Challenges

20 pages, 1766 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transitioning to Sustainable Healthcare: Decarbonising Healthcare Clinics, a Literature Review

by David Duindam

Challenges 2022, 13(2), 68; https://doi.org/10.3390/challe13020068 - 19 Dec 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 6415

Background: Climate change is one of the largest threats to human health and well-being globally. The healthcare industry itself currently contributes to fueling the climate crisis with its emissions and material consumption. There has been much research on decarbonising hospitals ecological/carbon footprints but [...] Read more.

Background: Climate change is one of the largest threats to human health and well-being globally. The healthcare industry itself currently contributes to fueling the climate crisis with its emissions and material consumption. There has been much research on decarbonising hospitals ecological/carbon footprints but very limited study on ways to assist healthcare clinics in transitioning to a low-carbon healthcare system. Methods: A structured literature review was conducted, and the results analysed. Results: The literature review revealed four important areas to act upon to decarbonise a healthcare clinic most efficiently. These are: energy use, waste minimisation/management, the behaviors/attitudes of staff, and decarbonising the supply chain. Conclusions: The pooled literature reveals an evidence-based set of recommendations or guiding principles to decarbonise healthcare clinics the most effectively. To maximise operational effectiveness, how this is achieved will differ between clinics. Although this research is written with reference to Australia, these identified ini-tiatives are likely to be relatable to many other countries healthcare systems. Decarbonising health clinics will contribute to a sector-wide transition to more sustainable healthcare that will lead to improved environmental, social, economic and health outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Planetary Health: Building the Field and Growing the Movement (Including Manuscripts 2022 Planetary Health Annual Meeting and Festival))

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7 pages, 1060 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Challenges and Adverse Effects of Wearing Face Masks in the COVID-19 Era

by Francis Gyapong, Ethel Debrah, Maame Oforiwaa, Abiola Isawumi and Lydia Mosi

Challenges 2022, 13(2), 67; https://doi.org/10.3390/challe13020067 - 19 Dec 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 13629

Abstract

Background: The use of face masks was a significant part of the WHO COVID-19 preventive protocols. While their usage has been effective, lack of adherence by individuals has been associated with discomfort and adverse side effects. This might facilitate unnecessary exposure to the [...] Read more.

Background: The use of face masks was a significant part of the WHO COVID-19 preventive protocols. While their usage has been effective, lack of adherence by individuals has been associated with discomfort and adverse side effects. This might facilitate unnecessary exposure to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, thereby increasing the incidence of COVID-19. This study assessed the side effects of prolonged mask-wearing and offers recommendations for present and future pandemics. Methods: Adverse side effects of face masks were evaluated from November 2021 to February 2022 with a structured Google Forms online questionnaire. The survey targeted regular and occasional face mask users around the world. All responders anonymously completed the survey, which included ten structured questions with a sub-section on the effects of the continuous use of face masks. The information obtained was analyzed using descriptive statistics, and the data were presented in graphs. Results: Almost 60% (1243) of the 2136 participants indicated discomfort while using face masks. Breathing difficulties and pain around the ears were cited as major causes of discomfort, accounting for 32% and 22%, respectively, of responses. Headaches were reported by 26.8% (572) of the respondents, with 44.6% experiencing one within 1 h of wearing a mask. Nine hundred and eight (908) respondents experienced nasal discomfort, while 412 individuals reported various skin-related discomfort, including excessive sweating around the mouth and acne. Conclusions: This study provides baseline data as to why there was less adherence to face mask use which includes headaches, skin irritation, ear pains, breathing difficulties, sore throat, dry eyes, and increased sweating around the mouth. As a result, this may contribute to an increased risk of infection. While COVID-19 lingers and the management of its undesirable effects persists into the future, it is vital that a superior mask design, concentrating on safety, comfort, and tolerability, be developed. Full article

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11 pages, 1750 KiB

Open AccessViewpoint

Tackling AMR: A Call for a(n Even) More Integrated and Transdisciplinary Approach between Planetary Health and Earth Scientists

by Jennifer Cole, Adam Eskdale and Jonathan D. Paul

Challenges 2022, 13(2), 66; https://doi.org/10.3390/challe13020066 - 15 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2273

Abstract

Antibiotic resistance is a pressing global, one health and planetary health challenge. Links between climate change, antibiotic use, and the emergence of antibiotic resistance have been well documented, but less attention has been given to the impact(s) of earth systems on specific bacterial [...] Read more.

Antibiotic resistance is a pressing global, one health and planetary health challenge. Links between climate change, antibiotic use, and the emergence of antibiotic resistance have been well documented, but less attention has been given to the impact(s) of earth systems on specific bacterial livestock diseases at a more granular level. Understanding the precise impacts of climate change on livestock health—and in turn the use of antibiotics to address that ill-health—is important in providing an evidence base from which to tackle such impacts and to develop practical, implementable, and locally acceptable solutions within and beyond current antibiotic stewardship programs. In this paper, we set out the case for better integration of earth scientists and their specific disciplinary skill set (specifically, problem-solving with incomplete/fragmentary data; the ability to work across four dimensions and at the interface between the present and deep/geological time) into planetary health research. Then, using a case study from our own research, we discuss a methodology that makes use of risk mapping, a common methodology in earth science but less frequently used in health science, to map disease risk against changing climatic conditions at a granular level. The aim of this exercise is to argue that, by enabling livestock farmers, veterinarians, and animal health observatories to better predict future disease risk and risk impacts based on predicted future climate conditions, earth science can help to provide an evidence base from which to influence policy and develop mitigations. Our example—of climate conditions’ impact on livestock health in Karnataka, India—clearly evidences the benefit of integrating earth scientists into planetary health research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Planetary Health)

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9 pages, 221 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Public Perception of Epilepsy in Rural Limpopo and Mpumalanga Provinces: A Quantitative Study on Knowledge, Awareness, and Attitudes

by Ofhani Prudance Musekwa, Lufuno Makhado and Angelina Maphula

Challenges 2022, 13(2), 65; https://doi.org/10.3390/challe13020065 - 15 Dec 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2060

Abstract

Although epilepsy is a common non-communicable neurological disease, lack of knowledge, awareness, and negative attitudes of it abound. This study aimed to explore public awareness, knowledge, and attitudes towards epilepsy and people living with epilepsy (PLWE). RaoSoft software was used to calculate the [...] Read more.

