Processes

14 pages, 27197 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimizing Elemental Transfer Predictions in Submerged Arc Welding via CALPHAD Technology under Varying Heat Inputs: A Case Study into SiO₂-Bearing Flux

by Jun Fan, Jin Zhang and Dan Zhang

Processes 2024, 12(7), 1541; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12071541 - 22 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 860

Abstract

With the advancement of the manufacturing industry, performing submerged arc welding subject to varying welding heat inputs has become essential. However, traditional thermodynamic models are insufficient for predicting the effect of welding heat input on elemental transfer behavior. This study aims to develop [...] Read more.

With the advancement of the manufacturing industry, performing submerged arc welding subject to varying welding heat inputs has become essential. However, traditional thermodynamic models are insufficient for predicting the effect of welding heat input on elemental transfer behavior. This study aims to develop a model via CALPHAD technology to predict the influence of heat input on essential elements such as O, Si, and Mn when typical SiO₂-bearing fluxes are employed. The predicted data demonstrate that the proposed model effectively forecasts changes in elemental transfer behavior induced by varying welding heat inputs. Furthermore, the study discusses the thermodynamic factors affecting elemental transfer behavior under different heat inputs, supported by both measured compositions and thermodynamic data. These insights may provide theoretical and technical support for flux design, welding material matching, and composition prediction under various heat input conditions subject to submerged arc welding processes when SiO₂-bearing fluxes are employed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Materials Processes)

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15 pages, 2998 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Developing Lead Compounds of eEF2K Inhibitors Using Ligand–Receptor Complex Structures

by Jiangcheng Xu, Wenbo Yu, Yanlin Luo, Tiantao Liu and An Su

Processes 2024, 12(7), 1540; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12071540 - 22 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1002

Abstract

The eEF2K, a member of the α-kinase family, plays a crucial role in cellular differentiation and the stability of the nervous system. The development of eEF2K inhibitors has proven to be significantly important in the treatment of diseases such as cancer and Alzheimer’s. [...] Read more.

The eEF2K, a member of the α-kinase family, plays a crucial role in cellular differentiation and the stability of the nervous system. The development of eEF2K inhibitors has proven to be significantly important in the treatment of diseases such as cancer and Alzheimer’s. With the advancement of big data in pharmaceuticals and the evolution of molecular generation technologies, leveraging artificial intelligence to expedite research on eEF2K inhibitors shows great potential. Based on the recently published structure of eEF2K and known inhibitor molecular structures, a generative model was used to create 1094 candidate inhibitor molecules. Analysis indicates that the model-generated molecules can comprehend the principles of molecular docking. Moreover, some of these molecules can modify the original molecular frameworks. A molecular screening strategy was devised, leading to the identification of five promising eEF2K inhibitor lead compounds. These five compound molecules demonstrated excellent thermodynamic performance when docked with eEF2K, with Vina scores of −12.12, −16.67, −15.07, −15.99, and −10.55 kcal/mol, respectively, showing a 24.27% improvement over known active inhibitor molecules. Additionally, they exhibited favorable drug-likeness. This study used deep generative models to develop eEF2K inhibitors, enabling the treatment of cancer and neurological disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Process Systems Engineering in Continuous Pharmaceutical and Biopharmaceutical Manufacturing)

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19 pages, 7798 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fracture Propagation of Multi-Stage Radial Wellbore Fracturing in Tight Sandstone Reservoir

by Yuning Yong, Zhaoquan Guo, Xiaoxia Zhou, Shouceng Tian, Ye Zhang and Tianyu Wang

Processes 2024, 12(7), 1539; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12071539 - 22 Jul 2024

Viewed by 853

Abstract

Radial wellbore fracturing is a promising technology for stimulating tight sandstone reservoirs. However, simultaneous fracturing of multiple radial wellbores often leads to unsuccessful treatments. This paper proposes a novel technology called multi-stage radial wellbore fracturing (MRWF) to address this challenge. A numerical model [...] Read more.

Radial wellbore fracturing is a promising technology for stimulating tight sandstone reservoirs. However, simultaneous fracturing of multiple radial wellbores often leads to unsuccessful treatments. This paper proposes a novel technology called multi-stage radial wellbore fracturing (MRWF) to address this challenge. A numerical model based on the finite element/meshfree method is established to investigate the effects of various parameters on the fracture propagation of MRWF, including the azimuth of the radial wellbore, the horizontal stress difference, and the rock matrix permeability. The results show that previously created fractures have an attraction for subsequently created fractures, significantly influencing fracture propagation. A conceptual model is proposed to explain the variations in the fracture propagation of MRWF, highlighting three critical effect factors: the attraction effect, the orientation effect of the radial wellbore, and the deflection effect of the maximum horizontal principal stress. Fracture geometry is quantitatively assessed through the deviation distance, which indicates the radial wellbore’s ability to guide fracture propagation along its axis. As the azimuth increases, the deviation distances can either increase or decrease, depending on the specific radial wellbore layouts. Decreasing the horizontal stress difference and increasing the rock matrix permeability both increase the deviation distance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Systems)

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15 pages, 32529 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Detecting Steam Leakage in Nuclear Power Systems Based on the Improved Background Subtraction Method

by Jie Liu, Yanping Huang, Minglu Zhang, Suting Zhou, Changhua Nie, Minggang Li and Lin Zhang

Processes 2024, 12(7), 1538; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12071538 - 22 Jul 2024

Viewed by 830

Abstract

As a key system in nuclear power plants, nuclear power systems contain high-temperature, high-pressure water media. A steam leak, if it occurs, can at minimum cause system functional loss and at worst lead to casualties. Therefore, it is urgent to carry out steam [...] Read more.

As a key system in nuclear power plants, nuclear power systems contain high-temperature, high-pressure water media. A steam leak, if it occurs, can at minimum cause system functional loss and at worst lead to casualties. Therefore, it is urgent to carry out steam leakage detection work for high-temperature, high-pressure loop systems. Currently, steam leaks are primarily detected through visual monitoring and pressure gauges. However, if there is a minor leak under high system pressure, the slight decrease in pressure may not be enough to alert the operators, leading to a delay in detecting the steam leak. Thus, this detection method has certain drawbacks. In view of these issues, this paper introduces computer vision technology to monitor the high-temperature, high-pressure loop system and proposes the use of an improved background subtraction method to detect steam leaks in the loop system. The results show the following advantages of this method: (1) It can effectively identify steam leaks at an early stage; (2) it overcomes the difficulty of determining the threshold value for the binarization of grayscale images in traditional background subtraction methods; (3) it eliminates the noise impact brought by the binarization of grayscale images in existing improved background subtraction methods. The introduction of this method provides a new approach for detecting steam leaks in high-temperature, high-pressure loop systems and can be effectively applied in engineering fields. It also offers reference value for the detection of high-temperature, high-pressure media leaks in other fields. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Systems)

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15 pages, 3345 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification of Multi-Parameter Fluid in Igneous Rock Reservoir Logging—A Case Study of PL9-1 in Bohai Oilfield

by Jiakang Liu, Kangliang Guo, Shuangshuang Zhang, Xinchen Gao, Jiameng Liu and Qiangyu Li

Processes 2024, 12(7), 1537; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12071537 - 22 Jul 2024

Viewed by 726

Abstract

Since the “13th Five-Year Plan”, the exploration of large-scale structural oil and gas reservoirs in the Bohai oilfield has become more complex, and the exploration of igneous oil and gas reservoirs has become the focus of current attention. At present, igneous rock reservoir [...] Read more.

