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Processes
Special Issues
Advances in Hazard Assessment and Reuse of Municipal Solid Waste
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Advances in Hazard Assessment and Reuse of Municipal Solid Waste

A special issue of Processes (ISSN 2227-9717). This special issue belongs to the section "Sustainable Processes".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 December 2023) | Viewed by 15227

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Xiaoqing Lin

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
Interests: waste-to-energy; clean and sustainable energy utilization; energy engineering; waste management
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The potential impacts of municipal solid waste (MSW) have been a subject of great concern. Recently, a variety of studies have shown processing and technical improvements achieved in the hazard assessment and multi-utilization of MSW. These advancements include environmental risk assessment, incineration disposal, biology utilization, pollution control, and recycling of MSW. These objectives involve multi-dimensional processes and require interdisciplinary analyses to inform both analytical and technological development. Researchers can indeed play an important role in facing the environmental challenges presented by MSW.

This Special Issue on “Advances in Hazard Assessment and Reuse of Municipal Solid Waste” seeks high-quality works focusing on the latest novel advanced technology for both the hazard assessment and comprehensive utilization of municipal solid waste. Topics include, but are not limited to:

  • Environment hazard assessment of MSW life cycle;
  • Characterization and emission during MSW thermal treatment;
  • Advances in MSW biotreatment;
  • Pollution minimization for the MSW generation and disposal processes;
  • Resource recycling of MSW.

Dr. Xiaoqing Lin
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Processes is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • municipal solid waste
  • incineration
  • pollution control
  • recycling

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Further information on MDPI's Special Issue polices can be found here.

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 1957 KiB  
Article
Waste Heat Recovery from Converter Gas by a Filled Bulb Regenerator: Heat Transfer Characteristics
by Zongliang Zuo, Xinjiang Dong, Siyi Luo and Qingbo Yu
Processes 2023, 11(3), 915; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11030915 - 17 Mar 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1866
Abstract
The iron and steel industry is a high-energy consumption and high-pollution industry. Energy recovery in its process is of great significance. Converter gas is an important by-product in the process of iron and steel production. It is difficult to take effective measures to [...] Read more.
The iron and steel industry is a high-energy consumption and high-pollution industry. Energy recovery in its process is of great significance. Converter gas is an important by-product in the process of iron and steel production. It is difficult to take effective measures to recover waste heat from converter gas due to its flammability. In this paper, a new technology is proposed based on waste heat recovery by a filled bulb regenerator. The mathematical model of heat transfer and flow in the compound regenerator for converter gas containing dust is established. The effects of the diameter and concentration of dust to heat transfer and flow are discussed. The results show that the temperature of converter gas declined to 132 °C, and recovery efficiency was above 90% using this technology system. Resistance loss increased by 25% due to the dust; with the increase in the diameter and initial concentration of dust, the heat transfer rate in the regenerator was reinforced. At the entrance of the regenerator, dust’s effects are more obvious, and the efficiency of heat transfer is increased by 4.5–8.5%. The results can provide a theoretical basis for a new converter gas waste heat recovery method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hazard Assessment and Reuse of Municipal Solid Waste)
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13 pages, 3702 KiB  
Article
Polyethylenes and Polystyrenes with Carbazole Fluorescent Tags
by Federica Tufano, Fabia Grisi, Chiara Costabile, Mina Mazzeo, Vincenzo Venditto, Antonella Caterina Boccia, Rosalba Fittipaldi, Lorella Izzo and Stefania Pragliola
Processes 2023, 11(2), 515; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11020515 - 8 Feb 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2010
Abstract
The increasingly intense consumption of plastics and, above all, their improper disposal in the environment are causing serious environmental concerns. Great efforts have been made for the development of new methods aimed at facilitating and speeding up the identification and sorting of different [...] Read more.
The increasingly intense consumption of plastics and, above all, their improper disposal in the environment are causing serious environmental concerns. Great efforts have been made for the development of new methods aimed at facilitating and speeding up the identification and sorting of different materials in the plastic recycling process. In this field, new strategies based on fluorescent tagging have been developed. This work concerns the synthesis and characterization of new fluorescent copolymers of polyethylene (PE) and polystyrene (PS), which are among the most produced and consumed plastic materials. The synthesized copolymers are potentially suitable for use as fluorescent markers of PE and PS. Ethylene-co-N-pentenyl carbazole (P(E-co-PK)) and styrene-co-4-(N-carbazolyl)methyl styrene (P(S-co-SK)) copolymers were prepared by Ziegler–Natta and free radical polymerization, respectively. If excited at 300 nm, both P(E-co-PK)s and P(S-co-SK)s give fluorescence emissions resulting in them being optically active. Moreover, due to the low amount of fluorescent units, they show chemico-physical properties such as those of their corresponding homopolymers (PE and PS). P(E-co-PK)s and P(S-co-SK)s have been also tested as fluorescent markers of PE and PS. The experimental results demonstrate that from PE/P(E-co-PK) and PS/P(S-co-SK) blends prepared using only 1% by weight of fluorescent copolymer, distinguishable fluorescent emissions can be still detected. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hazard Assessment and Reuse of Municipal Solid Waste)
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15 pages, 3114 KiB  
Article
Assessment of PCDD/Fs Emission during Industrial-Organic-Solid-Waste Incineration Process in a Fluidized-Bed Incinerator
by Yuxuan Ying, Xiaoxiao Wang, Wenlong Song, Yunfeng Ma, Hong Yu, Xiaoqing Lin, Shengyong Lu, Xiaodong Li, Wei Huang and Li Zhong
Processes 2023, 11(1), 251; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11010251 - 12 Jan 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2115
Abstract
This study was conducted in a fluidized-bed incineration plant, evaluating the formation, emission and flux of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) from industrial-organic-solid-waste (IW) incineration. The results revealed that both the total (or I-TEQ) concentrations of toxic and 136 total PCDD/Fs [...] Read more.
This study was conducted in a fluidized-bed incineration plant, evaluating the formation, emission and flux of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) from industrial-organic-solid-waste (IW) incineration. The results revealed that both the total (or I-TEQ) concentrations of toxic and 136 total PCDD/Fs in flue gas (FG), fly ash (FA) and bottom ash (BA)were ramped up to a higher level than those during municipal-solid-waste (MSW) incineration. A possible explanation was the chlorine (Cl) content of IW. However, the emitted PCDD/Fs in FG (FA/BA) still fulfilled the criteria. Subsequently, similar distribution patterns of PCDD/F isomers were observed in subsystems, indicating a unified formation-pathway. De novo synthesis was detected as the dominant formation-pathway of PCDD/Fs, while high-temperature and precursor syntheses were excluded. DD/DF chlorination formed PCDD/Fs to some extent. Furthermore, the mass flow chart indicated that PCDD/Fs output in primary FG was significantly strengthened (>1000 times) by de novo synthesis, from 1.25 μg I-TEQ/h to 1.67 mg I-TEQ/h. With effective cleaning by APCS, 99.6% of PCDD/Fs in FG were purified. PCDD/Fs in the gas phase were finally emitted at a discharge rate of 7.25 μg I-TEQ/h. However, accumulated FA took most PCDD/Fs into the environment (>99%), reaching 3.56 mg I-TEQ/h. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hazard Assessment and Reuse of Municipal Solid Waste)
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17 pages, 3481 KiB  
Article
Quality Changes of Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) Recyclates from the Pretreatment Process with a Cationic Surfactant and a Nonionic Surfactant as Cleaning Agents Upstream of Extrusion
by Jinyang Guo, Youngju Kim, Zhi Kai Chong, Ayah Alassali, Jose Pablo Chacon, Dieter Gottschalk, Magdalena Kitzberger and Kerstin Kuchta
Processes 2022, 10(11), 2174; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10112174 - 24 Oct 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5006
Abstract
Low-density polyethylene is the most applied packaging plastic. The recycling rate of LDPE is low, especially for the material from the post-consumer source. The quality of the LDPE post-consumer recyclates is influenced by different contaminations, either intentionally or non-intentionally. Printing ink is one [...] Read more.
Low-density polyethylene is the most applied packaging plastic. The recycling rate of LDPE is low, especially for the material from the post-consumer source. The quality of the LDPE post-consumer recyclates is influenced by different contaminations, either intentionally or non-intentionally. Printing ink is one of the substances that is regarded as having a negative influence on the quality of LDPE recyclates. This study used a new type of nonionic surfactant oxirane, methyl-, polymer for de-inking as a pretreatment. Afterward, the LDPE film flakes were mechanically recycled in the laboratory. A melt flow index (MFI), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and tensile strength analysis were carried out. This work reported the de-inking effect of a new type of nonionic surfactant. However, no evidential correlation between the rate of color removal and the improvement in the rheological, thermal, and mechanical properties can be identified from the result of this study. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hazard Assessment and Reuse of Municipal Solid Waste)
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Review