Although epilepsy is a common non-communicable neurological disease, lack of knowledge, awareness, and negative attitudes of it abound. This study aimed to explore public awareness, knowledge, and attitudes towards epilepsy and people living with epilepsy (PLWE). RaoSoft software was used to calculate the sample size, and 4290 respondents were included. The researchers employed a non-experimental quantitative survey method. Data were collected using a questionnaire, and descriptive and regression analyses were performed. Most respondents had a secondary education without grade 12 (45.2%); 79.6% were unemployed in Limpopo and 70.5% in Mpumalanga. This study had a 95.3% response rate. Both provinces displayed low knowledge of epilepsy (48.2%; mean = 5.99; SD = 2.38). Only 41% demonstrated awareness, and 56.7% had a positive attitude towards epilepsy (mean= 4.67; SD = 1.90). The findings revealed positive correlations between demographic factors and overall knowledge, awareness, and attitude. In addition, demographic factors, such as level of education and employment status, may be associated with an individual’s knowledge, awareness, and attitudes towards epilepsy. This study concluded that, despite individuals’ awareness of epilepsy, their levels of knowledge were low, and many (43.3%) had a negative attitude regarding the disease. In the two provinces investigated, the study highlighted the need for epilepsy education to empower the public and improve the quality of life of PLWE and their families. Full article

27 pages, 451 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Framework for Inner-Outer Sustainability Assessment

by Kira J. Cooper and Robert B. Gibson

Challenges 2022, 13(2), 64; https://doi.org/10.3390/challe13020064 - 13 Dec 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5154

Abstract

Calls for systemic transformations have become prevalent throughout sustainability discourse. Increasingly, these calls point towards consciousness expanding practices and interventions, such as mindfulness, to support the development of individual understandings, skills, and capacities that are conducive to more sustainable ways of being and [...] Read more.

Calls for systemic transformations have become prevalent throughout sustainability discourse. Increasingly, these calls point towards consciousness expanding practices and interventions, such as mindfulness, to support the development of individual understandings, skills, and capacities that are conducive to more sustainable ways of being and doing. The growing interest in leveraging inner capacities, including mindsets, worldviews, values, and beliefs for sustainability transformations emerges from concerns that conventional approaches are failing to align social and ecological systems towards long-term viability. Interest in these consciousness-driven transformations is spreading, particularly in governments and prominent organisations. Tempering this enthusiasm are concerns that untethered from moral and ethical guidelines as well as caring understanding of local and global prospects for lasting wellbeing, mindfulness programs, workshops, and interventions for inner transformation can inadvertently strengthen unsustainable systems and deepen inequities. Accordingly, this paper presents an exploratory assessment framework to increase understandings of how events focused on interventions for inner transformation align with broad sustainability requirements. Findings from application of the framework should help to elucidate how these offerings can disrupt normative ways of thinking and doing, and in turn, positively influence multi-scalar transformations. Furthermore, use of the assessment process to plan and/or evaluate inner development offerings is anticipated to help strengthen progress towards sustainability and reduce adverse trade-offs that might undermine positive systemic transformations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Relationship between Sustainability and Inner Development: Towards More Integrative Worldviews, Paradigms, and Actions)

7 pages, 253 KiB

Open AccessViewpoint

The Correlations among Dietary Lifestyle, Microecology, and Mind-Altering Toxoplasmosis on the Health of People, Place, and the Planet

by Vanessa de Araujo Goes, Yusuf Amuda Tajudeen and Mona Said El-Sherbini

Challenges 2022, 13(2), 63; https://doi.org/10.3390/challe13020063 - 5 Dec 2022

Viewed by 2257

Abstract

Being one of the most common foodborne protozoa worldwide, chronic toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) could contribute significantly to the etiology of several mental disorders. The neurotropic parasite can directly influence the gut microbiota, causing inflammation with subsequent degradation [...] Read more.

Being one of the most common foodborne protozoa worldwide, chronic toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) could contribute significantly to the etiology of several mental disorders. The neurotropic parasite can directly influence the gut microbiota, causing inflammation with subsequent degradation of tryptophan required for parasite growth. Research in humans and animals shows that the gut microbiome is involved in the regulation of brain serotonergic pathways through the microbiota–gut–brain axis. Since the serotonin system is extensively interconnected with the body’s master clock through neuronal networks, the microbiota has been suggested as a potential mediator, fine-tuning circadian misalignment, following a reciprocal relationship with human eating patterns. Furthermore, adherence to an intermittent fasting diet can improve the serotonin biosynthesis pathway in the intestines and improve cognitive function. This review aims to explain the role of fasting in parasite-driven gut microbiome perturbation and the mechanisms by which Toxoplasma infection alters brain function. Due to its significant impact on social–economic status, diet patterns, microbiota disruption, circadian rhythm, chronic inflammation, and mental disorders, toxoplasmosis is an underestimated threat that could be prevented by simple lifestyle changes through educational actions. Furthermore, there are few research studies that address toxoplasmosis-induced mental disorders from a holistic perspective. Thus, a planetary health lens is needed to understand these correlations that directly relate to the promotion of a resilient and empathic civilization, crucial to enabling a flourishing healthy society on all scales. Full article

17 pages, 361 KiB

Open AccessViewpoint

The Medical Education Planetary Health Journey: Advancing the Agenda in the Health Professions Requires Eco-Ethical Leadership and Inclusive Collaboration

by Michelle McLean, Georgia Behrens, Hannah Chase, Omnia El Omrani, Finola Hackett, Karly Hampshire, Nuzhat Islam, Sarah Hsu and Natasha Sood

Challenges 2022, 13(2), 62; https://doi.org/10.3390/challe13020062 - 1 Dec 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3669

Abstract

Climate change and the declining state of the planet’s ecosystems, due mainly to a global resource-driven economy and the consumptive lifestyles of the wealthy, are impacting the health and well-being of all Earth’s inhabitants. Although ‘planetary health’ was coined in 1980, it was [...] Read more.

