Antioxidants

24 pages, 6781 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanism of Irrigation Before Low-Temperature Exposure on Mitigating the Reduction in Yield Loss and Spikelet Abortion at the Jointing Stage of Wheat

by Yangyang Wang, Mao Wang, Peipei Tian, Dechao Ren, Haiyan Zhang, Geng Ma, Jianzhao Duan, Chenyang Wang and Wei Feng

Antioxidants 2024, 13(12), 1451; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13121451 (registering DOI) - 26 Nov 2024

Abstract

The increasing frequency of low-temperature events in spring, driven by climate change, poses a serious threat to wheat production in Northern China. Understanding how low-temperature stress affects wheat yield and its components under varying moisture conditions, and exploring the role of irrigation before [...] Read more.

The increasing frequency of low-temperature events in spring, driven by climate change, poses a serious threat to wheat production in Northern China. Understanding how low-temperature stress affects wheat yield and its components under varying moisture conditions, and exploring the role of irrigation before exposure to low temperatures, is crucial for food security and mitigating agricultural losses. In this study, four wheat cultivars—semi-spring (YZ4110, LK198) and semi-winter (ZM366, FDC21)—were tested across two years under different conditions of soil moisture (irrigation before low-temperature exposure (IBLT) and non-irrigation (NI)) and low temperatures (−2 °C, −4 °C, −6 °C, −8 °C, and −10 °C). The IBLT treatment effectively reduced leaf wilt, stem breakage, and spikelet desiccation. Low-temperature stress adversely impacted the yield per plant—including both original and regenerated yields—and yield components across all wheat varieties. Furthermore, a negative correlation was found between regenerated and original yields. Semi-spring varieties showed greater yield reduction than semi-winter varieties, with a more pronounced impact under NI compared to IBLT. This suggests that the compensatory regenerative yield is more significant in semi-spring varieties and under NI conditions. As low-temperature stress intensified, the primary determinant of yield loss shifted from grain number per spike (GNPS) to spike number per plant (SNPP) beyond a specific temperature threshold. Under NI, this threshold was −6 °C, while it was −8 °C under IBLT. Low-temperature stress led to variability in fruiting rate across different spike positions, with semi-spring varieties and NI conditions showing the most substantial reductions. Sensitivity to low temperatures varied across spikelet positions: Apical spikelets were the most sensitive, followed by basal, while central spikelets showed the largest reduction in grain number as stress levels increased, significantly contributing to reduced overall grain yield. Irrigation, variety, and low temperature had variable impacts on physiological indices in wheat. Structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis revealed that irrigation significantly enhanced wheat’s response to cold tolerance indicators—such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), proline (Pro), and peroxidase (POD)—while reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Irrigation also improved photosynthesis (Pn), chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm), and leaf water content (LWC), thereby mitigating the adverse effects of low-temperature stress and supporting grain development in the central spike positions. In summary, IBLT effectively mitigates yield losses due to low-temperature freeze injuries, with distinct yield component contributions under varying stress conditions. Furthermore, this study clarifies the spatial distribution of grain responses across different spike positions under low temperatures, providing insights into the physiological mechanisms by which irrigation mitigates grain loss. These findings provide a theoretical and scientific basis for effective agricultural practices to counter spring freeze damage and predict wheat yield under low-temperature stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Recent Progress in Plant Nutrition Research and Plant Physiology)

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12 pages, 1591 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modulatory Effects of Photobiomodulation on Oxidative and Inflammatory Responses in a Murine Model of Periodontitis

by Larissa Trarbach Figueiredo Braga, Isadora Martins Ribeiro, Maria Eduarda de Souza Barroso, Edgar Hell Kampke, Lorena Nascimento Santos Neves, Sara Cecília Andrade, Guilherme Heleodoro Barbosa, Marcella Leite Porto and Silvana Santos Meyrelles

Antioxidants 2024, 13(12), 1450; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13121450 (registering DOI) - 26 Nov 2024

Abstract

Periodontitis, an oral disease initiated by a dysbiotic dental biofilm, has an unclear response to photobiomodulation (PBM) as an adjunctive treatment. This study investigates the effects of PBM on reactive oxygen species (ROS), apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers in a periodontitis model [...] Read more.

Periodontitis, an oral disease initiated by a dysbiotic dental biofilm, has an unclear response to photobiomodulation (PBM) as an adjunctive treatment. This study investigates the effects of PBM on reactive oxygen species (ROS), apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers in a periodontitis model using C57BL/6 mice, divided into four groups: control (C), control + PBM (C + PBM), periodontitis (P), and periodontitis + PBM (P + PBM). An infrared diode laser (808 nm, 133.3 J/cm², 4 J/session) was applied for three days. PBM reduced superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide, and apoptosis in gingival cells, while decreasing systemic inflammation and protein oxidation. In the P + PBM group, pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-12p70 decreased, whereas IL-10 increased, suggesting improvements in oxidative stress and inflammation profiles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants as Weapons to Maintain or Restore Oral Health)

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47 pages, 5001 KiB

Open AccessReview

Research Updates and Advances on Flavonoids Derived from Dandelion and Their Antioxidant Activities

by Xiaocui Zhuang, Wei Shi, Tao Shen, Xiaoyang Cheng, Qilin Wan, Minxia Fan and Dongbao Hu

Antioxidants 2024, 13(12), 1449; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13121449 - 25 Nov 2024

Abstract

As a common medicinal and edible plant, dandelion plays a crucial and significant role in the fields of traditional Chinese medicines, functional foods, healthcare products, daily chemicals, and feed additives, which are closely related to its rich chemical constituents and remarkable biological activities. [...] Read more.

