largest global public-health concerns, affecting approximately more than 400 million individuals worldwide. The pathogenesis of T2D is very complex and, among the modifiable risk factors, selenium (Se) has recently emerged as a determinant of T2D pathogenesis and progression. Selenium is considered an essential element with antioxidant properties, and is incorporated into the selenoproteins involved in the antioxidant response. Furthermore, deiodinases, the enzymes responsible for homeostasis and for controlling the activity of thyroid hormones (THs), contain Se. Given the crucial action of oxidative stress in the onset of insulin resistance (IR) and T2D, and the close connection between THs and glucose metabolism, Se may be involved in these fundamental relationships; it may cover a dual role, both as a protective factor and as a risk factor of T2D, depending on its basal plasma concentration and the individual’s diet intake. In this review we discuss the current evidence (from experimental, observational and randomized clinical studies) on how Se is associated with the occurrence of T2D and its influence on the relationship between thyroid pathophysiology, IR and T2D. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant Defence in Type 2 Diabetes)

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18 pages, 2788 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Liquid Chromatography–High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (LC-HRMS) Profiling of Commercial Enocianina and Evaluation of Their Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activity

by Larissa Della Vedova, Giulio Ferrario, Francesca Gado, Alessandra Altomare, Marina Carini, Paolo Morazzoni, Giancarlo Aldini and Giovanna Baron

Antioxidants 2022, 11(6), 1187; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11061187 - 16 Jun 2022

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3550

Abstract

Enocianina is an anthocyanin-rich extract obtained from grape pomace. It is widely used as a colorant in the food industry and, in addition to anthocyanins, it also contains a variety of polyphenols. To understand whether enocianina, besides its coloring effect, may offer potential [...] Read more.

Enocianina is an anthocyanin-rich extract obtained from grape pomace. It is widely used as a colorant in the food industry and, in addition to anthocyanins, it also contains a variety of polyphenols. To understand whether enocianina, besides its coloring effect, may offer potential health benefit applications, we aimed to fully characterize the profile of four commercial enocianinas and assess their radical scavenging, enzymatic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis identified 90 phytochemicals. The relative content of each anthocyanin was assessed by a semi-quantitative analysis, with malvidin derivatives being the most abundant. UV-VIS spectroscopy detected total amounts of polyphenols and anthocyanins of 23% and 3.24%, respectively, indicating that anthocyanins represent a minor fraction of total polyphenols. Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that the radical scavenging activity is related to the total polyphenol content and not to anthocyanins. All four enocianinas dose-dependently activate Nrf2, and such activity was correlated with catechol-containing polyphenol content. Finally, all enocianinas showed dose-dependent anti-inflammatory activity, which at the highest concentrations tested was closely related to the total polyphenol content and was explained by radical scavenging, Nrf2 activation, and other mechanisms related to the polyphenolic components. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agri-Food Wastes as Natural Source of Bioactive Antioxidants)

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24 pages, 4112 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preclinical Characterization of Antioxidant Quinolyl Nitrone QN23 as a New Candidate for the Treatment of Ischemic Stroke

by Emma Martínez-Alonso, Alejandro Escobar-Peso, Alicia Aliena-Valero, Germán Torregrosa, Mourad Chioua, Rocío Fernández-Serra, Daniel González-Nieto, Youness Ouahid, Juan B. Salom, Jaime Masjuan, José Marco-Contelles and Alberto Alcázar

Antioxidants 2022, 11(6), 1186; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11061186 - 16 Jun 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2739

Abstract

Nitrones are encouraging drug candidates for the treatment of oxidative stress-driven diseases such as acute ischemic stroke (AIS). In a previous study, we found a promising quinolylnitrone, QN23, which exerted a neuroprotective effect in neuronal cell cultures subjected to oxygen–glucose deprivation and in [...] Read more.

Nitrones are encouraging drug candidates for the treatment of oxidative stress-driven diseases such as acute ischemic stroke (AIS). In a previous study, we found a promising quinolylnitrone, QN23, which exerted a neuroprotective effect in neuronal cell cultures subjected to oxygen–glucose deprivation and in experimental models of cerebral ischemia. In this paper, we update the biological and pharmacological characterization of QN23. We describe the suitability of intravenous administration of QN23 to induce neuroprotection in transitory four-vessel occlusion (4VO) and middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) experimental models of brain ischemia by assessing neuronal death, apoptosis induction, and infarct area, as well as neurofunctional outcomes. QN23 significantly decreased the neuronal death and apoptosis induced by the ischemic episode in a dose-dependent manner and showed a therapeutic effect when administered up to 3 h after post-ischemic reperfusion onset, effects that remained 11 weeks after the ischemic episode. In addition, QN23 significantly reduced infarct volume, thus recovering the motor function in a tMCAO model. Remarkably, we assessed the antioxidant activity of QN23 in vivo using dihydroethidium as a molecular probe for radical species. Finally, we describe QN23 pharmacokinetic parameters. All these results pointing to QN23 as an interesting and promising preclinical candidate for the treatment of AIS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmacology of Antioxidants)