Since the “13th Five-Year Plan”, the exploration of large-scale structural oil and gas reservoirs in the Bohai oilfield has become more complex, and the exploration of igneous oil and gas reservoirs has become the focus of current attention. At present, igneous rock reservoir fluid identification methods are mainly based on the evaluation method of logging single parameter construction, which is primarily a qualitative identification due to lithology, physical property, and engineering factors. Accurate acquisition of interference logging data, and multi-parameter coupling and recording coupling methods are few, lacking systematic and comprehensive evaluation and analysis of logging data. Since conventional logging data in the study area have difficulty accurately and quickly identifying reservoir fluid properties, a systematic analysis was conducted of three factors: lithology, physical properties, and engineering, as well as a variety of logging parameters (gas measurement, three-dimensional quantitative fluorescence, geochemical, FLAIR, etc.) that can reflect fluid properties were integrated. Based on parameter sensitivity analysis, the quantitative characterization index FI of multi-parameter coupling fluid identification was established using the data from testing, sampling, and laboratory testing to develop the identification standard. The sensitivity analysis and optimization of characteristic parameters were carried out by integrating the data reflecting fluid properties such as gas surveys, geochemical data, and related logging data. Combined with gas logging-derived parameters and improved engineering parameters (the value of alkanes released by rock cracking per unit volume

C_{a d j u s t}

,

C_{1}

abnormal multiple values, three-dimensional quantitative fluorescence correlation factor N), the fluid properties were identified, evaluation factors were constructed based on factor analysis, and fluid identification interactive charts were established. By analyzing test wells in the PL9-1 well area, the results of comparison test data are more reliable. Compared with conventional methods, this method reduces the dependence of a single parameter by synthesizing multiple parameters and reduces the influence of lithology, physical properties, and engineering parameters on fluid identification. It is more reasonable and practical. It can accurately and quickly identify the fluid properties of igneous rock reservoirs in the study area. It has a guiding significance for improving the accurate evaluation of logging data and increasing exploration benefits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Enhanced Oil Recovery Technologies, 3rd Volume)

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22 pages, 4321 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Assessment of Paper Formation Conditions and Structural Two-Sidedness and Their Impacts on Curl Phenomena

by Paulo A. N. Dias, Ricardo Rodrigues and Marco S. Reis

Processes 2024, 12(7), 1536; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12071536 - 22 Jul 2024

Viewed by 983

Abstract

Curl propensity is a critical-to-quality (CTQ) property of paper, as it causes severe problems during printing and other final conversion operations. The main papermaking factor causing the curl phenomenon is the existence of a fiber orientation (FO) gradient across the thickness direction (or [...] Read more.

Curl propensity is a critical-to-quality (CTQ) property of paper, as it causes severe problems during printing and other final conversion operations. The main papermaking factor causing the curl phenomenon is the existence of a fiber orientation (FO) gradient across the thickness direction (or ZD), also known as two-sidedness. Therefore, a methodology that characterizes the FO across the ZD is fundamental for papermakers. In this work, we propose and validate an efficient and cost-effective protocol based on sheet splitting and image analysis. Besides assessing the level of FO two-sidedness, the methodology also provides insights into the flow dynamics in the draining zone of the forming section of the paper machine and the drying stresses built into the paper. This information is relevant for monitoring, optimizing, and troubleshooting activities in the paper industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Materials Processes)

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30 pages, 4802 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Implantable and Semi-Implantable Biosensors for Minimally Invasive Disease Diagnosis

by Yameng Xu, Jingyuan Zhang, Wilson Z. Ray and Matthew R. MacEwan

Processes 2024, 12(7), 1535; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12071535 - 21 Jul 2024

Viewed by 2060

Abstract

Implantable and semi-implantable biosensors fabricated with biodegradable materials and nanomaterials have gained interest in the past few decades. Functionalized biodegradable materials and nanomaterials are usually employed to satisfy clinical and research requirements because of their advanced properties. Novel fabrication techniques were developed to [...] Read more.

Implantable and semi-implantable biosensors fabricated with biodegradable materials and nanomaterials have gained interest in the past few decades. Functionalized biodegradable materials and nanomaterials are usually employed to satisfy clinical and research requirements because of their advanced properties. Novel fabrication techniques were developed to improve the efficiency and accuracy. Different working mechanisms were facilitated to design different types of sensors. This review discusses the recent developments of implantable and semi-implantable biosensors. The materials and fabrications are browsed, and different types of biomedical sensors for different variables are discussed as a focused topic. The biomedical sensors are discussed according to the targets and working mechanisms, followed by a focus on the nervous system sensing to provide an inspiration that different variables can be studied simultaneously on the single system. In the end, challenges and prospects will be discussed. This review aims to provide information of materials, fabrication approaches, mechanisms, and the state of the art for inspiration in designing novel implantable and semi-implantable biomedical sensors for general diagnostic activities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Nanomaterials for Biomedical Diagnostics and Therapy)

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19 pages, 3505 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mercury Discharge Inventory Based on Sewage Treatment Process in China

by Chenglong Wei, Jiaxu Guo, Rongyang Fan, Tingting Zhang, Xianbin Wang, Hao Chen, Song Huang, Yufei Hu and Gang Zhang

Processes 2024, 12(7), 1534; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12071534 - 21 Jul 2024

Viewed by 867

Abstract

Mercury pollution is a serious public health problem. China’s extensive use and reliance on mercury has led to water pollution, particularly the presence of methylmercury in water. Estimating total mercury emissions from wastewater in China is challenging due to the large amount and [...] Read more.

