Assessment of PCDD/Fs Emission during Industrial-Organic-Solid-Waste Incineration Process in a Fluidized-Bed Incinerator
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Summary of the Incineration System
2.2. Fuel Characterization
2.3. Sampling and Analysis
2.4. Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC)
- The sampling procedures were conducted by the technical team from the Dioxin Laboratory, Zhejiang University (China), which owns the China Inspection Body and Laboratory Mandatory Approval (CMA), and regularly participates in international laboratory comparison for the analysis of PCDD/Fs, to minimize the experimental operational errors.
- The sampling procedures and sample pre-treatment strictly followed the national standards, which lessened the method errors to a large extent.
- The blank test of the analysis method was carried out on approximately 10 samples for every analysis, to ensure the accuracy of the testing results of PCDD/Fs. Before using HRGC/HRMS to analyze the samples, initial precision calibration (IPR) was determined in strict accordance with the standard, and then solvent-blank and method-blank verification was carried out.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Emission of PCDD/Fs
3.1.1. Emission of 17 Kinds of Toxic PCDD/Fs
3.1.2. Emission of 136 Kinds of PCDD/Fs
3.2. Formation Pathway of PCDD/Fs
3.3. Flow Chart of PCDD/Fs
4. Conclusions
- IW incineration might enhance the formation of 17 kinds of toxic PCDD/Fs, as well as 136 kinds of total PCDD/Fs, compared to those in MSW incineration. Specifically, the emitted toxic PCDD/Fs concentrations in FG, FA and BA were 1.16 ng/Nm3 (0.08 ng I-TEQ/Nm3), 57.42–66.51 μg/kg (2.27–2.48 μg I-TEQ/kg) and 189.23 ng/kg (11.35 ng I-TEQ/kg), respectively. All these values met the emission standards and were lower than the limit values of 0.1 ng I-TEQ/kg and 3 μg I-TEQ/kg (GB 18485-2014 and HJ 1134-2020). Concentrations of 136 PCDD/Fs in FG-BO, FG-BFO and FA-BF from IW incineration reached 979.48 ± 426.67 ng/Nm3, 14.83 ± 5.47 ng/Nm3 and 120.83 ± 20.21 μg/kg, which were higher than those of 93.01–366.15 ng/Nm3, 0.36–7.70 ng/Nm3 and 4.17–30.78 μg/kg in MSW incineration.
- The dominant formation-pathway during IW incineration was de novo synthesis. The fingerprints of toxic PCDD/Fs and 136 PCDD/FS in different positions of facilities were in analogous patterns, as well. Precursor synthesis (e.g., CP-route synthesis) and high-temperature gaseous synthesis of PCDD/Fs were not detected and recognized in the appropriate statistical analysis of PCDD/F isomers, and thus could be excluded. Moreover, DD/DF chlorination also contributed PCDD/Fs, which were mostly distributed in FA/BA. From the perspective of environmental sustainability, the targeted formation route of de novo synthesis should be controlled and suppressed, to eliminate potential threats to ecological environs.
- The mass flow of PCDD/Fs through the IW incineration process was comprehensively analyzed on the I-TEQ level. The results indicated that FA comprised the highest proportion (99%) of PCDD/Fs in the external environment, reaching a level of 3.56 ± 1.20 mg I-TEQ/h. De novo synthesis in low-temperature flue areas significantly strengthened the PCDD/Fs output in primary FG-BO, from 1.25 ± 0.41 μg I-TEQ/h (FG-CC) to 1.67 ± 0.52 mg I-TEQ/h (>1000 times). The accumulation of PCDD/Fs in FA was also confirmed in BF. However, with effective purification of APCS, toxic PCDD/Fs in FG were purified with a cleaning efficiency of 99.6% and emitted into the atmosphere at a discharge rate of 7.25 ± 2.21 μg I-TEQ/h. The mass fluxes of PCDD/Fs in IW incineration were higher than those in MSW incineration. The intrinsic reason for this was a higher Cl and heavy-metal content in the IW.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Analysis | Testing Index | IW | MSW | Units |