As a common medicinal and edible plant, dandelion plays a crucial and significant role in the fields of traditional Chinese medicines, functional foods, healthcare products, daily chemicals, and feed additives, which are closely related to its rich chemical constituents and remarkable biological activities. Modern studies have demonstrated that dandelion contains all kinds of bioactive constituents, including flavonoids, amino acids, fatty acids, organic acids, phenolic acids, coumarins, lignans, polysaccharides, phytosterols, terpenes, glycoproteins, oligosaccharides, alkaloids, etc. Meanwhile, dandelion has been proven to possess antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antivirus, hypoglycemic, and hypolipidemic properties, as well as the ability to regulate hormone levels and protect some visceral organs. Among them, flavonoids derived from dandelion and their antioxidant activities have received considerable attention. This study reviews dandelion flavonoids and their in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activities by consulting and organizing relevant domestic and international works of literature to provide a scientific and theoretical basis for further research, development, and utilization of dandelion. Full article

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15 pages, 1434 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lithocholic Acid’s Ionic Compounds as Promising Antitumor Agents: Synthesis and Evaluation of the Production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Mitochondria

by Nuri M. Chobanov, Lilya U. Dzhemileva, Usein M. Dzhemilev and Vladimir A. D’yakonov

Antioxidants 2024, 13(12), 1448; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13121448 - 25 Nov 2024

Viewed by 78

Abstract

The development of a methodology for the synthesis of new compounds with antitumor activity represents a significant and priority task within the field of medicinal chemistry. As a continuation of our research group’s earlier studies on the antitumor activity of ionic derivatives of [...] Read more.

The development of a methodology for the synthesis of new compounds with antitumor activity represents a significant and priority task within the field of medicinal chemistry. As a continuation of our research group’s earlier studies on the antitumor activity of ionic derivatives of natural compounds, we have synthesized a series of previously undescribed pyrazole ionic compounds through a series of transformations of lithocholic acid methyl ester. To investigate the biological activity of the newly synthesized lithocholic acid derivatives, a series of modern flow cytometry techniques were employed to assess their cytotoxic activity, effects on the cell cycle, and induction of apoptosis. This included the analysis of alterations in the mitochondrial potential, accumulation of ROS ions in mitochondria, and loss of cytochrome c. These compounds demonstrate promising antitumor activity through their effects on mitochondrial oxidation and phosphorylation processes. These compounds, which we have designated as “soft dissociators”, exhibit enhanced biopharmacological properties relative to the original lithocholic acid molecule. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Natural Products and Phytochemicals in Cancer Prevention and Therapeutics)

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15 pages, 1841 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phenolic Content and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Cultivated and Wild-Type Galium odoratum Extracts in Murine Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages

by Valerija Razzivina, Anna Vasiljeva, Arta Kronberga, Gundars Skudrins, Ilva Nakurte, Marta Zogota, Ieva Mezaka, Osvalds Pugovics, Solveiga Grinberga, Maija Dambrova and Inga Sile

Antioxidants 2024, 13(12), 1447; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13121447 - 25 Nov 2024

Viewed by 149

Abstract

Galium odoratum, commonly known as sweet woodruff, is a perennial herbaceous plant that contains coumarin and is recognized for its medicinal properties. In this study, the influence of sunlight exposure on the phytochemical composition and anti-inflammatory potential of G. odoratum extracts is [...] Read more.

Galium odoratum, commonly known as sweet woodruff, is a perennial herbaceous plant that contains coumarin and is recognized for its medicinal properties. In this study, the influence of sunlight exposure on the phytochemical composition and anti-inflammatory potential of G. odoratum extracts is assessed. The extracts from cultivated and wild-grown plants were analyzed via chromatographic and mass spectrometric methods. In addition, the total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and effects on macrophage polarization were assessed. The results revealed that while coumarin levels remain stable regardless of environmental conditions, phenolic content and antioxidant activity increase significantly under sun-grown conditions, with chlorogenic acid and rutin identified as major contributing compounds. Additionally, the extracts exhibited anti-inflammatory activity, effectively reducing the M1 macrophage population involved in inflammatory responses. These findings suggest that controlled sunlight exposure can enhance the bioactive profile of G. odoratum. This research highlights the critical role of environmental management in optimizing the medicinal properties of G. odoratum, providing a foundation for its future use in natural therapeutic applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring the Interplay of Antioxidant Activity and Phytochemical Composition in Plant Extracts and Bee Products)

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19 pages, 11411 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ginsenoside Rg1 Alleviates Blood–Milk Barrier Disruption in Subclinical Bovine Mastitis by Regulating Oxidative Stress-Induced Excessive Autophagy

by Shanshan Yang, Zihao Fang, Hongwei Duan, Weitao Dong and Longfei Xiao

Antioxidants 2024, 13(12), 1446; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13121446 - 24 Nov 2024

Viewed by 240

Abstract

As a critical disease usually infected by Staphylococcus aureus, with a worldwide effect on dairy animals, subclinical mastitis is characterized by persistence and treatment resistance. During mastitis, the blood–milk barrier (BMB)’s integrity is impaired, resulting in pathogen invasion and milk quality decline. [...] Read more.