Climate change and the declining state of the planet’s ecosystems, due mainly to a global resource-driven economy and the consumptive lifestyles of the wealthy, are impacting the health and well-being of all Earth’s inhabitants. Although ‘planetary health’ was coined in 1980, it was only in the early 2000s that a call came for a paradigm shift in medical education to include the impact of ecosystem destabilization and the increasing prevalence of vector-borne diseases. The medical education response was, however, slow, with the sustainable healthcare and climate change educational agenda driven by passionate academics and clinicians. In response, from about 2016, medical students have taken action, developing much-needed learning outcomes, resources, policies, frameworks, and an institutional audit tool. While the initial medical education focus was climate change and sustainable healthcare, more recently, with wider collaboration and engagement (Indigenous voices, students, other health professions, community), there is now planetary health momentum. This chronological account of the evolution of planetary health in medical education draws on the extant literature and our (an academic, students, and recent graduates) personal experiences and interactions. Advancing this urgent educational agenda, however, requires universities to support inclusive transdisciplinary collaboration among academics, students and communities, many of whom are already champions and eco-ethical leaders, to ensure a just and sustainable future for all of Earth’s inhabitants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Planetary Health: Building the Field and Growing the Movement (Including Manuscripts 2022 Planetary Health Annual Meeting and Festival))

15 pages, 2371 KiB

Open AccessViewpoint

Tapestry Thinking: An Interview with Dr. Nalini Nadkarni on an Unexpected Life in Science

by Alan C. Logan and Nalini M. Nadkarni

Challenges 2022, 13(2), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/challe13020061 - 19 Nov 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2704

Abstract

In the ongoing series of Nova Interviews, Challenges Advisory Board member Alan C. Logan meets with thought leaders, scientists, scholars, healthcare professionals, artisans and visionaries concerned about health at the scales of persons, places, and the planet. In this interview, Dr. Nalini M. [...] Read more.

In the ongoing series of Nova Interviews, Challenges Advisory Board member Alan C. Logan meets with thought leaders, scientists, scholars, healthcare professionals, artisans and visionaries concerned about health at the scales of persons, places, and the planet. In this interview, Dr. Nalini M. Nadkarni, of the University of Utah, responds to a set of questions posed by Nova for Challenges. For over forty years, Dr. Nadkarni has been studying the fragility and resiliency of rainforest ecosystems. During this time, Dr. Nadkarni has prioritized science communication with an emphasis on highlighting the interdisciplinary relevancy of research findings. Dr. Nadkarni has worked to promote an integrative way of thinking about the various branches of science and medicine, with an eye toward shifting public policy. Her research career has taken her where only a small minority of scientists have traveled—from remote cloud forests to segregated housing within prison facilities. Dr. Nadkarni successfully challenged the Mattel Corporation to update their globally-recognized toy, Barbie, with women in science in mind. Here, Dr. Nadkarni reflects on the early influences that shaped her career, updates Challenges on the latest directions of her work, and discusses the ways in which the canopy ecosystem can help us understand the complex interconnected challenges of our time. Full article

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11 pages, 276 KiB

Open AccessViewpoint

Emerging Arboviruses of Public Health Concern in Africa: Priorities for Future Research and Control Strategies

by Yusuf Amuda Tajudeen, Habeebullah Jayeola Oladipo, Iyiola Olatunji Oladunjoye, Rashidat Onyinoyi Yusuf, Hammed Sodiq, Abass Olawale Omotosho, Damilola Samuel Adesuyi, Sodiq Inaolaji Yusuff and Mona Said El-Sherbini

Challenges 2022, 13(2), 60; https://doi.org/10.3390/challe13020060 - 18 Nov 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5147

Abstract

Arboviruses are most prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions, where arthropods are widespread. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that the mortality burden of arbovirus diseases, such as yellow fever in Africa, was 84,000–170,000 severe cases and 29,000–60,000 deaths in 2013. These epidemics [...] Read more.

Arboviruses are most prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions, where arthropods are widespread. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that the mortality burden of arbovirus diseases, such as yellow fever in Africa, was 84,000–170,000 severe cases and 29,000–60,000 deaths in 2013. These epidemics emphasize the urgent need for integrated control and prevention of arboviral diseases. Challenges in managing and controlling arboviral diseases in Africa are mainly attributed to poor insect vector control, insecticide resistance, and poor sanitation and solid waste management. The removal or reduction of mosquito populations amongst susceptible individuals is identified as the most effective measure to control many vector-borne diseases. Current public health needs call for efficient vector control programs and maintenance of adequate surveillance systems through the availability of trained personnel and rapid diagnostic facilities, providing an interdisciplinary response to control and mitigate the threats of emerging and re-emerging arboviruses. Furthermore, research priorities should focus on understanding the factors responsible for adaptation to other vectors, determinants of infection and transmission, and the development of high efficiency antiviral molecules or candidate vaccines. Here, we explore and review our current understanding of arboviruses of public health importance in Africa, with a focus on emerging arboviruses, their arthropod vectors, and the epidemiology of major arboviruses. Finally, we appraise the role of planetary health in addressing the threat of arboviruses and identify other priority areas of research for effective control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Planetary Health: Building the Field and Growing the Movement (Including Manuscripts 2022 Planetary Health Annual Meeting and Festival))

5 pages, 174 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Challenges in Work and Employment during the COVID-19 Pandemic

by Satu Kalliola and Tuula Heiskanen

Challenges 2022, 13(2), 59; https://doi.org/10.3390/challe13020059 - 14 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3460

Abstract

Since 2019, we have been living and working in close connection with the threat of an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges in Work and Employment during the COVID-19 Pandemic)

23 pages, 3635 KiB

Open AccessViewpoint

Education for Human Flourishing—A New Conceptual Framework for Promoting Ecosystemic Wellbeing in Schools

by Wendy Ellyatt

Challenges 2022, 13(2), 58; https://doi.org/10.3390/challe13020058 - 9 Nov 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 14614

Abstract

Debates about the true purpose of education have increased globally in recent years, with climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic accelerating interest in the subject. It has become clear that education systems play a vital role not only in shaping the values, mindsets [...] Read more.

Debates about the true purpose of education have increased globally in recent years, with climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic accelerating interest in the subject. It has become clear that education systems play a vital role not only in shaping the values, mindsets and ethical behaviours that we need for caring and responsible societies, but also in influencing our everyday interactions with the environment. To that end, wellbeing always concerns the triple nature of self, others and the natural world and there is increasing recognition of the need to move from a primary focus on personal happiness and attainment to a more balanced interest in the optimisation of human flourishing within the context of sustainable and regenerative futures. This article introduces the educational work of the Flourish Project, exploring the degree to which schools need to be understood as living systems and the way curricular frameworks, as they currently stand, may be inadvertently contributing to human languishing rather than flourishing. It explains the thinking behind the Flourish Model and describes the way in which the educational aspect of the Flourish Project hopes to contribute not only to the ongoing debate concerning the role of flourishing in education, but also to the growing global interest in the Inner Development Goals (IDGs) as skills and qualities that are vital for purposeful, sustainable, and productive lives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Relationship between Sustainability and Inner Development: Towards More Integrative Worldviews, Paradigms, and Actions)

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17 pages, 2362 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Understanding the Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Healthcare Professionals toward Climate Change and Health in Minnesota

by Madison Kircher, Brenna M. Doheny, Kristin Raab, Emily Onello, Stephanie Gingerich and Teddie Potter

Challenges 2022, 13(2), 57; https://doi.org/10.3390/challe13020057 - 1 Nov 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4714

Abstract

Climate change is an urgent public health issue that is impacting health locally and across the world. Healthcare professionals are on the front lines for public health, caring for people affected by climate change; yet few studies have assessed their knowledge and experiences [...] Read more.