---|---|---|---|---|
Industrial analysis | Moisture | 4.0 | 42.5 | wt% |
Ash | 8.5 | 17.8 | wt% | |
Volatile | 83.9 | 34.0 | wt% | |
Fixed carbon | 3.6 | 5.7 | wt% | |
Ultimate analysis | Car | 55.8 | 31.6 | wt% |
Har | 5.6 | 4.0 | wt% | |
Nar | 1.6 | 1.8 | wt% | |
Sar | 0.7 | 1.2 | wt% | |
Oar | 23.8 | 38.5 | wt% | |
Clar | 3.1 | 0.8 | wt% | |
Low heating value (LHV) | 22,111 | 6984 | kJ/kg |
FG (ng/Nm3) | FA | BA (ng/kg) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CC | BO | SNO | BFO | BO (ng/kg) | SN (μg/kg) | BF (μg/kg) | ||
TCDD | 0.15 ±0.03 | 70.16 ±34.88 | 56.48 ±14.46 | 3.81 ±1.29 | 43.94 ±19.48 | 2.16 ±0.58 | 1.78 ±1.07 | 33.47 ±13.77 |
PeCDD | 0.06 ±0.03 | 56.88 ±13.41 | 47.92 ±8.18 | 1.29 ±0.67 | 37.01 ±20.65 | 5.16 ±1.36 | 4.52 ±1.29 | 25.52 ±9.85 |
HxCDD | 0.02 ±0.01 | 43.35 ±25.46 | 38.52 ±6.62 | 0.80 ±0.16 | 44.16 ±9.26 | 10.91 ±5.69 | 9.93 ±5.28 | 33.09 ±13.02 |
HpCDD | 0.008 ±0.002 | 23.83 ±11.74 | 19.98 ±10.85 | 0.29 ±0.11 | 32.69 ±12.36 | 18.71 ±3.32 | 16.22 ±3.86 | 34.42 ±5.48 |
OCDD | 0.006 ±0.002 | 7.32 ±3.61 | 7.83 ±2.82 | 0.12 ±0.07 | 24.08 ±9.91 | 13.59 ±2.38 | 10.99 ±4.68 | 36.85 ±15.63 |
TCDF | 0.53 ±0.28 | 411.64 ±203.18 | 342.16 ±199.47 | 4.91 ±0.78 | 96.56 ±38.40 | 11.09 ±6.35 | 9.54 ±3.03 | 85.92 ±42.86 |
PeCDF | 0.21 ±0.10 | 202.97 ±75.97 | 176.99 ±76.13 | 2.13 ±1.07 | 79.60 ±21.42 | 15.12 ±8.32 | 13.59 ±6.50 | 58.23 ±32.77 |
HxCDF | 0.06 ±0.02 | 110.10 ±26.47 | 89.09 ±39.68 | 1.02 ±0.55 | 110.01 ±59.71 | 24.37 ±9.85 | 22.35 ±9.92 | 85.66 ±17.39 |
HpCDF | 0.02 ±0.006 | 48.46 ±22.49 | 41.39 ±15.94 | 0.41 ±0.22 | 76.48 ±17.43 | 30.48 ±12.09 | 25.66 ±4.23 | 65.31 ±13.03 |
OCDF | 0.006 ±0.003 | 4.76 ±1.93 | 4.67 ±0.87 | 0.05 ±0.01 | 29.59 ±16.82 | 6.47 ±1.50 | 6.25 ±3.10 | 31.74 ±18.04 |
Sum | 1.07 ±0.18 | 979.48 ±426.67 | 825.03 ±411.00 | 14.83 ±5.47 | 574.12 ±133.78 | 138.06 ±37.18 | 120.83 ±20.21 | 490.22 ±191.12 |
dCl-PCDD/Fs | 4.52 | 4.85 | 4.87 | 4.66 | 5.68 | 6.31 | 6.29 | 5.83 |
FG (%) | FA (%) | BA(%) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CC | BO | SNO | BFG | BO | SN | BF | ||
1,3,7,9-TCDD | 19.1 | 23.4 | 22.1 | 31.6 | 14.4 | 21.0 | 17.9 | 14.5 |
1,3,6,8-TCDD | 31.7 | 38.0 | 36.1 | 46.4 | 33.2 | 33.4 | 38.1 | 31.1 |
Sum, % of TCDDs | 50.8 | 61.4 | 58.2 | 78.1 | 47.7 | 54.4 | 56.1 | 45.6 |
1,2,4,7,9/1,2,4,6,8-PeCDD | 40.7 | 38.8 | 34.5 | 29.0 | 23.3 | 29.4 | 30.2 | 22.1 |
1,2,3,6,8-PeCDD | 22.3 | 18.8 | 22.0 | 26.3 | 26.1 | 20.3 | 18.6 | 23.8 |
1,2,3,7,9-PeCDD | 10.1 | 17.4 | 15.7 | 18.9 | 14.8 | 18.0 | 20.0 | 16.2 |
Sum, % of PeCDDs | 73.1 | 75.0 | 72.2 | 74.2 | 64.3 | 67.7 | 68.7 | 62.2 |
1,2,3,4,6,8-HxCDD | 47.7 | 52.1 | 48.3 | 65.8 | 44.2 | 45.2 | 47.5 | 39.5 |
2,4,6,8-TCDF | 2.6 | 7.8 | 7.2 | 7.8 | 4.7 | 6.0 | 4.8 | 3.3 |
1,2,3,8/1,2,3,6/1,4,6,9/1,6,7,8/1,2,3,4/2,3,6,8-TCDF | 13.7 | 12.3 | 10.8 | 11.4 | 15.7 | 10.5 | 10.8 | 24.2 |
Sum, % of TCDFs | 16.3 | 20.1 | 18.0 | 19.2 | 20.4 | 16.6 | 15.6 | 27.5 |
FG (%) | FA (%) | BA (%) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CC | BO | SNO | BFO | BO | SN | BF | ||