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21 pages, 4105 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Parsley Seed Mitigates Methomyl-Induced Impaired Growth Performance, Hemato-Immune Suppression, Oxidative Stress, Hepato-Renal Damage, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Susceptibility in Oreochromis niloticus

by Walaa El-Houseiny, Samah Attia Algharib, Eman A. A. Mohamed, Mohamed M. M. Metwally, Yasmina K. Mahmoud, Youssef S. Alghamdi, Mohamed Mohamed Soliman, Yasmina M. Abd-Elhakim and Abd Elhakeem El-Murr

Antioxidants 2022, 11(6), 1185; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11061185 - 16 Jun 2022

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3264

Abstract

The present experiment investigated the potential protective role of parsley (Petroselinum crispum) seed meal (PSM) in alleviating methomyl (MET)-adverse impacts on growth, whole-body composition, hematological indicators, hepatorenal function, immune response, oxidative status, and disease resistance to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. For this [...] Read more.

The present experiment investigated the potential protective role of parsley (Petroselinum crispum) seed meal (PSM) in alleviating methomyl (MET)-adverse impacts on growth, whole-body composition, hematological indicators, hepatorenal function, immune response, oxidative status, and disease resistance to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. For this purpose, 225 healthy Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were allotted into five groups (45 fish/group in triplicate). One group was reared in clean water and fed a non-supplemented basal diet, while the other groups were exposed to 20.39 μg L⁻¹ MET and fed a non-fortified basal diet or basal diets supplemented with 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0% of PSM for 60 days. The obtained data revealed significantly lower weight gain, feed intake, and specific growth rate, but higher feed conversion ratio and decreases in crude protein, lipid, and ash contents in the MET-exposed fish. Anemia, leukopenia, lymphocytopenia, and esonipenia were also obvious. Furthermore, MET-exposed fish had significantly higher serum levels of hepatic enzymes and renal damage products. Nevertheless, there was a significant depletion of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and increased malondialdehyde, myeloperoxidase, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels in MET-exposed fish. The MET exposure significantly depressed lysozyme activity, nitric oxide, complement3, acetylcholinesterase activity, total proteins, globulin, and albumin levels in O. niloticus serum. Furthermore, pathological alterations in the liver and kidney were noted. The relative percentage of survival rate in MET-exposed fish was dramatically reduced on day 14 post-challenge with P. aeruginosa. The inclusion of PSM, on the other hand, greatly alleviated most of the MET-related negative effects. Taken together, the dietary intervention with PSM has a promising role in alleviating MET-deleterious impacts, rendering parsley seeds a viable aqua feed additive for O. niloticus. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products: Biological-, Antioxidant Properties and Health Effects)

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12 pages, 2361 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Low-Dose Radiotherapy on the Circulating Levels of Paraoxonase-1-Related Variables and Markers of Inflammation in Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia

by Elisabet Rodríguez-Tomàs, Johana C. Acosta, Laura Torres-Royo, Gabriel De Febrer, Gerard Baiges-Gaya, Helena Castañé, Andrea Jiménez, Carlos Vasco, Pablo Araguas, Junior Gómez, Bárbara Malave, Miguel Árquez, David Calderón, Berta Piqué, Manel Algara, Ángel Montero, Josep M. Simó, Xavier Gabaldó-Barrios, Sebastià Sabater, Jordi Camps, Jorge Joven and Meritxell Arenas Show full author list Hide full author list

Antioxidants 2022, 11(6), 1184; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11061184 - 16 Jun 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2730

Abstract

The aim of our study was to investigate the changes produced by low-dose radiotherapy (LDRT) in the circulating levels of the antioxidant enzyme paraoxonase-1 (PON1) and inflammatory markers in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia treated with LDRT and their interactions with clinical and radiological [...] Read more.

The aim of our study was to investigate the changes produced by low-dose radiotherapy (LDRT) in the circulating levels of the antioxidant enzyme paraoxonase-1 (PON1) and inflammatory markers in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia treated with LDRT and their interactions with clinical and radiological changes. Data were collected from the IPACOVID prospective clinical trial (NCT04380818). The study included 30 patients treated with a whole-lung dose of 0.5 Gy. Clinical follow-up, as well as PON1-related variables, cytokines, and radiological parameters were analyzed before LDRT, at 24 h, and 1 week after treatment. Twenty-five patients (83.3%) survived 1 week after LDRT. Respiratory function and radiological images improved in survivors. Twenty-four hours after LDRT, PON1 concentration significantly decreased, while transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) increased with respect to baseline. One week after LDRT, patients had increased PON1 activities and lower PON1 and TGF-β1 concentrations compared with 24 h after LDRT, PON1 specific activity increased, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and C-reactive protein (CRP) decreased, and CD4+ and CD8+ cells increased after one week. Our results highlight the benefit of LDRT in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia and it might be mediated, at least in part, by an increase in serum PON1 activity at one week and an increase in TGF-β1 concentrations at 24 h. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants in Radiation Protection, Radiobiology and Radiation Therapy)

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Antioxidants, Volume 11, Issue 6 (June 2022) – 179 articles

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