As a critical disease usually infected by Staphylococcus aureus, with a worldwide effect on dairy animals, subclinical mastitis is characterized by persistence and treatment resistance. During mastitis, the blood–milk barrier (BMB)’s integrity is impaired, resulting in pathogen invasion and milk quality decline. In this study, it was found that ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1), a natural anti-inflammatory and antioxidant compound derived from ginseng, inhibited the onset of tight junction (TJ) dysfunction and ameliorated lipoteichoic acid (LTA)-induced BMB disruption inside and outside the organisms. According to subsequent mechanistic studies, Rg1 inhibited excessive autophagy and inactivated the NLRP3 inflammasome by blockading ROS generation, thereby alleviating TJ dysfunction. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) was identified as a potential target of Rg1 by means of molecular docking plus network pharmacology analysis. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that Rg1 inhibited the oxidative stress levels by activating PPARγ, and regulating the upstream autophagy-related AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway, thus decreasing excessive in vivo and in vitro autophagy. The ROS/autophagy/NLRP3 inflammasome axis was identified as a promising target for treating subclinical bovine mastitis in this study. In conclusion, Rg1 is proven to alleviate BMB disruption by activating PPARγ to inhibit oxidative stress and subsequent excessive autophagy in the case of subclinical bovine mastitis. Full article

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20 pages, 3507 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Novel Pyrroloquinoline Quinone-Modified Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Selective Cytotoxicity Under X-Ray Irradiation

by Elizaveta A. Zamyatina, Olga A. Goryacheva, Anton L. Popov and Nelli R. Popova

Antioxidants 2024, 13(12), 1445; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13121445 - 24 Nov 2024

Viewed by 419

Abstract

Ionizing radiation leads to the development of oxidative stress and damage to biologically important macromolecules (DNA, mitochondria, etc.), which in turn lead to cell death. In the case of radiotherapy, both cancer cells and normal cells are damaged. In this regard, the development [...] Read more.

Ionizing radiation leads to the development of oxidative stress and damage to biologically important macromolecules (DNA, mitochondria, etc.), which in turn lead to cell death. In the case of radiotherapy, both cancer cells and normal cells are damaged. In this regard, the development of new selective antioxidants is relevant. In this study, we first investigated the redox activity of cerium oxide-pyrroloquinoline quinone nanoparticles (CeO₂@PQQ NPs) and their cytotoxic effects on normal (mouse fibroblasts, L929) and cancer (mouse adenocarcinoma, EMT6/P) cell cultures. Furthermore, the biological activity of CeO₂@PQQ NPs was evaluated in comparison with that of CeO₂ NPs and PQQ. The nanoparticles demonstrated pH-dependent reductions in the content of hydrogen peroxide after X-ray exposure. Our findings indicate that viability of EMT6/P cells was more adversely affected by CeO₂@PQQ NPs at lower concentrations (0.1 μM) compared to L929. Following X-ray irradiation at a dose of 5 Gy, significant changes in mitochondrial potential (by 29%) and decreased glutathione levels (by 32%) were also observed in EMT6/P culture following irradiation and incubation with CeO₂@PQQ NPs. Furthermore, EMT6/P exhibited a 2.5-fold increase in micronuclei and a 2-fold reduction in survival fraction compared to L929. It is hypothesized that CeO₂@PQQ NPs may exhibit selective cytotoxicity and radiosensitizing properties against EMT6/P cancer cells. The findings suggest that CeO₂@PQQ NPs may have potential as a selective redox-active antioxidant/pro-oxidant in response to X-ray radiation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Applications of Nanoantioxidants)

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23 pages, 975 KiB

Open AccessReview

MnSOD Mimetics in Therapy: Exploring Their Role in Combating Oxidative Stress-Related Diseases

by Jovan Grujicic and Antiño R. Allen

Antioxidants 2024, 13(12), 1444; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13121444 - 23 Nov 2024

Viewed by 322

Abstract

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are double-edged swords in biological systems—they are essential for normal cellular functions but can cause damage when accumulated due to oxidative stress. Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), located in the mitochondrial matrix, is a key enzyme that neutralizes superoxide radicals [...] Read more.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are double-edged swords in biological systems—they are essential for normal cellular functions but can cause damage when accumulated due to oxidative stress. Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), located in the mitochondrial matrix, is a key enzyme that neutralizes superoxide radicals (O₂^•−), maintaining cellular redox balance and integrity. This review examines the development and therapeutic potential of MnSOD mimetics—synthetic compounds designed to replicate MnSOD’s antioxidant activity. We focus on five main types: Mn porphyrins, Mn salens, MitoQ10, nitroxides, and mangafodipir. These mimetics have shown promise in treating a range of oxidative stress-related conditions, including cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, and metabolic syndromes. By emulating natural antioxidant defenses, MnSOD mimetics offer innovative strategies to combat diseases linked to mitochondrial dysfunction and ROS accumulation. Future research should aim to optimize these compounds for better stability, bioavailability, and safety, paving the way for their translation into effective clinical therapies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative-Stress in Human Diseases—3rd Edition)

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24 pages, 4589 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Protective Effects of L-Cysteine Against Cisplatin-Induced Oxidative Stress-Mediated Reproductive Damage

by Yi-Fen Chiang, Yi-Tzu Chen, Ko-Chieh Huang, Wei-Lun Hung, Cheng-Pei Chung, Tzong-Ming Shieh, Yun-Ju Huang, Mohamed Ali and Shih-Min Hsia

Antioxidants 2024, 13(12), 1443; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13121443 - 23 Nov 2024

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Abstract

Cisplatin (CIS) is a widely used chemotherapeutic agent, but its side effects, such as oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis, often lead to male reproductive damage. Oxidative stress, primarily caused by the excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), plays a critical role in [...] Read more.