2,3,7,8-TCDD | 1.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 2.2 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 1.9 |
1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD | 3.4 | 2.3 | 2.9 | 0.9 | 5.5 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 5.2 |
1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDD | 7.0 | 3.2 | 2.7 | 1.9 | 5.0 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 5.2 |
1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD | 6.5 | 6.8 | 6.4 | 5.8 | 6.4 | 7.9 | 8.5 | 9.0 |
1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDD | 4.2 | 3.6 | 3.5 | 2.5 | 5.6 | 5.3 | 5.5 | 5.9 |
1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD | 53.8 | 48.4 | 46.7 | 52.7 | 48.3 | 49.0 | 47.9 | 33.1 |
OCDD | 2.4 | 3.6 | 4.6 | 1.9 | 13.2 | 26.9 | 25.3 | 22.6 |
Sum, of PCDDs | 7.0 | 13.0 | 13.8 | 5.9 | 27.7 | 48.7 | 47.3 | 34.8 |
2,3,7,8-TCDF | 2.2 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 0.7 | 3.2 | 3.0 | 3.2 | 2.7 |
1,2,3,7,8-PeCDF | 3.9 | 2.7 | 2.6 | 2.8 | 5.6 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 4.8 |
2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF | 5.9 | 10.7 | 9.0 | 1.2 | 11.5 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 15.4 |
1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDF | 13.5 | 14.5 | 13.0 | 7.6 | 11.8 | 9.5 | 10.1 | 7.9 |
1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDF | 9.6 | 10.7 | 9.6 | 5.6 | 11.2 | 10.1 | 9.4 | 17.9 |
1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDF | 2.5 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 4.8 | 5.1 | 4.2 | 4.1 | 4.9 |
2,3,4,6,7,8-HxCDF | 5.5 | 9.4 | 10.4 | 15.0 | 13.2 | 18.0 | 19.5 | 14.3 |
1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF | 46.7 | 63.4 | 62.6 | 55.0 | 46.9 | 66.9 | 64.4 | 60.6 |
1,2,3,4,7,8,9-HpCDF | 17.6 | 10.2 | 9.4 | 14.6 | 15.9 | 7.9 | 9.0 | 12.8 |
OCDF | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 7.5 | 7.4 | 8.1 | 9.7 |
Sum, of PCDFs | 8.4 | 14.9 | 14.2 | 9.3 | 35.6 | 47.9 | 47.7 | 40.5 |
Sum, of PCDD/Fs | 8.1 | 14.5 | 14.1 | 7.8 | 33.1 | 48.2 | 47.5 | 38.6 |
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Ying, Y.; Wang, X.; Song, W.; Ma, Y.; Yu, H.; Lin, X.; Lu, S.; Li, X.; Huang, W.; Zhong, L. Assessment of PCDD/Fs Emission during Industrial-Organic-Solid-Waste Incineration Process in a Fluidized-Bed Incinerator. Processes 2023, 11, 251. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11010251
Ying Y, Wang X, Song W, Ma Y, Yu H, Lin X, Lu S, Li X, Huang W, Zhong L. Assessment of PCDD/Fs Emission during Industrial-Organic-Solid-Waste Incineration Process in a Fluidized-Bed Incinerator. Processes. 2023; 11(1):251. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11010251
Chicago/Turabian StyleYing, Yuxuan, Xiaoxiao Wang, Wenlong Song, Yunfeng Ma, Hong Yu, Xiaoqing Lin, Shengyong Lu, Xiaodong Li, Wei Huang, and Li Zhong. 2023. "Assessment of PCDD/Fs Emission during Industrial-Organic-Solid-Waste Incineration Process in a Fluidized-Bed Incinerator" Processes 11, no. 1: 251. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11010251
APA StyleYing, Y., Wang, X., Song, W., Ma, Y., Yu, H., Lin, X., Lu, S., Li, X., Huang, W., & Zhong, L. (2023). Assessment of PCDD/Fs Emission during Industrial-Organic-Solid-Waste Incineration Process in a Fluidized-Bed Incinerator. Processes, 11(1), 251. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11010251