Climate change is an urgent public health issue that is impacting health locally and across the world. Healthcare professionals are on the front lines for public health, caring for people affected by climate change; yet few studies have assessed their knowledge and experiences of local climate change effects. The purpose of this study was to improve our understanding of the health impacts of climate change in Minnesota from the perspective of healthcare professionals. An electronic survey was administered by the Minnesota Department of Health (MDH) to a convenience sample of Board-certified nurses and physicians in Minnesota. Seventy-five percent of respondents agreed that climate change is happening, and 60% agreed that it is currently impacting the health of their patients. However, only 21% felt well prepared to discuss climate change, and only 4% discussed climate change with all or most of their patients. Similarly, results from open-ended questions highlighted the importance of climate change and acknowledged the challenges of discussing this topic. While most respondents recognized the health impacts of climate change, they also reported feeling uncomfortable discussing climate change with patients. Thus, there is an opportunity to develop targeted resources to support healthcare professionals in addressing climate change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Planetary Health: Building the Field and Growing the Movement (Including Manuscripts 2022 Planetary Health Annual Meeting and Festival))

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32 pages, 3795 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Architectural Beauty: Developing a Measurable and Objective Scale

by Alexandros A. Lavdas and Nikos A. Salingaros

Challenges 2022, 13(2), 56; https://doi.org/10.3390/challe13020056 - 29 Oct 2022

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 8735

Abstract

After decades of being ignored, the concept of beauty, as understood by the non-architect, has recently been making a comeback in architecture, not so much in the practice itself, as in appeals for design solutions that are more human-centered and not dictated by [...] Read more.

After decades of being ignored, the concept of beauty, as understood by the non-architect, has recently been making a comeback in architecture, not so much in the practice itself, as in appeals for design solutions that are more human-centered and not dictated by abstract principles. Architectural beauty needs to be evaluated from its effects on human health. This study discusses two diagnostic tools for measuring the degree of architectural “beauty” and presents the results of the pilot application of one of them. The goal is to use diagnostic imaging for evaluations. Analytical elements are introduced from disciplines with which practitioners are normally not familiar, such as artificial intelligence, medicine, neuroscience, visual attention and image-processing software, etc. In addition to the diagnostic tools, this paper ties related ideas on objective beauty into a novel synthesis. These results support the idea of a feasible, “objective” way to evaluate what the users will consider as beautiful, and set the stage for an upcoming larger study that will quantitatively correlate the two methods. Full article

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13 pages, 253 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experiences of Relatedness during Enforced Remote Work among Employees in Higher Education

by Annukka Tapani, Merja Sinkkonen, Kirsi Sjöblom, Katrien Vangrieken and Anne Mäkikangas

Challenges 2022, 13(2), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/challe13020055 - 26 Oct 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3970

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate experiences of relatedness among higher education staff during enforced remote work caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Experiences were investigated both at the earliest stages of enforced remote work (April 2020) and in November/December 2021. Remote [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to investigate experiences of relatedness among higher education staff during enforced remote work caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Experiences were investigated both at the earliest stages of enforced remote work (April 2020) and in November/December 2021. Remote work experiences were analysed through the lens of Deci and Ryan’s self-determination theory, especially through the concept of relatedness. Within this framework, relatedness is described as one of three basic psychological needs affecting health, well-being, and productivity. The main research focus includes ascertaining which factors affect experiences of relatedness among employees in higher education at work at the beginning of enforced remote work and at the end of it. The study uses qualitative data collected from Finnish university employees, analysed using theory-driven content analysis. The analysis of the two datasets enabled us to identify three categories of relatedness: (1) interaction among co-workers, (2) feelings of care and (3) experiences of connectedness. The results showed that the experience of relatedness was severely challenged during the enforced work period. In the future, the need for relatedness needs to be addressed more deliberately in multi-locational work conditions because remote work is especially affecting the experiences of relatedness. Positive experiences of relatedness can be achieved even in remote work conditions with deliberate and thought-out actions, for example by developing good remote interaction practices within the team and remote leadership practices that convey care for the employees. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges in Work and Employment during the COVID-19 Pandemic)

11 pages, 342 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Patterns of Psychoactive Substance Misuse in Undergraduate University Students: The Case of Mekelle University, Ethiopia

by Znabu Hadush Kahsay, Azeb Gebresilassie Tesema, Ferehiwot Hailemariam Tesfa, Bisrat Tewelde Gebretsadkan, Welday Hagos Gebretsadik and Maree L. Hackett

Challenges 2022, 13(2), 54; https://doi.org/10.3390/challe13020054 - 25 Oct 2022

Viewed by 2055

Abstract

Background: Substance misuse is a public health concern among University students. Understanding the critical times and places for substance misuse among University students helps to inform effective preventive strategies. However, there is a dearth of studies in Ethiopian Universities on this topic. Here, [...] Read more.

Background: Substance misuse is a public health concern among University students. Understanding the critical times and places for substance misuse among University students helps to inform effective preventive strategies. However, there is a dearth of studies in Ethiopian Universities on this topic. Here, we aimed to explore the patterns of psychoactive substance misuse, specifically about time and places, among undergraduate students at Mekelle University. Subject and Methods: An explorative qualitative study design was conducted in 2017. Five focus-group discussions among substance user students followed by eleven in-depth interviews with the user and non-user students, proctors, and a bar owners were conducted. In addition, four key informant researchers were involved. Participants were purposefully selected. The data were audio taped, transcribed verbatim and imported into Atlas.ti qualitative data analysis software version 7.5 for coding and analysis. Data were analyzed inductively to capture the emerging themes. Results: Our study showed that students consume alcohol in the evenings, on weekend days, holidays, after exams and at celebrations; smoke cigarettes after waking in the morning and after eating lunch. Concurrent substance use like smoking cigarettes, chewing Khat and drinking alcohol was evident. Khat chewing was reported mainly around noon, in the afternoon and on weekends. Substance use generally peaks at weekends, at the start and end of academic semesters, and when graduation approaches. However, students who become addicted may continue using substances. Students easily accessed and used substances around and inside the gates of the campuses. Conclusion: Event-specific celebrations are linked with substance misuse among University students. The ease with which students can access substances around the campuses increases the likelihood of substance misuse. Proactive interventions that include the provision of alcohol-free recreational alternatives to events on campus, high-risk substance misuse surveillance, tobacco cessation interventions, and promoting plain packaging are recommended. Full article

11 pages, 940 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Efficient Methane Production from Anaerobic Digestion of Cow Dung: An Optimization Approach

by KeChrist Obileke, Golden Makaka and Nwabunwanne Nwokolo

Challenges 2022, 13(2), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/challe13020053 - 22 Oct 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 8564

Abstract

In the context of addressing the global challenge of facilitating a decision-making process based on methane production using a predictive model, the study seeks to evaluate the performance of a biogas digester in varying operating conditions for optimization purposes. One of the techniques [...] Read more.