Cisplatin (CIS) is a widely used chemotherapeutic agent, but its side effects, such as oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis, often lead to male reproductive damage. Oxidative stress, primarily caused by the excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), plays a critical role in disrupting testicular homeostasis, resulting in spermatogenic impairment and tissue injury. L-cysteine (CYS), a semi-essential amino acid with potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, may offer protection against CIS-induced oxidative damage. This study aimed to assess the protective potential of CYS against CIS-induced male reproductive toxicity using in vivo and in vitro models. In vitro, treatment of TM3 (Leydig) and TM4 (Sertoli) cells with CIS led to increased ROS levels, reduced cell viability, and elevated apoptosis and inflammation, all of which were significantly ameliorated by subsequent CYS exposure. In vivo, CIS-treated male rats displayed heightened oxidative stress, impaired spermatogenesis, and histopathological damage in reproductive organs. However, CYS administration for 21 days significantly reduced oxidative stress, improved sperm viability, and protected testicular tissues from damage. These findings suggest that CYS has a protective effect against CIS-induced oxidative stress and male reproductive damage, making it a promising therapeutic agent for mitigating CIS-induced reproductive toxicity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effect of Oxidative Stress on Reproduction and Development—2nd Edition)

17 pages, 2522 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Full-Spectrum and Infrared Lighting on Growth, Oxidative Stress, and Cecal Microbiota in Broilers

by Khawar Hayat, Rongjin Zheng, Li Zeng, Zunzhong Ye and Jinming Pan

Antioxidants 2024, 13(12), 1442; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13121442 - 23 Nov 2024

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Abstract

Lighting is crucial for the development of broilers as it affects their growth performance, oxidative stress, and overall health. This study investigates the impact of full-spectrum light, infrared light, and LED white light exposure on the growth performance, oxidative stress markers, and cecal [...] Read more.

Lighting is crucial for the development of broilers as it affects their growth performance, oxidative stress, and overall health. This study investigates the impact of full-spectrum light, infrared light, and LED white light exposure on the growth performance, oxidative stress markers, and cecal microbiota of medium-growth yellow-feathered broilers. A total of 216 medium-growth yellow-feathered chicks (Yuhuang No. 5), five days old, were randomly divided into three groups: 72 chicks in each group, with three replicates of 24 chicks. The birds were raised under different lighting conditions, including LED infrared light (II), full-spectrum therapy light (FB), and LED white light (CG) until day 87. This experiment comprised the early growth phase and measured critical hormones such as Melatonin (Mel), Growth Hormone (GH), and Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH), as well as Malondialdehyde (MDA), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), and Catalase (CAT). Additionally, this study examined the differences in microbiota diversity and composition. The results demonstrated that LED infrared and full-spectrum light exposure significantly (p < 0.05) increased broiler body weight. Particularly, full-spectrum light was effective in comb redness and reducing final comb length and oxidative stress. Furthermore, full-spectrum light improved microbial prosperity and diversity compared with the other lighting conditions. Overall, the findings suggest that full-spectrum lighting is more beneficial for broiler growth, reducing oxidative stress, and promoting gut health compared with LED infrared lighting. These insights can be applied to optimizing broiler farming practices, thereby improving productivity and animal welfare. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress in Poultry Reproduction and Nutrition)

35 pages, 1567 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Neural Palette of Heme: Altered Heme Homeostasis Underlies Defective Neurotransmission, Increased Oxidative Stress, and Disease Pathogenesis

by Adedamola Saidi Soladogun and Li Zhang

Antioxidants 2024, 13(12), 1441; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13121441 - 22 Nov 2024

Viewed by 329

Abstract

Heme, a complex iron-containing molecule, is traditionally recognized for its pivotal role in oxygen transport and cellular respiration. However, emerging research has illuminated its multifaceted functions in the nervous system, extending beyond its canonical roles. This review delves into the diverse roles of [...] Read more.

Heme, a complex iron-containing molecule, is traditionally recognized for its pivotal role in oxygen transport and cellular respiration. However, emerging research has illuminated its multifaceted functions in the nervous system, extending beyond its canonical roles. This review delves into the diverse roles of heme in the nervous system, highlighting its involvement in neural development, neurotransmission, and neuroprotection. We discuss the molecular mechanisms by which heme modulates neuronal activity and synaptic plasticity, emphasizing its influence on ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors. Additionally, the review explores the potential neuroprotective properties of heme, examining its role in mitigating oxidative stress, including mitochondrial oxidative stress, and its implications in neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, we address the pathological consequences of heme dysregulation, linking it to conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and traumatic brain injuries. By providing a comprehensive overview of heme’s multifunctional roles in the nervous system, this review underscores its significance as a potential therapeutic target and diagnostic biomarker for various neurological disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress in Aging and Disease—2nd Edition)

30 pages, 2650 KiB

Open AccessReview

Neuroinflammation in Age-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases: Role of Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress

by Xenia Abadin, Cristina de Dios, Marlene Zubillaga, Elia Ivars, Margalida Puigròs, Montserrat Marí, Albert Morales, Marisa Vizuete, Javier Vitorica, Ramon Trullas, Anna Colell and Vicente Roca-Agujetas

Antioxidants 2024, 13(12), 1440; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13121440 - 22 Nov 2024

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Abstract

A shared hallmark of age-related neurodegenerative diseases is the chronic activation of innate immune cells, which actively contributes to the neurodegenerative process. In Alzheimer’s disease, this inflammatory milieu exacerbates both amyloid and tau pathology. A similar abnormal inflammatory response has been reported in [...] Read more.