Mercury pollution is a serious public health problem. China’s extensive use and reliance on mercury has led to water pollution, particularly the presence of methylmercury in water. Estimating total mercury emissions from wastewater in China is challenging due to the large amount and wide range of emissions. An estimation model for total mercury content in sewage in China was established by establishing a relationship between sewage treatment volume, mercury content in effluent after sewage treatment, and the data of sludge production and mercury content in the sewage treatment plant. It was determined that only 3% of mercury entered the air during sewage treatment, 27.5% of mercury entered the effluent, and about 69.5% of mercury entered the sludge, based on the treatment of existing wastewater treatment plants in China. From 2002 to 2021, the average annual sewage mercury emission in China was 32.07 Mg, and the emissions were higher in densely populated and economically developed provinces such as Beijing, Shandong, Hebei, and Guangdong. By 2025, China’s mercury emissions are projected to reach 55.41 Mg. By 2035, China’s mercury emissions are projected to reach 49.3 Mg. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental and Green Processes)

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20 pages, 3772 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Industrial Catalytic Production Process of Erythromycin

by Theodora Adamantidi, Ellie Panoutsopoulou, Evangelia Stavrakoudi, Panagiota Tzevelekou and Nikolaos C. Kokkinos

Processes 2024, 12(7), 1533; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12071533 - 21 Jul 2024

Viewed by 2820

Abstract

The impact of COVID-19’s unexpected outbreak forced the scientific community to seek alternative treatment methods in order to overcome the hindrance of traditional medicine in terms of alleviating the symptoms of this virus. Erythromycin, which was introduced in 1952, is an antibiotic that [...] Read more.

The impact of COVID-19’s unexpected outbreak forced the scientific community to seek alternative treatment methods in order to overcome the hindrance of traditional medicine in terms of alleviating the symptoms of this virus. Erythromycin, which was introduced in 1952, is an antibiotic that is reported to pose as an effective substitute medication for various ailments such as skin, respiratory, bone, and female reproductive conditions, and cancer, as well as the newly added COVID-19. The importance of both the erythromycin molecule and the catalyst of its production, namely P450eryF of the cytochrome P450 family, in many health-concerned and environmentally related applications, has led several countries, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the health industry to recruit and cooperate with numerous universities and institutions, in an attempt to tackle the demand for efficient antibiotics. The aim of this study is to discuss and further analyze the overall structure and catalytic mechanism of erythromycin’s synthesis and industrial production, in order to gain a better comprehension of this molecule’s significance and value in the pharmaceutical field. This was carried out through the citation of the current production rates per country and the latest statistics and published patents. As implied in this manuscript, the demand for an increase and improvement in the production of erythromycin and its antibiotic derivatives should be globally promoted to deliver more effective results against infectious diseases, such as COVID-19. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring and Control of Processes in the Context of Industry 4.0)

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15 pages, 322 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing the Impact of Sustainable Pasture Systems on Lamb Meat Quality

by Nikola Stanišić, Dragana Ružić-Muslić, Nevena Maksimović, Bogdan Cekić, Violeta Caro Petrović, Ivan Ćosić and Marina Lazarević

Processes 2024, 12(7), 1532; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12071532 - 20 Jul 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1099

Abstract

The global demand for sustainable lamb production is increasing due to the need for high-quality meat with minimal environmental impact, making the choice of feeding systems crucial. This study investigates the effects of supplemented pasture feeding during the last 60 days of rearing [...] Read more.

The global demand for sustainable lamb production is increasing due to the need for high-quality meat with minimal environmental impact, making the choice of feeding systems crucial. This study investigates the effects of supplemented pasture feeding during the last 60 days of rearing on the meat fatty acid profile, pH value, colour characteristics, and mineral composition of lambs, highlighting the benefits of such feeding systems. Ninety lambs (MIS sheep breed) were divided into three distinct feeding regimes: Group I (alfalfa and concentrate feeding), Group II (white clover [Trifolium repens] pasture with concentrate supplementation), and Group III (birds’ foot trefoil [Lotus corniculatus] pasture with concentrate supplementation). The results have shown that supplemented pasture feeding improves the fatty acid profile by increasing n-3 content and desirable fatty acids, while reducing the n-6/n-3 ratio and atherogenic index (p < 0.05), particularly in lambs finished on an L. corniculatus diet. However, forage-supplemented feeding also reduces meat colour lightness and redness (p < 0.05). On the other hand, it enhances the meat’s mineral profile, with higher calcium, selenium, and iron levels, especially in lambs fed L. corniculatus. These findings underscore the benefits of moderate grazing with supplemental concentrates in optimising lamb meat quality. Importantly, they also highlight the potential of forage legumes like T. repens and L. corniculatus to significantly enhance the nutritional profile of lamb meat, offering a promising outlook for the future of sustainable lamb production. Additionally, this research provides valuable insights that could guide the development of future agricultural practices, dietary guidelines, and environmental policies to advance sustainable and nutritious food systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Food Process Engineering)

18 pages, 3872 KiB

Open AccessArticle

LSMOF-AD: Three-Stage Optimization Approach with Adaptive Differential for Large-Scale Container Scheduling

by Mingshan Chen, Weichao Ding, Mengyang Zhu, Wen Shi and Guoqing Jiang

Processes 2024, 12(7), 1531; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12071531 - 20 Jul 2024

Viewed by 639

Abstract

Container technology has gained a widespread application in cloud computing environments due to its low resource overhead and high flexibility. However, as the number of containers grows, it becomes increasingly challenging to achieve the rapid and coordinated optimization of multiple objectives for container [...] Read more.

Container technology has gained a widespread application in cloud computing environments due to its low resource overhead and high flexibility. However, as the number of containers grows, it becomes increasingly challenging to achieve the rapid and coordinated optimization of multiple objectives for container scheduling, while maintaining system stability and security. This paper aims to overcome these challenges and provides the optimal allocation for a large number of containers. First, a large-scale multi-objective container scheduling optimization model is constructed, which involves the task completion time, resource cost, and load balancing. Second, a novel optimization algorithm called LSMOF-AD (large-scale multi-objective optimization framework with muti-stage and adaptive differential strategies) is proposed to effectively handle large-scale container scheduling problems. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm has a better performance in multiple benchmark problems compared to other advanced algorithms and can effectively reduce the task processing delay, while achieving a high resource utilization and load balancing compared to other scheduling strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Advanced Digital and Other Processes)

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15 pages, 759 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of Sample Preparation Procedure for Determination of Fat-Soluble Vitamins in Milk and Infant Food by HPLC Technique

by Jasna Bošnir, Martina Bevardi, Ida Hećimović, Maja Budeč, Iva Juranović Cindrić, Robert Kober, Gordana Jurak, Dario Lasić, Danijel Brkić and Aleksandar Racz

Processes 2024, 12(7), 1530; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12071530 - 20 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1411

Abstract

Background: The analysis of vitamins in baby food is a challenging task given the complexity of the food matrix, vitamin stability, and strict regulations of the European Union regarding permissible deviations from declared values. Vitamins in food exist in different concentrations and forms [...] Read more.