In the context of addressing the global challenge of facilitating a decision-making process based on methane production using a predictive model, the study seeks to evaluate the performance of a biogas digester in varying operating conditions for optimization purposes. One of the techniques for doing this is the application of constrained linear least-square optimization. This has been employed to optimize the input parameter with the corresponding measured desired response. The developed model was built from 430 measured data set points of all the predictors over an 18-day monitoring period with an interval of 30 min. The result showed that the difference between the optimized model and the general model output for methane production in the biogas digester was less than 4%. Hence, the performance of the model demonstrated a strong validity as the determination coefficient (R²) between the modeled, and optimized output was 0.968 for the volume of methane produced in the biogas digester. The obtained determination coefficient of the developed and optimized model suggests that the modeled value of the methane fits well with the measured value of methane for validation. Thus, from the test dataset, the optimized and modeled methane volume was reported as 28%. In this scenario, under the various operational parameters, an increase of 26.5% in methane was obtained when comparing the maximum volume of methane from the optimization process with the maximum methane volume (54.5%) produced in the real biogas digester. Interestingly, the biogas digester produced a maximum methane yield of 0.24 m³ and a methane composition of 60%. Evidently, methane yield was influenced by temperature as well as other meteorological factors in the developed model hence, these factors should be widely considered for sustainable biogas production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Renewable Energies)

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6 pages, 934 KiB

Open AccessPerspective

SARS-CoV-2 in Soil: A Microbial Perspective

by Shahid Iqbal, Jianchu Xu, Sehroon Khan, Sadia Nadir and Yakov Kuzyakov

Challenges 2022, 13(2), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/challe13020052 - 21 Oct 2022

Viewed by 1637

Abstract

SARS-CoV-2 has been found in soil and aquatic environments in addition to aerosols. SARS-CoV-2 enters the soil from various sources, including organic amendments and waste irrigation water. The virus counts and virulence in soil depend on spillover routes and soil properties. Organic matter [...] Read more.

SARS-CoV-2 has been found in soil and aquatic environments in addition to aerosols. SARS-CoV-2 enters the soil from various sources, including organic amendments and waste irrigation water. The virus counts and virulence in soil depend on spillover routes and soil properties. Organic matter (OM) and clay minerals protect and enable SARS-CoV-2 to survive for longer periods in soil. Therefore, life forms residing in soil may be at risk, but there is a paucity of scientific interest in such interactions. With this perspective, we aim to provide a new viewpoint on the effects of SARS-CoV-2 on soil microbes. In particular, we present a conceptual model showing how successive mutations within soil animals having the SARS-CoV-2 receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) may change its characteristics and, thus, enable it to infect micro- and macroorganisms and be transferred by them. SARS-CoV-2 particles could be adsorbed on mineral or OM surfaces, and these surfaces could serve as encounter sites for infectious attacks. SARS-CoV-2 accumulation in soil over time can perturb bacteria and other microbes, leading to imbalances in microbial diversity and activities. Thus, SARS-CoV-2 and its interactions with biotic and abiotic soil components should be a future research priority. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Trends)

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20 pages, 355 KiB

Open AccessViewpoint

Spotlight: An Interview with Dr. Christopher A. Lowry, on the Convergence of Microbes, Nature, and Mental Health

by Alan C. Logan and Christopher A. Lowry

Challenges 2022, 13(2), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/challe13020051 - 7 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3737

Abstract

In the ongoing series of spotlight interviews, Challenges Advisory Board member and Nova Institute for Health Fellow, Alan C. Logan, meets with thought leaders, scientists, scholars, healthcare professionals, artisans, and visionaries concerned about health at scales of persons, places, and the planet. Here [...] Read more.

In the ongoing series of spotlight interviews, Challenges Advisory Board member and Nova Institute for Health Fellow, Alan C. Logan, meets with thought leaders, scientists, scholars, healthcare professionals, artisans, and visionaries concerned about health at scales of persons, places, and the planet. Here in this interview, Dr. Christopher A. Lowry of the University of Colorado Boulder, responds to a set of questions posed by Challenges. For nearly twenty years, Dr. Lowry has been at the forefront of the research connecting the microbiome to mental health. Ten years ago, Dr. Lowry and his colleagues wrote a provocative article under the title ‘Can we vaccinate against depression?’; Dr. Lowry updates Challenges on where the field has moved, with its promises and possibilities. Dr. Lowry reflects on the early influences that shaped his interest in the field and discusses the ways in which microbiome sciences are casting light on the many interconnected challenges of our time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Planetary Health)

14 pages, 1107 KiB

Open AccessViewpoint

Preventing the Next Pandemic through a Planetary Health Approach: A Focus on Key Drivers of Zoonosis

by Yusuf Amuda Tajudeen, Habeebullah Jayeola Oladipo, Iyiola Olatunji Oladunjoye, Mutiat Oluwakemi Mustapha, Sheriff Taye Mustapha, Adam Aberi Abdullahi, Rashidat Onyinoyi Yusuf, Samuel Olushola Abimbola, Aminat Olaitan Adebayo, Joy Ginika Ikebuaso, Damilola Samuel Adesuyi, Blessed Okereke, Abass Olawale Omotosho, Abdulhakeem Funsho Ahmed and Mona Said El-Sherbini

Challenges 2022, 13(2), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/challe13020050 - 30 Sep 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5007

Abstract

The ever-increasing global health impact of SARS-CoV-2—the etiological agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)—coupled with its socio-economic burden, has not only revealed the vulnerability of humanity to zoonotic pathogens of pandemic potential but also serves as a wake-up call for global health communities [...] Read more.