A shared hallmark of age-related neurodegenerative diseases is the chronic activation of innate immune cells, which actively contributes to the neurodegenerative process. In Alzheimer’s disease, this inflammatory milieu exacerbates both amyloid and tau pathology. A similar abnormal inflammatory response has been reported in Parkinson’s disease, with elevated levels of cytokines and other inflammatory intermediates derived from activated glial cells, which promote the progressive loss of nigral dopaminergic neurons. Understanding the causes that support this aberrant inflammatory response has become a topic of growing interest and research in neurodegeneration, with high translational potential. It has been postulated that the phenotypic shift of immune cells towards a proinflammatory state combined with the presence of immunogenic cell death fuels a vicious cycle in which mitochondrial dysfunction plays a central role. Mitochondria and mitochondria-generated reactive oxygen species are downstream effectors of different inflammatory signaling pathways, including inflammasomes. Dysfunctional mitochondria are also recognized as important producers of damage-associated molecular patterns, which can amplify the immune response. Here, we review the major findings highlighting the role of mitochondria as a checkpoint of neuroinflammation and immunogenic cell deaths in neurodegenerative diseases. The knowledge of these processes may help to find new druggable targets to modulate the inflammatory response. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress in Aging and Disease—2nd Edition)

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23 pages, 4525 KiB

Open AccessReview

Potential Opportunities for Pharmacogenetic-Based Therapeutic Exploitation of Xanthine Dehydrogenase in Cardiovascular Disease

by Gianmichele Massimo, Nicki Dyson, Fisayo Olotu, Rayomand S. Khambata and Amrita Ahluwalia

Antioxidants 2024, 13(12), 1439; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13121439 - 22 Nov 2024

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Abstract

The majority of naturally occurring mutations of the human gene XDH, are associated with reduced or completely absent xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) activity, leading to a disease known as classical xanthinuria, which is due to the accumulation and excretion of xanthine in urine. [...] Read more.

The majority of naturally occurring mutations of the human gene XDH, are associated with reduced or completely absent xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) activity, leading to a disease known as classical xanthinuria, which is due to the accumulation and excretion of xanthine in urine. Three types of classical xanthinuria have been identified: type I, characterised by XOR deficiency, type II, caused by XOR and aldehyde oxidase (AO) deficiency, and type III due to XOR, AO, and sulphite oxidase (SO) deficiency. Type I and II are considered rare autosomal recessive disorders, a condition where two copies of the mutated gene must be present to develop the disease or trait. In most cases, xanthinuria type I and II result to be asymptomatic, and only occasionally lead to renal failure due to urolithiasis caused by xanthine deposition. However, in the last 10–15 years, new observations have been made about the link between naturally occurring mutations and pathological phenotypes particularly pertinent to cardiovascular diseases (CVD). These links have been attributed to a genetically driven increase of XOR expression and activity that is responsible for what is thought to be damaging uric acid (UA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, nitric oxide (·NO) depletion and endothelial dysfunction. In this review, we discuss the importance of genetics for interindividual variability of XOR expression and activity while focusing mainly on those variants thought to be relevant for CVD. In addition, we discuss the potential exploitation of the genetically driven increase of XOR activity to deliver more beneficial bioavailable ·NO. Finally, we examine the effect that non-synonymous mutations have on the tertiary structure of the protein and consequently on its capacity to interact with glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) localised on the outer surface of endothelial cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue NO and ROS in Redox Signalling)

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16 pages, 1476 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enrichment of Breadsticks with Flavoured Oils: Chemical Composition, Antioxidant Activity and Technological and Sensory Properties

by Vincenzo Sicari, Antonio Mincione, Irene Maria Grazia Custureri, Roberta Pino and Monica Rosa Loizzo

Antioxidants 2024, 13(12), 1438; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13121438 - 22 Nov 2024

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Abstract

The present work compares the physical–chemical, organoleptic and antioxidant characteristics of breadsticks (Bs) prepared in the traditional way (BCs) with extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), and with mace (BMs), ginger (BGs) and turmeric (BTs) flavoured olive oil (FOO). Breadsticks’ water activity (a_w [...] Read more.

The present work compares the physical–chemical, organoleptic and antioxidant characteristics of breadsticks (Bs) prepared in the traditional way (BCs) with extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), and with mace (BMs), ginger (BGs) and turmeric (BTs) flavoured olive oil (FOO). Breadsticks’ water activity (a_w), pH, moisture content (U.R.), total phenol (TPC) and total flavonoid (TFC) content, colorimetric analysis and texture and sensory analysis were used to evaluate the impact of the new recipes on consumer acceptance. The radical scavenging activity was also assessed by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazine (DPPH) and 2,2′-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate (ABTS). The use of FOO influenced breadsticks’ colour with reference to the BG and BT enriched breadsticks, and some variability in free acidity values emerged from the comparison between EVOO and FOO. As expected, peroxide values increased in all enriched breadsticks. Moreover, all flavoured breadsticks were more resistant to lipid oxidation than BCs with an IP value of 92.44, 91.26 and 60.07 h, respectively, for BMs, BGs and BTs. The cooking process of the breadsticks at 180 °C for 25 min did not significantly impact the content of bioactive compounds. BMs showed the highest TPC and TFC with values of 996.32 and 534.41 mg/kg, respectively. Moreover, BMs showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging potential with a value of 393.91 µM TEAC/100 g extract, whereas BGs showed the highest ABTS radical scavenging activity (160.13 µM TEAC/100 g extract). Sensory quantitative descriptive analysis showed the most interesting parameters to be the intensity of toasting for BGs and the intensity of spiciness in BMs. Furthermore, BGs and BTs were found to have a slightly more pungent odour. From the texture assessment, the BC was the crumbliest breadstick, while greater crunchiness was found in the BG and BM samples. Full article

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13 pages, 1855 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Treatment with Pterostilbene Ameliorates the Antioxidant Status of Bovine Spermatozoa and Modulates Cell Death Pathways

by Christos Chavas, Vasiliki G. Sapanidou, Konstantinos Feidantsis, Sophia N. Lavrentiadou, Despoina Mavrogianni, Ioanna Zarogoulidou, Dimitrios J. Fletouris and Maria P. Tsantarliotou

Antioxidants 2024, 13(12), 1437; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13121437 - 22 Nov 2024

Viewed by 308

Abstract

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) play an important role in sperm physiology. They are required in processes such as capacitation and fertilization. However, the exposure of spermatozoa to ROS generated from internal or external sources may create a potentially detrimental redox imbalance. Antioxidant supplementation [...] Read more.