Background: The analysis of vitamins in baby food is a challenging task given the complexity of the food matrix, vitamin stability, and strict regulations of the European Union regarding permissible deviations from declared values. Vitamins in food exist in different concentrations and forms and have different stabilities; thus, the preparation of samples for a reliable analysis using the same procedure is not straightforward. Therefore, significant attention has been devoted to optimizing sample preparation in the analysis of vitamins. Methods: This study aims to determine which of the sample preparation and extraction methods is the most efficient for the simultaneous determination of vitamins A, D, E, and K in milk and baby food using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Different samples of baby food were prepared in seven different ways based on four methods (saponification, enzymatic hydrolysis, solvent extraction, and solid-phase extraction). Results and Conclusions: According to the validation parameters, the optimal preparation method proved to be solid-phase extraction with a C18 stationary phase, with recoveries of 97.4%, 96.1%, 98.3%, and 96.2% for vitamins A, D, E, and K, respectively, and HPLC with a UV–Vis detector was identified as a sufficiently sensitive technique for the identification and quantification of fat-soluble vitamins in milk and baby food. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Technologies in Sustainable Dairy Processing)

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14 pages, 3142 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Leakage Quantification in Metallic Pipes under Different Corrosion Exposure Times

by Alaa Agala, Muhammad A. Khan, Feiyang He and Abdulaaziz Alnuman

Processes 2024, 12(7), 1529; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12071529 - 20 Jul 2024

Viewed by 751

Abstract

The combined effects of aqueous corrosion, stress factors, and seeded cracks on leakage in cast iron pipes have not been thoroughly examined due to the complexity and difficulty in predicting their interactions. This study seeks to address this gap by investigating the interdependencies [...] Read more.

The combined effects of aqueous corrosion, stress factors, and seeded cracks on leakage in cast iron pipes have not been thoroughly examined due to the complexity and difficulty in predicting their interactions. This study seeks to address this gap by investigating the interdependencies between corrosion, stress, and cracks in cast iron pipes to optimise the material selection and design in corrosive environments. Leakage experiments were conducted under simulated localised corrosive conditions and internal pressure, revealing that leakage increased from 0 to 25 mL with crack sizes of 0.5 mm, 0.8 mm, 1 mm, and 1.2 mm, along with corrosion times of 0, 120, 160, and 200 h, and varying stress levels. An empirical model was developed using a curve-fitting approach to map the relationships among corrosion time, crack propagation, and leakage amount. The results demonstrate that the interaction between corrosion, stress, and crack propagation was complex and nonlinear, and the leakage amount increased from 0.7 to 0.10 mm every 15 min, as evidenced by SEM microstructure images and empirical data. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Industrial Process Operation State Sensing and Performance Optimization)

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15 pages, 8743 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Gas Control Technology in Goaf Based on the Influence of Mining Speed

by Cheng Cheng, Xiao-Yu Cheng, Long Chen and Xing-Ying Ma

Processes 2024, 12(7), 1528; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12071528 - 20 Jul 2024

Viewed by 733

Abstract

To comprehensively understand the influence of mining speed on gas emissions in goaf during coal seam extraction, enhance gas extraction efficiency in goaf, manage gas emissions at the working face, and ensure safety in the mining production process. This study focuses on the [...] Read more.

To comprehensively understand the influence of mining speed on gas emissions in goaf during coal seam extraction, enhance gas extraction efficiency in goaf, manage gas emissions at the working face, and ensure safety in the mining production process. This study focuses on the No. 3 mining area of Wangjialing Mine, employing numerical simulations to analyze the evolution of mining-induced fractures and the characteristics of gas distribution in the overburden at varying mining speeds. Furthermore, by integrating actual gas emission and extraction data at the production face, this study examines the quantitative relationship between mining speed and gas emissions in the goaf, identifying optimal regions for high-position borehole layouts and conducting borehole optimization design and investigation. The results of this study indicate that the initial caving step distance of the goaf roof increases with the advancement speed of the working face. Conversely, the maximum height of through fractures in the overburden decreases as the mining speed increases, while delamination fractures are minimally affected by the advancement speed. By categorizing and averaging data on goaf mining speed, the impact of initial and periodic pressure on gas emissions can be effectively mitigated, revealing a linear correlation coefficient of 0.94 between goaf gas emissions and mining speed. At varying mining speeds of the working face, the efficient extraction layer and horizontal distance parameters of gas extraction boreholes in the goaf conform to the linear equation y = ax ± b. Based on the research findings, an optimization design for mining face speed and high-level borehole parameters in the goaf was implemented. The average gas extraction rate of high-level directional boreholes reached 68% throughout the extraction period. Gas emissions at the working face were effectively controlled below 10 m³/min, with the maximum gas concentration at the upper corners and return airflow kept below 0.8%. This effectively managed gas emissions at the working face, ensuring safe production in the mine, providing a theoretical basis for identifying gas-rich areas in the mining-induced overburden, and enhancing gas extraction efficiency at the working face. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Safety Monitoring and Prevention Process in Coal Mines)

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22 pages, 1760 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Critical Review of Systems for Bioremediation of Tannery Effluent with a Focus on Nitrogenous and Sulfurous Species Removal and Resource Recovery

by Philadelphia V. Ngobeni, Ashton B. Mpofu, Amrita Ranjan and Pamela J. Welz

Processes 2024, 12(7), 1527; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12071527 - 20 Jul 2024

Viewed by 884

Abstract

Tanneries generate copious amounts of potentially toxic sludge and effluent from the processing of skins and hides to leather. The effluent requires remediation before discharge to protect the receiving environment. A range of physicochemical methods are used for pre- and post-treatment, but biological [...] Read more.

Tanneries generate copious amounts of potentially toxic sludge and effluent from the processing of skins and hides to leather. The effluent requires remediation before discharge to protect the receiving environment. A range of physicochemical methods are used for pre- and post-treatment, but biological secondary remediation remains the most popular choice for the reduction of the organic and macronutrient fraction of tannery effluent. This review provides an update and critical discussion of biological systems used to remediate tannery effluent. While the conventional activated sludge process and similar technologies are widely used by tanneries, they have inherent problems related to poor sludge settling, low removal efficiencies, and high energy requirements. Treatment wetlands are recommended for the passive polishing step of beamhouse effluent. Hybrid systems that incorporate anoxic and/or anaerobic zones with sludge and/or effluent recycling have been shown to be effective for the removal of organics and nitrogenous species at laboratory scale, and some have been piloted. Novel systems have also been proposed for the removal and recovery of elemental sulfur and/or energy and/or process water in support of a circular economy. Full-scale studies showing successful long-term operation of such systems are now required to convince tanneries to modernize and invest in new infrastructure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2nd Edition of Innovation in Chemical Plant Design)

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19 pages, 6015 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Twice-Open Control Method for a Hydraulic Variable Valve System in a Diesel Engine

by Degaoxuan Guo, Juan Tang, Zongfa Xie, Xiaoxia Li and Xinzheng Cao

Processes 2024, 12(7), 1526; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12071526 - 19 Jul 2024

Viewed by 922

Abstract

In order to solve the cold-starting problem and improve the intake and exhaust pipe temperatures of diesel engines under cold-starting and low- and medium-speed conditions, this paper proposes a twice-open control method for a hydraulic variable valve system. First, a hydraulic variable valve [...] Read more.