The ever-increasing global health impact of SARS-CoV-2—the etiological agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)—coupled with its socio-economic burden, has not only revealed the vulnerability of humanity to zoonotic pathogens of pandemic potential but also serves as a wake-up call for global health communities to rethink sustainable approaches towards preventing future pandemics. However, since the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) convened experts have declared that future pandemics are likely to be zoonotic in origin, it is imperative that we understand the key drivers of zoonosis such as biodiversity loss, climate change, wildlife consumption, and population mobility, as well as the scientific evidence underpinning them. In this article, we underscore the correlations of these drivers with the emergence and re-emergence of zoonosis. Consequently, we highlighted the need for multidisciplinary collaboration under the planetary health approach between researchers across the fields of environmental and human health to fill the knowledge and research gaps on key drivers of zoonosis. This is to prevent or limit future pandemics by protecting the natural systems of the Earth and its resources and safeguarding human and animal health. Full article

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24 pages, 1933 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Local Governance Capacity Needs for Implementing Climate Change Adaptation in Seychelles: An Assessment Based on the Capital Approach

by Daniel Etongo and Kelsy Gill

Challenges 2022, 13(2), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/challe13020049 - 30 Sep 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2992

Abstract

As a Small Island Developing State, Seychelles is disproportionately affected by climate change, and enhancing her adaptive capacity is a national priority. Identifying and integrating local capacity needs into policy measures can improve multilevel governance and the effective implementation of National Adaptation Plans [...] Read more.

As a Small Island Developing State, Seychelles is disproportionately affected by climate change, and enhancing her adaptive capacity is a national priority. Identifying and integrating local capacity needs into policy measures can improve multilevel governance and the effective implementation of National Adaptation Plans (NAPs), given that local governments have contextual knowledge about their territories and the climate change challenges affecting them. Based on the Capital Approach Framework (CAF), this study carries out an analysis of local governance capacity needs for implementing climate change adaptation in Seychelles. Data were collected using two methods: (i) questionnaire-led interviews among twenty-four district administrators (DAs), and (ii) an interactive workshop involving thirty-one participants, of which twenty-six were DAs and five were members of the National Climate Change Committee. The CAF was measured in two ways: (i) through descriptive statistics such as frequencies based on interview data, and (ii) through the ranking of types of capital to assess their weightings across four categories using a consensus approach during the participatory workshop. The findings of this study indicate significant political, financial, and human resource capacity gaps, which collectively hinder local adaptation. The critical shortcomings identified include the low participation in national-level decision-making processes, the inability to access external funding sources, and the lack of technical know-how. Through a participatory approach involving the local government representatives and the National Climate Change Committee, ten recommendations for policy measures that can enhance the effectiveness of local governance in climate change adaptation were co-developed. Seven of these recommendations partly address issues related to political capital. These recommendations highlight that a siloed approach cannot effectively address the impacts of climate change. For example, one of the recommendations stated that land-use planning should be guided by location-specific vulnerabilities, as these differ across districts. Full article

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13 pages, 2421 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Childcare Center Evacuation to Vertical Shelters in a Nankai Trough Tsunami: Models to Predict and Mitigate Risk

by Hisao Nakai, Ryo Horiike, Tomoya Itatani and Yukari Matsumoto

Challenges 2022, 13(2), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/challe13020048 - 30 Sep 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2691

Abstract

Following the Great East Japan Earthquake, vertical evacuation shelters (VES) were constructed to reduce tsunami risk. Childcare centers (CCs) in the inundation area are required to evacuate to the nearest VES in the event of a tsunami. The study aim was to identify [...] Read more.

Following the Great East Japan Earthquake, vertical evacuation shelters (VES) were constructed to reduce tsunami risk. Childcare centers (CCs) in the inundation area are required to evacuate to the nearest VES in the event of a tsunami. The study aim was to identify CCs and VES predicted to be inundated by a Nankai Trough earthquake-generated tsunami, and to clarify CC inundation risk. We identified 52 (45.6%) CCs in the tsunami inundation area and found that 14 (25.9%) would evacuate toward the tsunami. If the walking speed was 2.24 km/h and a 0.3 m tsunami arrived in 10 min, nine (17.3%) CCs would be late to safe evacuation. If the tsunami arrival time was 20 min, four (7.7%) CCs would have late evacuation. At a walking speed of 1.00 km/h, 38 (73.1%) and 20 (38.5%) CCs would have late evacuation, with tsunami arrival times of 10 min and 20 min, respectively. Evacuation direction is important in avoiding tsunami damage. An evacuation strategy is needed that evacuates people away from the tsunami, and takes into account children’s age, walking speed, and evacuation method. The evaluation of tsunami risk in this study may support the development of tsunami countermeasures in other coastal areas with latent tsunami risks. Full article

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19 pages, 9875 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Safe from Harm? Massive Attack Nuclear Worst-Case Scenario for Civil Protection in Germany Regarding High-Risk Zones of Exposure, Vulnerability, and Safe Havens

by Alexander Fekete

Challenges 2022, 13(2), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/challe13020047 - 29 Sep 2022

Viewed by 6296

Abstract

New risk geographies are emerging with war and conflict resurfacing, including nuclear threats. This poses challenges to civil protection for conducting risk-informed preparedness planning. A spatial assessment of Germany and Europe is conducted using a geographic information system. Buffer circles of nuclear explosion [...] Read more.

New risk geographies are emerging with war and conflict resurfacing, including nuclear threats. This poses challenges to civil protection for conducting risk-informed preparedness planning. A spatial assessment of Germany and Europe is conducted using a geographic information system. Buffer circles of nuclear explosion effects and fallout buffers show potentially exposed areas around major cities. Different scenarios indicate shrinking areas safe from exposure. However, even in a densely populated country, rural areas and smaller cities can be identified that could provide sites for evacuation shelters. Changing wind directions poses a challenge for civil protection planning because fallout risk covers most German territory even when few cities are attacked. However, wind speeds and topography can help identify suitable shelter areas. More knowledge about the temporal development of a nuclear explosion and its specific forms of harm can also help to improve risk knowledge and planning. While nuclear warfare at first seems to render useless any option for safe areas and survival, the spatial risk assessment shows that exposure does not occur at all places at all times. Being safe from harm will be difficult in such a worst-case scenario, but avoiding large city perimeters and being informed can also help reduce risk. Full article

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12 pages, 243 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Perspectives of Volunteer Firefighters during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Stumbling Blocks and Silver Linings

by Alice A. Gaughan, Laura J. Rush, Sarah R. MacEwan, Ashish R. Panchal and Ann Scheck McAlearney

Challenges 2022, 13(2), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/challe13020046 - 9 Sep 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2578

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly affected the lives of almost every individual in every nation, with numbers of infections continuing to grow. Across these nations, first responders are essential in their roles addressing emergencies, despite their risk of exposure to COVID-19 in the [...] Read more.