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) play an important role in sperm physiology. They are required in processes such as capacitation and fertilization. However, the exposure of spermatozoa to ROS generated from internal or external sources may create a potentially detrimental redox imbalance. Antioxidant supplementation in semen is now a rather common approach to protect spermatozoa from oxidative stress (OS) during their handling and/or cryopreservation. Supplementation with pterostilbene, a potent antioxidant, protects spermatozoa from OS and ameliorates their post-thawing characteristics and viability. In the present study, we used freezing/thawing as a model of natural ROS overproduction and investigated the molecular mechanisms modulated by pterostilbene. Specifically, bovine frozen/thawed spermatozoa were incubated with 10 or 25 μM pterostilbene for 60 min. Results have shown that in a dose-independent manner, pterostilbene decreased lipid peroxidation and increased intracellular GSH levels. Moreover, pterostilbene ameliorated energy production, as ATP and AMP/ATP levels were restored, and increased autophagy levels through AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation, which finally resulted in the inhibition of apoptotic cell death in bovine spermatozoa when exposed to OS. This study sheds light on spermatozoa redox state, the crosstalk between apoptotic and autophagic pathways, and its role in determining the beneficial or detrimental effect of ROS in spermatozoa. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress in Reproduction of Mammals)

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20 pages, 7440 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Comprehensive Study of Reactive Oxygen Species Explicit Dosimetry for Pleural Photodynamic Therapy

by Hongjing Sun, Yihong Ong, Michele M. Kim, Andreea Dimofte, Sunil Singhal, Keith A. Cengel, Arjun G. Yodh and Timothy C. Zhu

Antioxidants 2024, 13(12), 1436; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13121436 - 22 Nov 2024

Viewed by 274

Abstract

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) relies on the interactions between light, photosensitizers, and tissue oxygen to produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS), primarily singlet oxygen (¹O₂) through Type II photochemical reactions, along with superoxide anion radicals (O₂^•−), hydrogen [...] Read more.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) relies on the interactions between light, photosensitizers, and tissue oxygen to produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS), primarily singlet oxygen (¹O₂) through Type II photochemical reactions, along with superoxide anion radicals (O₂^•−), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), and hydroxyl radicals (^•OH) through Type I mechanisms. Accurate dosimetry, accounting for all three components, is crucial for predicting and optimizing PDT outcomes. Conventional dosimetry tracks only light fluence rate and photosensitizer concentration, neglecting the role of tissue oxygenation. Reactive oxygen species explicit dosimetry (ROSED) quantifies the reacted oxygen species concentration ([ROS]_rx) by explicit measurements of light fluence (rate), photosensitizer concentration, and tissue oxygen concentration. Here we determine tissue oxygenation from non-invasive diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) measurement of tumor blood flow using a conversion factor established preclinically. In this study, we have enrolled 24 pleural PDT patients into the study. Of these patients, we are able to obtain data on 20. Explicit dosimetry of light fluence, Photofrin concentration, and tissue oxygenation concentrations were integrated into the ROSED model to calculate [ROS]_rx across multiple sites inside the pleural cavity and among different patients. Large inter- and intra-patient heterogeneities in [ROS]_rx were observed, despite identical 60 J/cm² light doses, with mean [ROS]_rx,meas of 0.56 ± 0.26 mM for 13 patients with 21 sites, and [ROS]_rx,calc1 of 0.48 ± 0.23 mM for 20 patients with 76 sites. This study presented the first comprehensive analysis of clinical ROSED in pleural mesothelioma patients, providing valuable data on future ROSED based pleural PDT that can potentially produce uniform ROS and thus improve the PDT efficacy for Photofrin-mediated pleural PDT. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reactive Oxygen Species and Growth Factors in Photodynamic Therapy (PDT), Photobiomodulation (PBM), and Radiation Therapy (RT))

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40 pages, 4098 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Differential Biological Effects of Trifolium pratense Extracts—In Vitro Studies on Breast Cancer Models

by Lucian Albulescu, Alexandru Suciu, Mihaela Neagu, Cristiana Tanase and Sevinci Pop

Antioxidants 2024, 13(12), 1435; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13121435 - 22 Nov 2024

Viewed by 287

Abstract

The increasing popularity of herbal supplements emphasizes the need of scientific data regarding their health benefits and possible toxicological concerns. The complexity of botanical extracts, which include thousands of distinct compounds, contributes to the challenging nature of this endeavor. In this study, we [...] Read more.

The increasing popularity of herbal supplements emphasizes the need of scientific data regarding their health benefits and possible toxicological concerns. The complexity of botanical extracts, which include thousands of distinct compounds, contributes to the challenging nature of this endeavor. In this study, we explored the hormetic effects of two Trifolium pratense extracts on breast cell lines. Using a wide range of concentrations (0.1 to 3.33 mg/mL), we analyzed how extracts modulate cellular processes such as viability, proliferation, and oxidative stress on breast adenocarcinoma highly invasive estrogen receptor negative (ER-) and noninvasive ER+ cells, as well as on non-tumorigenic ER- normal cells. The cytotoxicity and real-time cell analysis (RTCA) assays showed that both extracts exercised a biphasic dose effect on adenocarcinoma ER+ and normal ER- cell proliferation and oxidative stress. We report a monotonic dose-dependent cytotoxicity on highly invasive adenocarcinoma ER- cells; the induced apoptosis was based on the pro-oxidant activity of extracts. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by high-dose ethanolic extract was observed in all cells, followed by mitochondria dysfunction. Oxidative stress parameters, such as malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were affected. Our study demonstrates that T. pratense extracts have chemoprevention potential in normal and tumorigenic breast cells by modulating cellular proliferation and oxidative stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring Recent Advances in Plant Extracts: Understanding Antioxidant Mechanisms and Health Benefits)

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15 pages, 1028 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Healthier Lipid Profiles of Japanese Adults, Especially in Women with Elevated High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C), Are Associated with Low HDL-C Peroxide Content

by Loni Berkowitz-Fiebich, Shelby M. Flaherty, Shinobu Kitayama, Mayumi Karasawa, Norito Kawakami, Attilio Rigotti and Christopher L. Coe

Antioxidants 2024, 13(12), 1434; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13121434 - 22 Nov 2024

Viewed by 510

Abstract

Japanese adults typically have healthier lipid profiles than American and European adults and a lower prevalence and later onset of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Many Japanese also have uniquely elevated levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). The following analysis examined the relationship between [...] Read more.