In order to solve the cold-starting problem and improve the intake and exhaust pipe temperatures of diesel engines under cold-starting and low- and medium-speed conditions, this paper proposes a twice-open control method for a hydraulic variable valve system. First, a hydraulic variable valve system that can realize a fully variable valve lift and phase angle is applied to replace the original intake system in order to meet the air intake requirements of different conditions. Then, a twice-open control method in which the intake valve opens two times at the exhaust stroke and intake stroke is proposed to improve the intake pipe temperature and solve the cold-starting problem. This paper contains a numerical work analysis. A GT-POWER model is constructed to validate the intake valve twice-open control method. The cylinder pressure, cylinder temperature, intake pipe pressure, and intake pipe temperature are obtained and compared between the original intake valve system and the hydraulic variable valve system with the proposed intake valve twice-open control method. The results show that the twice-open control method can increase the intake pipe temperature to 260 K or even higher, which can improve the cold-starting performance and the exhaust temperature at low and medium speeds. At the same time, the performance under low- and medium-speed conditions is improved. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Enhanced Heat Transfer and Advanced Energy Conversion Technology)

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21 pages, 4094 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Optimized Ultrasonic Extraction of Essential Oil from the Biomass of Lippia graveolens Kunth Using Deep Eutectic Solvents and Their Effect on Colletotrichum asianum

by Juan Pablo Manjarrez-Quintero, Octavio Valdez-Baro, Raymundo Saúl García-Estrada, Laura Aracely Contreras-Angulo, Pedro de Jesús Bastidas-Bastidas, J. Basilio Heredia, Luis Angel Cabanillas-Bojórquez and Erick Paul Gutiérrez-Grijalva

Processes 2024, 12(7), 1525; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12071525 - 19 Jul 2024

Viewed by 961

Abstract

Essential oils are emerging as alternatives to conventional pest control chemicals. Lippia graveolens Kunth (Mexican oregano) is a source of essential oils and during conventional extraction, the biomass generated is discarded as waste; however, reports show that this biomass is still a rich [...] Read more.

Essential oils are emerging as alternatives to conventional pest control chemicals. Lippia graveolens Kunth (Mexican oregano) is a source of essential oils and during conventional extraction, the biomass generated is discarded as waste; however, reports show that this biomass is still a rich source of essential oils. Conventional essential oil extraction causes contamination and utilizes toxic solvents. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) offer low toxicity, biodegradability, high selectivity, and yields comparable to organic solvents. This study obtained essential oil from Lippia graveolens biomass via hydrodistillation with ultrasound-assisted DES pretreatment. This research aimed to optimize the extraction of essential oil from Lippia graveolens biomass using ultrasound-assisted DESs and assess its in vitro and in vivo inhibitory effect on C. asianum. The response variables were extraction yield and total reducing capacity. Optimal conditions were determined using a central composite rotatable design, considering solid-to-liquid ratio (0.38 g/mL), ultrasonic amplitude (45.05%), and time (7.47 min). The optimized oil, with thymol (48%) as the predominant component, exhibited more volatile compounds than conventional hydrodistillation. Fungicidal assays highlighted its potential in controlling anthracnose in papaya fruits caused by C. asianum, making ultrasound-assisted DES pretreatment a promising alternative for obtaining essential oil from botanical byproducts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemicals: Extraction, Optimization, Identification, Biological Activities, and Applications in the Food, Nutraceutical, and Pharmaceutical Industries)

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16 pages, 4026 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research and Application of Gangue for the Preparation of Polymerized Aluminum Magnesium Chloride Flocculant

by Chaofen Yang, Xiaofeng Ma, Gang Ma, Lunqiu Zhang, Guang Lu, Yifan Zhang, Dantong Geng, Xiaolong You, Huan Liu and Yueyao Tian

Processes 2024, 12(7), 1524; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12071524 - 19 Jul 2024

Viewed by 823

Abstract

Polymerized aluminum magnesium chloride (PAMC) flocculant was prepared from gangue as a raw material, and the effects of pH, the polymerization time, and the polymerization temperature on the performance of the PAMC were investigated by a one-factor test, based on which, orthogonal experiments [...] Read more.

Polymerized aluminum magnesium chloride (PAMC) flocculant was prepared from gangue as a raw material, and the effects of pH, the polymerization time, and the polymerization temperature on the performance of the PAMC were investigated by a one-factor test, based on which, orthogonal experiments (three-factor and two-level) were conducted to optimize the relevant parameters. Meanwhile, FTIR and SEM were used to characterize the polymerized aluminum magnesium chloride, and the sample was applied in printing and dyeing wastewater treatment. The results showed that a pH value of 2.2 and a reaction at 60 °C for 4.5 h were the optimal preparation conditions; the characterization analysis showed that the synthesized product was polymerized aluminum magnesium chloride; the turbidity removal rate of the PAMC for printing and dyeing wastewater was increased by 2.1%, the COD removal rate was increased by 3.1%, the ammonia nitrogen removal rate was increased by 2.1%, and the chromaticity removal rate was increased by 9.2% compared with that of PAC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental and Green Processes)

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16 pages, 4801 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Self-Adaption Growth Model for the Burden Packing Process in a Bell-Less Blast Furnace

by Dongling Wu, Fengjie Yao, Duoyong Zhang, Enxue Zu, Ping Zhou and Wei Chen

Processes 2024, 12(7), 1523; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12071523 - 19 Jul 2024

Viewed by 839

Abstract

The burden structure directly decides the distribution of gas flow inside a blast furnace (BF). Falling, stacking, and descending bulk materials are the three main processes for burden formation, among which the stacking process plays a decisive role. The Discrete Element Method (DEM) [...] Read more.

The burden structure directly decides the distribution of gas flow inside a blast furnace (BF). Falling, stacking, and descending bulk materials are the three main processes for burden formation, among which the stacking process plays a decisive role. The Discrete Element Method (DEM) and theoretical modelling were combined to predict stacking behavior in this study. Falling and stacking behaviors were first simulated based on DEM. The repose angle during the stacking process and mass fraction distribution in the radial direction were analyzed. Then, the upper, centroid, and lower trajectory falling lines were determined, and a polynomial relation was found between the angle and the packing height. The influences of three parameters on the repose angle were investigated. Compared with the natural repose angle and chute inclination angle, the effects of the trajectory line depth appeared trivial. The polynomial relation between the repose angle and the packing height was specified to be a function of the natural angle of repose and the chute inclination angle. A three-trajectory falling model and quadratic expression were embedded in the theoretical model, yielding a self-adaption packing model. The model was proved reliable with a low relative error, below 15%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges of Applying Discrete Element Method (DEM) to Industrial Applications)

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17 pages, 5887 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Fault Direction Criterion Based on Post-Fault Positive-Sequence Information for Inverter Interfaced Distributed Generators Multi-Point Grid-Connected System

by Fan Yang, Hechong Chen, Gang Han, Huiran Xu, Yang Lei, Wei Hu and Shuxian Fan

Processes 2024, 12(7), 1522; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12071522 - 19 Jul 2024

Viewed by 772

Abstract

In response to the poor reliability in identifying fault direction in distribution networks with Inverter Interfaced Distributed Generators (IIDGs), considering the control strategy of low-voltage ride-through, a fault direction criterion based on post-fault positive-sequence steady-state components is proposed. Firstly, the output steady-state characteristics [...] Read more.