The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly affected the lives of almost every individual in every nation, with numbers of infections continuing to grow. Across these nations, first responders are essential in their roles addressing emergencies, despite their risk of exposure to COVID-19 in the course of their work. We sought to understand the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the lives of volunteer firefighters in the United States, an understudied group of these first responders. Interviews were conducted with volunteer firefighters between September and November 2021. Interviews were analyzed using deductive dominant thematic analysis. Thirty-three firefighters were interviewed who had an average of 22 years of service and a mean age of 52 years. Interviewees described pandemic-related challenges including the fear of COVID exposure and frustrations with work and personal relationships. They also identified unexpected work-related benefits including a deepened commitment to serve and improvements to training and safety. Further, some volunteers noted personal benefits such as developing stronger connections with others, having a new outlook on life, and observing goodwill. Our findings provide insight into the multifaceted and complex impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on volunteer firefighters. Full article

21 pages, 558 KiB

Open AccessEssay

Self-Direction in Physics Graduate Education: Insights for STEM from David J. Rowe’s Career-Long Methods

by Carol Nash

Challenges 2022, 13(2), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/challe13020045 - 5 Sep 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3259

Abstract

The ability to self-direct a research program determines graduate degree completion. Yet, research on incompletion of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) graduate programs assumes students’ present level of self-direction adequate and neglects to recognize a lack of self-directed learning (SDL) as key. [...] Read more.

The ability to self-direct a research program determines graduate degree completion. Yet, research on incompletion of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) graduate programs assumes students’ present level of self-direction adequate and neglects to recognize a lack of self-directed learning (SDL) as key. This essay explores SDL for STEM, presenting the work of theoretical nuclear physicist David J. Rowe as a key example of applying a process of SDL in practice. Rowe focused on this challenge of physics graduate education by promoting SDL through the type of research flow that has been found to bring the greatest satisfaction to researchers regarding their insights. Strategies he explored involved his space, time, open mindedness and theoretical contributions with students and in collaboration with colleagues. A self-directed learner himself, Rowe developed methods of mentoring for encouraging physics graduate students to recognize symmetry as valuable in identifying solutions to problems quickly—helping students take the lead in finding insightful resolutions to complex, multidimensional, mathematical physics uncertainties. These strategies for supporting SDL in this context are examined here, with the use of narrative research to interpret the texts and conversations exchanged with the author. The process of SDL developed by Rowe is presented with recommendations on how Rowe’s methods may be modeled to improve self-direction in STEM graduate education more widely. Full article

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13 pages, 909 KiB

Open AccessReview

Learning from the Past: Lessons from the First United Nations Report on Problems of the Human-Environment

by Farshad Amiraslani and Andrew Cooper

Challenges 2022, 13(2), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/challe13020044 - 4 Sep 2022

Viewed by 2615

Abstract

The 1969 UN Report “Problems of the Human Environment” was a seminal work that first highlighted environmental problems at a global scale. This report underpinned a series of subsequent international summits and conventions of the 1992 Rio Earth Summit and the subsequent three [...] Read more.

The 1969 UN Report “Problems of the Human Environment” was a seminal work that first highlighted environmental problems at a global scale. This report underpinned a series of subsequent international summits and conventions of the 1992 Rio Earth Summit and the subsequent three global conventions on Biodiversity, Climate Change and Desertification. We assessed the report half a century after its publication to track changes in vocabulary and highlight critical lessons that could have been learned. The assessment contains several strengths and weaknesses that are pertinent to modern global-scale analyses. Many issues of that day have declined in importance or been superseded, and several major environmental problems (including climate change and plastic pollution) were not foreseen. Most of the report’s predictions proved to be much more conservative than proved by reality (a criticism that has also been levelled at contemporary IPCC reports). The report, however, did forewarn of global pandemics and stimulated thinking on a global scale that led to identification of the current climate crisis. Full article

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14 pages, 3395 KiB

Open AccessReview

Agrivoltaic Engineering and Layout Optimization Approaches in the Transition to Renewable Energy Technologies: A Review

by Meagan Reasoner and Aritra Ghosh

Challenges 2022, 13(2), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/challe13020043 - 1 Sep 2022

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 6098

Abstract

As more nations move towards net-zero emission goals by 2050, research into the coupling of photovoltaics (PV) and agriculture has increased into a new sector of agrivoltaics (AV). Measurement of the Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) has allowed researchers to develop methods for optimizing [...] Read more.

As more nations move towards net-zero emission goals by 2050, research into the coupling of photovoltaics (PV) and agriculture has increased into a new sector of agrivoltaics (AV). Measurement of the Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) has allowed researchers to develop methods for optimizing the agrivoltaic system. Studies on innovative engineering technologies related to photovoltaic tracking along with new generation PV cells were reviewed to determine the factors that influence optimization. This review also considered AV farm layouts and how different spacing, height, and density impact the shading under the panels. As panels block the light from hitting the plants, the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) changes and alters plant growth. The shading, however, also creates micro-climates that have beneficial qualities in terms of water usage and PV efficiency. The overall review investigated the research of the last five years into AV optimization and the implications for future AV developments. Full article

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8 pages, 195 KiB

Open AccessViewpoint

Spotlight: An Interview with NCCIH Director, Dr. Helene M. Langevin, on Whole Person Health

by Alan C. Logan and Helene M. Langevin

Challenges 2022, 13(2), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/challe13020042 - 1 Sep 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2462

Abstract

In an ongoing series of spotlight interviews, Challenges Advisory Board Member and Nova Institute for Health Fellow, Alan C. Logan, meets with thought leaders, scientists, scholars, healthcare professionals, artisans and visionaries concerned about health at scales of persons, places and the planet. Here [...] Read more.

In an ongoing series of spotlight interviews, Challenges Advisory Board Member and Nova Institute for Health Fellow, Alan C. Logan, meets with thought leaders, scientists, scholars, healthcare professionals, artisans and visionaries concerned about health at scales of persons, places and the planet. Here in the inaugural interview, the Director of the National Institutes of Health, National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, Dr. Helene Langevin, responds to a set of questions posed by Challenges. Dr. Langevin discusses the emerging concept of whole person health, and in particular, how the concept intersects with the grand and interconnected challenges of our time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Planetary Health)

8 pages, 236 KiB

Open AccessViewpoint

Zoonotic Spillover in an Era of Rapid Deforestation of Tropical Areas and Unprecedented Wildlife Trafficking: Into the Wild

by Yusuf Amuda Tajudeen, Iyiola Olatunji Oladunjoye, Ousman Bajinka and Habeebullah Jayeola Oladipo

Challenges 2022, 13(2), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/challe13020041 - 29 Aug 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4966

Abstract

Rapid deforestation and unprecedented wildlife trafficking are important factors triggering the rate of zoonotic spillover from animals to humans. Consequently, this leads to the emergence and re-emergence of zoonotic infectious diseases among the human population. Deforestation is an important ecological disruption that leads [...] Read more.