Japanese adults typically have healthier lipid profiles than American and European adults and a lower prevalence and later onset of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Many Japanese also have uniquely elevated levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). The following analysis examined the relationship between HDL-C level and HDL-C peroxide content, a bioindicator of unhealthy lipid metabolism in Japanese adults. Blood samples were collected from 463 participants, 31–84 years of age, who lived in Tokyo. A second blood sample was collected 5 years later from 241 of the participants, allowing us to evaluate the temporal stability of the inverse correlation between HDL-C level and HDL-C peroxide content. Glucoregulation and inflammatory activity were assessed because both can be associated with dyslipidemia and HDL-C dysfunction. Obesity and central adiposity were also considered. Overall, women had healthier HDL-C profiles than men. Elevated HDL-C (>90 mg/dL) was common (16.6%) and found more often in women. Higher HDL-C peroxide content was associated with older age and central adiposity and incremented further when HA1c and CRP were higher. When assessed 5 years later, lower HDL-C peroxide content continued to be evident in adults with higher HDL-C. While similar associations have been described for other populations, most Japanese adults typically had healthier levels of HDL-C with lower HDL-C peroxide content than previously reported for American adults. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant Role of High-Density Lipoprotein)

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15 pages, 3424 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Expressions of Immune Prophenoloxidase (proPO) System-Related Genes Under Oxidative Stress in the Gonads and Stomach of the Mud Crab (Macrophthalmus japonicus) Exposed to Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals

by Ji-Hoon Kim, Kiyun Park, Won-Seok Kim and Ihn-Sil Kwak

Antioxidants 2024, 13(12), 1433; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13121433 - 21 Nov 2024

Viewed by 333

Abstract

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) significantly damage biological systems related to reproductive, neurological, and metabolic functions. Approximately 1000 chemicals are known to possess endocrine-acting properties, including bisphenol A (BPA) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). This study primarily focuses on the potential effects of EDCs on the [...] Read more.

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) significantly damage biological systems related to reproductive, neurological, and metabolic functions. Approximately 1000 chemicals are known to possess endocrine-acting properties, including bisphenol A (BPA) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). This study primarily focuses on the potential effects of EDCs on the transcriptional levels of innate immune prophenoloxidase (proPO) system-related genes under oxidative stress in the gonads and stomach of the mud crab Macrophthalmus japonicus, an indicator species for assessing coastal benthic environments, when exposed to 1 µg L⁻¹, 10 µg L⁻¹, and 30 µg L⁻¹ BPA or DEHP. After EDC exposure, the expression of lipopolysaccharide and β-1,3-glucan-binding protein (LGBP), a pattern recognition protein that activates the proPO system, was upregulated in the stomach of M. japonicus, whereas LGBP gene expression was downregulated in the gonads. In the gonads, which is a reproductive organ, EDC exposure mainly induced the transcriptional upregulation of trypsin-like serine protease (Tryp) at relatively low concentrations. In the stomach, which is a digestive organ, LGBP expression was upregulated at relatively low concentrations of EDCs over 7 days, whereas all proPO system-related genes (LGBP, Tryp, serine protease inhibitor (Serpin), and peroxinectin (PE)) responded to all concentrations of EDCs. These results suggest that the antioxidant and immune defense responses of the proPO system to EDC toxicity may vary, causing different degrees of damage depending on the tissue type in the mud crab. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Oxidative Stress in Environmental Toxicity)

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21 pages, 7859 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Flavonoid Fisetin Alleviates Ovarian Aging of Laying Chickens by Enhancing Antioxidant Capacity and Glucose Metabolic Homeostasis

by Zhaoyu Yang, Jiaxuan Zhang, Qiongyu Yuan, Xinyu Wang, Weidong Zeng, Yuling Mi and Caiqiao Zhang

Antioxidants 2024, 13(12), 1432; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13121432 - 21 Nov 2024

Viewed by 316

Abstract

Oxidative stress is a crucial factor contributing to ovarian follicular atresia and an imbalance in ovarian energy metabolism in poultry, leading to decreased laying performance in aging hens. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a natural flavonoid, fisetin, on laying performance, [...] Read more.