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22 pages, 2581 KiB  
Review
Waste-to-Energy Pipeline through Consolidated Fermentation–Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) System
by Kundan Kumar, Ling Ding, Haiyan Zhao and Ming-Hsun Cheng
Processes 2023, 11(8), 2451; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11082451 - 15 Aug 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3453
Abstract
The rise in population, urbanization, and industrial developments have led to a substantial increase in waste generation and energy demand, posing significant challenges for waste management as well as energy conservation and production. Bioenergy conversions have been merged as advanced, sustainable, and integrated [...] Read more.
The rise in population, urbanization, and industrial developments have led to a substantial increase in waste generation and energy demand, posing significant challenges for waste management as well as energy conservation and production. Bioenergy conversions have been merged as advanced, sustainable, and integrated solutions for these issues, encompassing energy generation and waste upcycling of different types of organic waste. Municipal solid waste (MSW) and agricultural residues (AR) are two main resources for bioenergy conversions. Bioenergy production involves feedstock deconstruction and the conversion of platform chemicals to energy products. This review provides a detailed overview of waste sources, biofuel, and bioelectricity production from fermentation and microbial fuel cell (MFC) technology, and their economic and environmental perspectives. Fermentation plays a critical role in liquid biofuel production, while MFCs demonstrate promising potential for simultaneous production of electricity and hydrogen. Fermentation and MFCs hold a significant potential to be integrated into a single pipeline, enabling the conversion of organic matter, including a variety of waste material and effluent, into diverse forms of bioenergy via microbial cultures under mild conditions. Furthermore, MFCs are deemed a promising technology for pollutant remediation, reducing COD levels while producing bioenergy. Importantly, the consolidated fermentation–MFC system is projected to produce approximately 7.17 trillion L of bioethanol and 6.12 × 104 MW/m2 of bioelectricity from MSW and AR annually, contributing over USD 465 billion to the global energy market. Such an integrated system has the potential to initiate a circular economy, foster waste reduction, and improve waste management practices. This advancement could play a crucial role in promoting sustainability across the environmental and energy sectors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hazard Assessment and Reuse of Municipal Solid Waste)
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