Rapid deforestation and unprecedented wildlife trafficking are important factors triggering the rate of zoonotic spillover from animals to humans. Consequently, this leads to the emergence and re-emergence of zoonotic infectious diseases among the human population. Deforestation is an important ecological disruption that leads to the loss of biodiversity. The loss of biodiversity results in the persistence of highest-quality hosts of zoonotic pathogens dominating the low-diversity communities, a process termed the dilution effect. Activities like intensive farming and logging that resulted in deforestation bring vulnerable people in close contact with these highest-quality reservoir hosts (wildlife). As a result of this vulnerability, there is an increased risk of spillover, leading to zoonotic infection in humans and eventually disease outbreaks during human–human transmission. One prominent example of a disease of wildlife origin is the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2), even though the original source has not been found. Another important factor facilitating the risk of spillover and emergence of zoonotic infectious diseases is wildlife trafficking. This involves illegal hunting and trading of wildlife and their products, which increases the risk of spillover as a result of exchange of bodily fluids and bloodmeals between humans and wildlife during the hunting and butchering of animals’ carcasses. Consequently, little or no hygiene protocol and poor handling practices during the wildlife-trade chain expose poachers, consumers, and local market sellers to the risk of zoonotic diseases. Despite the interventions on deforestation-induced spillover and wildlife trafficking-associated spillover, there are still knowledge and research gaps that need to be addressed towards preventing the outbreaks of future zoonotic infectious diseases. In response to this, there is a need for interdisciplinary and intersectoral collaborations among researchers from various fields as well as sectors in minimizing the risk of zoonotic spillover driven by deforestation and wildlife trafficking at the human–animal–environmental nexus. In addition, there is a need for integrated and unified evidence-based policy formulation that puts an end to deforestation and wildlife trafficking, especially in tropical areas such as Africa and Asia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Planetary Health)

18 pages, 3067 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reproductive Effects of Medicinal Plant (Azadirachta indica) Used as Forage and for Ethnoveterinary Practices: New Insights from Animal Models

by Ugochinyere J. Njoga, Ishmael F. Jaja, Osita S. Onwuka, Stanley U. Ilo, Ifeanyi G. Eke, Kenneth O. Abah, Chike F. Oguejiofor and Izuchukwu S. Ochiogu

Challenges 2022, 13(2), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/challe13020040 - 13 Aug 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 5679

Abstract

In some African and Asian countries, Azadirachta indica (AI) has been fed to livestock for decades and traditionally used to treat certain animal and human diseases. Recently, there are suspicions that the plant may possess anti-reproductive properties and concerns that the continued use [...] Read more.

In some African and Asian countries, Azadirachta indica (AI) has been fed to livestock for decades and traditionally used to treat certain animal and human diseases. Recently, there are suspicions that the plant may possess anti-reproductive properties and concerns that the continued use of AI as forage or for folkloric medicine may detrimentally affect reproduction in the subjects. To address these challenges, this work determined the reproductive and fertility effects of a methanolic seed extract of AI (MSEAI) using adult female albino rats (AFARs) as an experimental model. Sixty-four AFARs were randomly assigned into four groups (A–D) of sixteen rats each. Group A was the control while groups B, C and D were treated daily with 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg of MSEAI respectively, for 28 consecutive days via oral gavage. Blood samples were collected for hormonal and biochemistry assays. Ovarian samples from the experimental rats were harvested for histopathological studies. Thereafter, the remaining experimental rats were bred, and certain fertility indices determined. The mean serum FSH and LH levels were significantly decreased (p ≤ 0.05) in the 100 and 200 mg/kg groups. The histopathological studies revealed massive follicular degeneration in the 100 and 200 mg/kg treatment groups. The fertility indices indicated that the post-implantation survival index was 100% in the control and 0% in the 200 mg/kg treatment group. No abortion occurred in the control and 50 mg/kg groups, but 25% and 100% of the pregnant does aborted in the 100 and 200 mg/kg treatment groups, respectively. Considering that high doses (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg) of MSEAI had significant anti-reproductive and antifertility properties, the use of AI as forage or for ethnoveterinary medicine in breeding females may adversely affect their reproductive potentials. However, the anti-reproductive and antifertility effects could be utilized in rodent depopulation programs in animal agriculture and as a contraceptive to limit the proliferation of stray dogs, known to be reservoirs of the rabies virus in developing countries. Moreover, the MSEAI could be further refined for human use as an effective, cheap, eco-friendly and acceptable alternative to synthetic/modern contraceptives, the use of which is limited in developing nations due to superstitious beliefs and their multiple side effects. Full article

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13 pages, 405 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ecological Bodies and Relational Anatomies: Toward a Transversal Foundation for Planetary Health Education

by Robert Richter and Filip Maric

Challenges 2022, 13(2), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/challe13020039 - 9 Aug 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3604

Abstract

As planetary health education enters medical and health professional training, transversal implementation across curricula is critical in developing its full potential and enabling future health professionals to meet the social, environmental, and health challenges of current and future generations in an integrated manner. [...] Read more.

As planetary health education enters medical and health professional training, transversal implementation across curricula is critical in developing its full potential and enabling future health professionals to meet the social, environmental, and health challenges of current and future generations in an integrated manner. To advance the transversal implementation of planetary health education, our study proceeded through: (1) a sequence analysis of documents framing physiotherapy education to identify relevant nexus points; (2) an explorative implementation of planetary health into foundational anatomy and physiology modules identified as critical nexus points; (3) practical implementation during the 2021 autumn semester. Implementation in the operative foundations of healthcare education—anatomy and physiology—enables the emphasis of the ecological nature of human bodies and interconnection with our planetary environment. Musculoskeletal joints accentuate the relational nature of bodies highlighted across current research and traditional knowledges, as dynamically pervaded and in interaction with culture, technology, objects, ideas, plants, planets, etc. Teaching relational anatomies thus highlights planetary health as the transversal foundation of medical and healthcare education. Making this foundation more explicit will be critical for the transversal implementation of planetary health education and subsequent practice, as well as the fundamental shifts in our understanding of human lives and health they require. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Project Earthrise: From Healing to Flourishing for the Health of People, Places and Planet (Celebrating the 10th Annual Conference of inVIVO Planetary Health, 2021))

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Challenges, Volume 13, Issue 2 (December 2022) – 41 articles

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