In response to the poor reliability in identifying fault direction in distribution networks with Inverter Interfaced Distributed Generators (IIDGs), considering the control strategy of low-voltage ride-through, a fault direction criterion based on post-fault positive-sequence steady-state components is proposed. Firstly, the output steady-state characteristics of IIDGs considering the low-voltage ride-through capability are analyzed during grid failure, and the applicability of existing directional elements in a distribution network with IIDGs connected dispersively is demonstrated. Subsequently, for the typical structure of an active distribution grid operating under flexible modes, the positive-sequence voltage and current are examined in various fault scenarios, and a reliable direction criterion is suggested based on the difference in post-fault positive-sequence impedance angles on different sides of the lines that are suitable whether on the grid side or the IIDG side. Lastly, the reliability of the proposed direction criterion is verified by simulation and the results indicate that the fault direction can be correctly determined, whereas phase-to-phase and three-phase short circuit faults occur in different scenarios, independent of the penetration and grid-connected positions of IIDGs, fault location, and transition resistance. It is suitable for fault direction discrimination of an IIDGs multi-point grid-connected system under a flexible operation mode. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Operation, Control, and Planning of Intelligent Energy Systems)

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20 pages, 4755 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancement of Tensile Strength of Coconut Shell Ash Reinforced Al-Si Alloys: A Novel Approach to Optimise Composition and Process Parameters Simultaneously

by M. Poornesh, Shreeranga Bhat, Pavana Kumara Bellairu and Olivia McDermott

Processes 2024, 12(7), 1521; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12071521 - 19 Jul 2024

Viewed by 835

Abstract

The research presents a novel approach to develop high-strength functionally graded composite materials (FGCMs) by using recycled coconut shell ash (CSA) particles as reinforcement for a hypereutectic Al-Si alloy matrix. Using a centrifugal casting technique, test specimens are prepared for the study under [...] Read more.

The research presents a novel approach to develop high-strength functionally graded composite materials (FGCMs) by using recycled coconut shell ash (CSA) particles as reinforcement for a hypereutectic Al-Si alloy matrix. Using a centrifugal casting technique, test specimens are prepared for the study under ASTM standards. The optimal combination of materials to maximise the materials’ overall tensile strength is obtained through the mixture methodology approach. The results show that CSA particles in the matrix material increase the tensile strength of the produced material. Process parameters, melting temperature and rotating speed were found to play a pivotal role in determining the tensile strength. A better tensile strength of the material is obtained when Al-Si = 90.5 wt%, CSA = 9.5 wt%, rotating speed = 800 RPM, and melting temperature = 800 °C; the proposed regression model developed has substantial predictability for tensile strength. This work presents a methodology for enhancing the tensile strength of FGCMs by optimising both the material composition and processing parameters. The achieved tensile strength of 197.4 MPa, at 800 RPM and 800 °C, for a concentration of 7.5 wt% CSA particles, makes these FGCMs suitable for use in multiple engineering sectors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Functional Materials Manufacturing and Processing)

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16 pages, 3535 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Direct Epoxidation of Hexafluoropropene Using Molecular Oxygen over Cu-Impregnated HZSM-5 Zeolites

by Jie-Ming Huang, Jingning Guo, Chengmiao Xu, An Su, Ke-Jun Wu and Chao-Hong He

Processes 2024, 12(7), 1520; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12071520 - 19 Jul 2024

Viewed by 589

Abstract

This study explores a novel method of directly epoxidizing hexafluoropropene with molecular oxygen under gaseous conditions using a Cu/HZSM-5 catalytic system (Cu/HZ). An in-depth investigation was conducted on the catalytic performance of Cu-based catalysts on various supports and Cu/HZ catalysts prepared under different [...] Read more.

This study explores a novel method of directly epoxidizing hexafluoropropene with molecular oxygen under gaseous conditions using a Cu/HZSM-5 catalytic system (Cu/HZ). An in-depth investigation was conducted on the catalytic performance of Cu-based catalysts on various supports and Cu/HZ catalysts prepared under different conditions. Cu/HZ catalysts exhibited better catalytic performance than other porous medium-supported Cu catalysts for the epoxidation of hexafluoropropene by molecular oxygen. The highest propylene oxide yield of 35.6% was achieved over the Cu/HZ catalyst prepared under conditions of 350 °C with a Cu loading of 1 wt%. By applying characterization techniques including XRD, BET, NH₃-TPD, and XPS to different catalyst samples, the relationship between the interaction of Cu²⁺ and HZSM-5 and the reactivity of the catalyst was studied, thereby elucidating the influence of calcination temperature and loading on the reactivity. Finally, we further proposed the possible mechanism of how isolated Cu²⁺ and acid sites improve catalytic performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Preparation, Characterization and Application of Heterogeneous Catalysts)

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23 pages, 12365 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization Analysis of Various Parameters Based on Response Surface Methodology for Enhancing NO_x Catalytic Reduction Performance of Urea Selective Catalytic Reduction on Cu-ZSM-13 Catalyst

by Weiqi Li, Jie Wu, Dongwei Yao, Feng Wu, Lei Wang, Hua Lou, Haibin He and Jingyi Hu

Processes 2024, 12(7), 1519; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12071519 - 19 Jul 2024

Viewed by 586

Abstract

While selective catalytic reduction (SCR) has long been indispensable for nitrogen oxide (NO_x) removal, optimizing its performance remains a significant challenge. This study investigates the combined effects of structural and intake parameters on SCR performance, an aspect often overlooked in previous [...] Read more.