Oxidative stress is a crucial factor contributing to ovarian follicular atresia and an imbalance in ovarian energy metabolism in poultry, leading to decreased laying performance in aging hens. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a natural flavonoid, fisetin, on laying performance, ovarian redox status, and energy metabolism in laying chickens. The results showed that dietary fisetin supplementation improved egg production and eggshell quality in aging laying chickens, reduced follicular atresia rate, promoted ovarian cell proliferation, elevated serum estrogen and progesterone levels, restored ovarian antioxidant capacity, and improved energy metabolism. Furthermore, fisetin treatment increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes by inhibiting NF-κB signaling and COX-2 expression while promoting SIRT1 expression in the H₂O₂-induced small white follicle (SWF). Additionally, fisetin significantly enhanced the anti-apoptotic capacity of SWF and promoted glucose catabolism by activating the AKT and JNK signaling pathways. In summary, fisetin supplementation can alleviate ovarian oxidative stress in aging laying chickens by upregulating SIRT1 expression and inhibiting NF-κB signaling. The activation of AKT and JNK signaling pathways by fisetin contributes to the balance of energy metabolism and promotion of follicular development in the ovaries of aging laying chickens, thereby retarding ovarian aging in poultry production. Full article

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17 pages, 4383 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thiol-Based Redox Molecules: Potential Antidotes for Acrylamide Toxicity

by Valeria Martin, Michael Trus and Daphne Atlas

Antioxidants 2024, 13(12), 1431; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13121431 - 21 Nov 2024

Viewed by 233

Abstract

Acrylamide (ACR) is a low-molecular weight, non-aromatic reagent, widely used in industry, such as in the manufacture of paper, textiles, plastics, cosmetics, and dyes. ACR is formed during the cooking of starchy food and its toxicity results mainly by conferring oxidative stress by [...] Read more.

Acrylamide (ACR) is a low-molecular weight, non-aromatic reagent, widely used in industry, such as in the manufacture of paper, textiles, plastics, cosmetics, and dyes. ACR is formed during the cooking of starchy food and its toxicity results mainly by conferring oxidative stress by elevating reactive oxygen species (ROS). To identify potential antidotes for ACR toxicity, we evaluated the efficacy of several thiol-based molecules known for ROS-scavenging, disulfide-reducing properties, and inhibition of oxidative stress-induced activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs): the extracellular-signal-regulated-kinases (ERK1/2), p38-mitogen-activated-protein-kinases (p38^MAPK), and c-Jun-N-terminal-kinases (JNKs). We established a reproducible assay testing N-acetylcysteine (NAC), AD4/NACA, and the N-and C-blocked tri- and tetra-thioredoxin-mimetic (TXM) peptides, in PC12 cells. Our results demonstrate that these compounds exhibited high efficacy in suppressing ACR-induced MAPK activation, either prior to or subsequent to ACR exposure. The inhibition by single cysteine (Cys) residue, NAC and AD4/NACA (NAC-amide), 2 Cys peptides TXM-CB30, AcDCys-Gly-DCysNH₂, TXM-CB20, AcCys-Gly-CysNH₂, SuperDopa (SD, Ac-CysL-Levodopa-CysNH₂, TXM-CB13, AcCys-Met-Lys-CysNH₂, and a 3-Cys peptide, TXM-CB16, AcCys-γGlu-Cys-CysNH₂ was dose-dependent and potency displayed a direct correlation with the number of Cys residues. Cellular proteolysis of SD, which consists of levodopa flanked by two Cys, may suppress the manifestation of Parkinson’s disease (PD)-like symptoms mediated by chronic ACR exposure not only through lowering oxidative stress but also by replenishing cellular levels of dopamine. Overall, these results could advance the clinical application of TXM peptides as potential treatments for acute and/or chronic exposure to ACR and show promise as antidotes for preventing ACR-triggered PD-like neurotoxic symptoms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section ROS, RNS and RSS)

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16 pages, 1875 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Initial Glutathione Depletion During Short-Term Bed Rest: Pinpointing Synthesis and Degradation Checkpoints in the γ-Glutamyl Cycle

by Filippo Giorgio Di Girolamo, Filippo Mearelli, Mariella Sturma, Nicola Fiotti, Kaja Teraž, Alja Ivetac, Alessio Nunnari, Pierandrea Vinci, Boštjan Šimunič, Rado Pišot and Gianni Biolo

Antioxidants 2024, 13(12), 1430; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13121430 - 21 Nov 2024

Viewed by 281

Abstract

Hypokinesia triggers oxidative stress and accelerates the turnover of the glutathione system via the γ-glutamyl cycle. Our study aimed to identify the regulatory checkpoints controlling intracellular glutathione levels. We measured the intermediate substrates of the γ-glutamyl cycle in erythrocytes from 19 healthy young [...] Read more.

Hypokinesia triggers oxidative stress and accelerates the turnover of the glutathione system via the γ-glutamyl cycle. Our study aimed to identify the regulatory checkpoints controlling intracellular glutathione levels. We measured the intermediate substrates of the γ-glutamyl cycle in erythrocytes from 19 healthy young male volunteers before and during a 10-day experimental bed rest. Additionally, we tracked changes in glutathione levels and specific metabolite ratios up to 21 days of bed rest. Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and the internal standard technique, we observed a 9 ± 9% decrease in glutathione levels during the first 5 days of bed rest, followed by an 11 ± 9% increase from the 5th to the 10th day, nearly returning to baseline ambulatory levels. The cysteinyl-glycine-to-glutathione ratio, reflecting γ-glutamyl cyclotransferase activity (a key enzyme in glutathione breakdown), rose by 14 ± 22% in the first 5 days and then fell by 10 ± 14% over the subsequent 5 days, again approaching baseline levels. Additionally, the γ-glutamyl cysteine-to-cysteine ratio, indicative of γ-glutamyl cysteine synthetase activity (crucial for glutathione synthesis), increased by 12 ± 30% on day 5 and by 29 ± 41% on day 10 of bed rest. The results observed on day 21 of bed rest confirm those seen on day 10. By calculating the ratio of product concentration to precursor concentration, we assessed the efficiency of these key enzymes in glutathione turnover. These results were corroborated by directly measuring glutathione synthesis and degradation rates in vivo using stable isotope techniques. Our findings reveal significant changes in glutathione kinetics during the initial days of bed rest and identify potential therapeutic targets for maintaining glutathione levels. Full article

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Antioxidants, Volume 13, Issue 12 (December 2024) – 22 articles

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