While selective catalytic reduction (SCR) has long been indispensable for nitrogen oxide (NO_x) removal, optimizing its performance remains a significant challenge. This study investigates the combined effects of structural and intake parameters on SCR performance, an aspect often overlooked in previous research. This paper innovatively developed a three-dimensional SCR channel model and employed response surface methodology to conduct an in-depth analysis of multiple key factors. This multidimensional, multi-method approach enables a more comprehensive understanding of SCR system mechanics. Through target optimization, we achieved a simultaneous improvement in three critical indicators: the NO_x conversion rate, pressure drop, and ammonia slip. It is worth noting that the NO_x conversion rate has been optimized from 17.07% to 98.25%, the pressure drop has been increased from 3454.62 Pa to 2558.74 Pa, and the NH₃ slip has been transformed from 122.26 ppm to 17.49 ppm. These results not only advance the theoretical understanding of SCR technology but also provide valuable design insights for practical applications. Our findings pave the way for the development of more efficient and environmentally friendly SCR systems, potentially revolutionizing NO_x control in various industries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clean Combustion and Emission in Vehicle Power System, 2nd Edition)

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22 pages, 1756 KiB

Open AccessReview

Review of Hydrogen-Driven Power-to-X Technology and Application Status in China

by Yunchu Zhai, Yong He, Jiaming Shao, Weiling Zhang, Xiaofan Tong, Zhihua Wang and Wubin Weng

Processes 2024, 12(7), 1518; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12071518 - 19 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1575

Abstract

Given China’s ambition to realize carbon peak by 2030 and carbon neutralization by 2060, hydrogen is gradually becoming the pivotal energy source for the needs of energy structure optimization and energy system transformation. Thus, hydrogen combined with renewable energy has received more and [...] Read more.

Given China’s ambition to realize carbon peak by 2030 and carbon neutralization by 2060, hydrogen is gradually becoming the pivotal energy source for the needs of energy structure optimization and energy system transformation. Thus, hydrogen combined with renewable energy has received more and more attention. Nowadays, power-to-hydrogen, power-to-methanol, and power-to-ammonia are regarded as the most promising three hydrogen-driven power-to-X technologies due to the many commercial or demonstration projects in China. In this paper, these three hydrogen-driven power-to-X technologies and their application status in China are introduced and discussed. First, a general introduction of hydrogen energy policies in China is summarized, and then the basic principles, technical characteristics, trends, and challenges of the three hydrogen-driven power-to-X technologies are reviewed. Finally, several typical commercial or demonstration projects are selected and discussed in detail to illustrate the development of the power-to-X technologies in China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Chemical Processes and Systems)

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11 pages, 2073 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Preliminary Study on Determining Seasonal Variations in Halloumi Cheese Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Chemometrics

by Maria Tarapoulouzi, José-Antonio Entrenas, Dolores Pérez-Marín, Ioannis Pashalidis and Charis R. Theocharis

Processes 2024, 12(7), 1517; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12071517 - 19 Jul 2024

Viewed by 691

Abstract

Cheese quality is affected by seasonal variations. These variations can influence several aspects of cheese, including its flavor, texture, nutritional content, and overall sensory qualities. The aim of this study was to assess the performance of near-infrared (NIR) instrumentation in terms of its [...] Read more.

Cheese quality is affected by seasonal variations. These variations can influence several aspects of cheese, including its flavor, texture, nutritional content, and overall sensory qualities. The aim of this study was to assess the performance of near-infrared (NIR) instrumentation in terms of its ability to detect seasonal variations in Halloumi cheese samples when applying limited sample preparation compared to traditional protocols. Therefore, the use of NIR spectroscopy was examined for the determination of seasonal variations in Halloumi cheese samples from Cyprus in combination with chemometrics. Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) was applied. We found that NIR and chemometrics successfully discriminated the Halloumi cheese samples based on different climate conditions, the four seasons in the year when the milk collection took place. To externally validate the model, the dataset was divided into training and test sets. The innovation of this study is that Halloumi cheese was studied regarding seasonal variations by applying NIR for the first time. The outcome of this preliminary study is positive in terms of the capability of NIR to distinguish seasonal variations in Halloumi cheese, especially those due to differences in fatty acid molecules throughout the year. Future studies will include more samples to increase the current database. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research Advances and Applications of Isotopic and Spectroscopic Analysis in Foods and Beverages)

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18 pages, 3574 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prediction of Short-Term Winter Photovoltaic Power Generation Output of Henan Province Using Genetic Algorithm–Backpropagation Neural Network

by Dawei Xia, Ling Li, Buting Zhang, Min Li, Can Wang, Zhijie Gong, Abdulmajid Abdullahi Shagali, Long Jiang and Song Hu

Processes 2024, 12(7), 1516; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12071516 - 19 Jul 2024

Viewed by 692

Abstract

In the low-carbon era, photovoltaic power generation has emerged as a pivotal focal point. The inherent volatility of photovoltaic power generation poses a substantial challenge to the stability of the power grid, making accurate prediction imperative. Based on the integration of a backpropagation [...] Read more.

In the low-carbon era, photovoltaic power generation has emerged as a pivotal focal point. The inherent volatility of photovoltaic power generation poses a substantial challenge to the stability of the power grid, making accurate prediction imperative. Based on the integration of a backpropagation (BP) neural network and a genetic algorithm (GA), a prediction model was developed that contained two sub-models: no-rain and no-snow scenarios, and rain and snow scenarios. Through correlation analysis, the primary meteorological factors were identified which were subsequently utilized as inputs alongside historical power generation data. In the sub-model dedicated to rain and snow scenarios, variables such as rainfall and snowfall amounts were incorporated as additional input parameters. The hourly photovoltaic power generation output was served as the model’s output. The results indicated that the proposed model effectively ensured accurate forecasts. During no-rain and no-snow weather conditions, the prediction error metrics showcased superior performance: the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) consistently remained below 13%, meeting the stringent requirement of the power grid’s tolerance level below 20%. Moreover, the normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) ranged between 6% and 9%, while the coefficient of determination (R²) exceeded 0.9. These underscored the remarkable prediction accuracy achieved by the model. Under rainy and snowy weather conditions, although MAPE slightly increased to the range of 14% to 20% compared to that of scenarios without rain and snow, it still adhered to the stringent requirement. NRMSE varied between 4.5% and 8%, and R² remained consistently above 0.9, indicative of satisfactory model performance even in adverse weather conditions. The successful application of the proposed model in predicting hourly photovoltaic power generation output during winter in Henan Province bears significant practical implications for the advancement and integration of renewable energy technologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Sustainable Energy Technology, 2nd Volume)

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18 pages, 5455 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Operation Optimization of Fluid Sampling in Wireline Formation Testing with Finite Volume Method

by Lejun Wu, Junhua Wang, Haibo Liu, Rui Huang, Huizhuo Xie, Xiaodong Li, Xuan Li, Jinhuan Liu and Changjie Zhao

Processes 2024, 12(7), 1515; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12071515 - 19 Jul 2024

Viewed by 636

Abstract

Wireline formation testing is an important technique in the exploration and development of oil fields. Not only can real fluid samples be prepared from the formation directly obtained to know exactly whether the oil existed in the formation or not, but it can [...] Read more.

Wireline formation testing is an important technique in the exploration and development of oil fields. Not only can real fluid samples be prepared from the formation directly obtained to know exactly whether the oil existed in the formation or not, but it can also show flowing pressure change to determine the production capacity of the formation. So, it is an important measurement method for formation evaluation during the drilling process and supports activities related to the exploration and development of oil fields. A numerical simulation model in this article is researched and established based on the finite volume method considering the influence of sensitive parameters such as reservoir heterogeneity, probe suction area, and mud-filtrate invasion depth during the drilling. The model is capable of designing and evaluating formation fluid sampling operations by calculating hydrocarbon content and flowing pressure. Furthermore, through case application, the performance and effect of the process of wireline formation testing were investigated. The results indicate that this technology can serve as an effective auxiliary tool for fluid sampling operations with the function of optimizing fluid sampling measures. It can improve the accuracy of predicting indicators such as hydrocarbon content and breakthrough time during the sampling process. This study provides important supporting evidence and technical guidance for professionals in geological exploration and oil field development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oil and Gas Drilling Processes: Control and Optimization)

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10 pages, 3232 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Micropore Characteristics and Geological Significance of a Tuffaceous Tight Reservoir Formed by Burial Dissolution: A Case Study of the Carboniferous Tuff in the Santanghu Basin, NW China

by Jian Ma, Yongshuai Pan, Zhongzheng Tong and Guoqiang Zhang

Processes 2024, 12(7), 1514; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12071514 - 18 Jul 2024

Viewed by 735

Abstract

As a distinct type of reservoir, tuffaceous tight reservoirs have attracted much attention. However, previous studies on tuffaceous tight reservoirs formed in the burial diagenetic stage are few, particularly regarding the genesis of micropores, which restricts the in-depth exploration of tuffaceous tight oil. [...] Read more.

As a distinct type of reservoir, tuffaceous tight reservoirs have attracted much attention. However, previous studies on tuffaceous tight reservoirs formed in the burial diagenetic stage are few, particularly regarding the genesis of micropores, which restricts the in-depth exploration of tuffaceous tight oil. According to thin section observation, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) identification, X-ray diffraction (XRD) experiments, elemental analyses, porosity and permeability tests, and pore structure analyses, the micropore characteristics of the Carboniferous tuffaceous tight reservoir formed by burial dissolution in the Santanghu Basin, NW China, are studied. In addition, the cause of the tuff micropore formation and its geological significance are also researched in this paper. The results are as follows: (1) The tuffaceous tight reservoir formed by burial dissolution mainly consists of quartz, feldspar, dolomite, and clay minerals. The reservoir space mainly consists of intergranular pores between minerals, intragranular dissolution pores within feldspars, calcite, dolomite, clay minerals, and locally developed organic matter pores. (2) The formation of micropores in tuff reservoirs formed by burial dissolution is mainly related to the original composition of the tuff. (3) Tuffaceous reservoirs with good physical properties are usually formed at the bottom or top of a large set of source rock. The results of this investigation can provide innovative theoretical evidence for the accumulation mechanism of tuffaceous tight oil formed by burial dissolution. Meanwhile, it can be considered a reference regarding the distribution of and predictions for tuffaceous reservoirs formed by burial dissolution in similar situations in other parts of the world. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reservoir Characterization and Modeling in Hydrocarbon Exploration and Development)

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35 pages, 4987 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Damage Evolution and Failure Mechanism of Floor Strata under Coupled Static-Dynamic Loading Disturbance

by Hailong Li, Haibo Bai, Wenjie Xu, Bing Li, Peitao Qiu and Ruixue Liu

Processes 2024, 12(7), 1513; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12071513 - 18 Jul 2024

Viewed by 752

Abstract

In the field test, we found that the failure depth of the goaf floor strata tends to be further because the periodic breaking and caving of the immediate roof, upper roof, and roof key stratum has dynamic stress disturbance effects on the floor. [...] Read more.

In the field test, we found that the failure depth of the goaf floor strata tends to be further because the periodic breaking and caving of the immediate roof, upper roof, and roof key stratum has dynamic stress disturbance effects on the floor. To further analyze its formation mechanism, this paper studies the damage evolution and fracture mechanism of goaf floor rock under the coupled static-dynamic loading disturbance caused by roof caving, based on the stress distribution state, the damage evolution equation of coal measure rock, the damage constitutive model, and the fracture criterion of floor rock. The main conclusions are listed as follows: 1. Based on the mining floor stress distribution, the floor beam model establishes the response mechanism of floor rock stress distribution. Also, the equation of stress distribution at any position in floor strata under mining dynamic load is given. 2. Combining the advantages of Bingham and the Generalized-Boydin model, the B-G damage constitutive model is established, which can describe the constitutive characteristics of coal measure rock under the coupled static-dynamic loading disturbance well. Furthermore, the variation law of parameters changing with strain rate is analyzed. 3. According to the twin-shear unified strength yield theory and the B-G damage constitutive model, coal measure rock’s twin-shear unified strength damage fracture criterion is established. Finally, the stress distribution expression of floor strata under concentrated and uniform dynamic loads is introduced, and the fracture criterion of goaf floor strata under a coupled static-dynamic loading disturbance is proposed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Process Safety and Monitoring of Intelligent and Green Mining Technology)

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15 pages, 7818 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Digital Twin for Monitoring the Experimental Assembly Process Using RFID Technology

by Jakub Demčák, Kamil Židek and Tibor Krenický

Processes 2024, 12(7), 1512; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12071512 - 18 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 836

Abstract

Despite the considerable advances that industrial manufacturing has undergone as a result of digitalization, the real-time monitoring of assembly processes continues to present a significant technical challenge. This article presents a solution to this problem by integrating digital twin technology with radio frequency [...] Read more.

Despite the considerable advances that industrial manufacturing has undergone as a result of digitalization, the real-time monitoring of assembly processes continues to present a significant technical challenge. This article presents a solution to this problem by integrating digital twin technology with radio frequency identification (RFID) in order to improve the monitoring and optimization of assembly processes. The objective of this research is to develop a methodology that ensures synchronized data exchange between physical components and their digital counterparts using RFID for improved visibility and accuracy. The methodology entails the configuration of radio frequency identification systems to track the positions of products on conveyor belts, thereby facilitating real-time monitoring and the prompt detection of any deviations. This integration enhances remote monitoring capabilities and markedly optimizes assembly processes in comparison to traditional methods. The research findings suggest that this approach offers real-time data and monitoring capabilities, which can contribute to improved operational efficiency. This study presents an introduction to digital twins and RFID technology, a review of related research, a detailed methodology, an implementation plan, results and analysis, a discussion of the findings, and conclusions with future recommendations. This article presents a comprehensive discussion of the configuration of an RFID-based digital twin for an assembly line, highlighting the benefits and challenges of integrating these technologies into industrial processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring and Control of Processes in the Context of Industry 4.0)

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