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Animals
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Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology for Wildlife
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Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology for Wildlife

A special issue of Animals (ISSN 2076-2615). This special issue belongs to the section "Wildlife".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2024) | Viewed by 9850

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Olimpia R. Lai

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70010 Valenzano, Italy
Interests: veterinary pharmacology; veterinary toxicology; pharmacokinetics; clinical pharmacology; wildlife rescue; wildlife medicine; exotics; ecotoxicology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Nicola Pugliese

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70010 Valenzano, Italy
Interests: chemotherapy; drug resistance; wild birds; antiparasitic drugs; enterobacteria
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

If pharmacology is defined as the study of interactions between living systems and substances administered to obtain a beneficial therapeutic effect, clinical pharmacology implies the selection of the right drug related to clinical requirements and the monitoring of effects. Despite the enormous progress in this field that has been reached for the treatment of domestic species, many difficulties still hinder the possibility of a similar achievement for wild species. Wildlife clinical medicine requires a unique set of skills, and often represents a challenge for practitioners, due to the scarce availability of resources to rely on in therapeutic decisions. The risks of substituting protocols between different species despite their metabolic peculiarities include therapeutic failures or death of the treated subjects.

Correspondingly, the availability of environmental toxicology data is extensive, but the clinical approach is often lacking or difficult to assess; therefore, the only gained information is that many pollutants threaten wildlife, leading to the death of individuals or altering population dynamics in poorly understood ways, and the complex interconnection between wildlife, humans, livestock, and the environment is still difficult to understand. Hence, the importance of sharing information to advance these branches of veterinary sciences is clear.

Dr. Olimpia R. Lai
Dr. Nicola Pugliese
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 1130 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of the Difference in the Content of Essential and Non-Essential Elements in Wild Boar and Swine Tissues Sampled in the Same Area of Northern Italy
by Susanna Draghi, Michele Spinelli, Carolina Fontanarosa, Giulio Curone, Angela Amoresano, Elisabetta Pignoli, Petra Cagnardi, Daniele Vigo, Francesco Arioli, Stefano Materazzi, Roberta Risoluti and Federica Di Cesare
Animals 2024, 14(6), 827; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14060827 - 7 Mar 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1102
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the exposure of wild boars and swine from semi-extensive farms in the same area to essential and non-essential elements, measuring their concentration in liver and muscle. Furthermore, the study explored the influence of factors such as sex, age, [...] Read more.
This study aimed to investigate the exposure of wild boars and swine from semi-extensive farms in the same area to essential and non-essential elements, measuring their concentration in liver and muscle. Furthermore, the study explored the influence of factors such as sex, age, and the sampling location on wild boars. Higher liver element concentrations were observed in both wild boars and swine. Geographical comparisons revealed minor differences. Young wild boars showed significantly higher Cu, Se, Cd, and Cr levels, while older subjects exhibited elevated Mn levels, reflecting age-related element absorption variations. No significant sex-based variations were noted. Comparing wild boars to swine, wild boars had more non-essential elements due to their foraging behavior and a larger home range. Conversely, swine exhibited a greater prevalence of essential elements, potentially resulting from dietary supplementation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology for Wildlife)
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14 pages, 2193 KiB  
Article
Influence of Area, Age and Sex on Per- and Polyfluorinated Alkyl Substances Detected in Roe Deer Muscle and Liver from Selected Areas of Northern Italy
by Susanna Draghi, Giulio Curone, Radmila Pavlovic, Federica Di Cesare, Petra Cagnardi, Claudia Fornesi Silva, Alberto Pellegrini, Federica Riva, Francesco Arioli and Marco Fidani
Animals 2024, 14(4), 529; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14040529 - 6 Feb 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1370
Abstract
Due to their physicochemical properties, per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) persist and bioaccumulate in living organisms, causing adverse health effects. Since exposure to xenobiotics is influenced by factors related to both the living organism and the considered compounds, biomonitoring PFASs’ presence in [...] Read more.
Due to their physicochemical properties, per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) persist and bioaccumulate in living organisms, causing adverse health effects. Since exposure to xenobiotics is influenced by factors related to both the living organism and the considered compounds, biomonitoring PFASs’ presence in the environment is of crucial importance. This study aimed to detect and quantify 15 PFASs in the muscle and liver of 40 roe deer from a specific area in Northern Italy by UPLC-HRMS. In the roe deer, liver PFAS concentrations were higher than those seen in muscle (p < 0.05). Although PFAS content in animals from urbanized areas was higher than those found in deer from rural areas, this difference was not statistically significant. In female roe deer, the concentration was higher than in males (p < 0.05); moreover, older animals showed higher concentrations of PFASs in the liver than younger animals (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the amount of PFASs was higher in tissues from roe deer belonging to urbanized areas, showing that this species might serve as a good bioindicator due to its territorial behavior. PFAS content was significantly higher in female roe deer, although the reason is not fully known. Finally, PFAS concentration was higher in the liver of older animals, probably due to compromised hepatic function. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology for Wildlife)
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14 pages, 731 KiB  
Article
A Comparative Analysis of Sparisoma cretense in Island Environments: Unraveling Metal Accumulation Differences in the Canary Islands (Spain, NW African Waters)
by Enrique Lozano-Bilbao, Alba Jurado-Ruzafa, José M. Lorenzo, José A. González, Arturo Hardisson, Dailos González-Weller, Soraya Paz, Carmen Rubio and Ángel J. Gutiérrez
Animals 2023, 13(24), 3787; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13243787 - 8 Dec 2023
Viewed by 1065
Abstract
This study investigates the impact of varying environmental conditions on the metal composition within the tissues of Sparisoma cretense, contributing to the understanding necessary to offer scientifically sound advice regarding the health status of this species. This knowledge extends beyond fishery production, [...] Read more.
This study investigates the impact of varying environmental conditions on the metal composition within the tissues of Sparisoma cretense, contributing to the understanding necessary to offer scientifically sound advice regarding the health status of this species. This knowledge extends beyond fishery production, encompassing implications for food security. The data span the years 2022 and 2023, encompassing both cold and warm climatic seasons. The concentrations of various metals, such as Al, Zn, Cd, Pb, Fe, and Cu, exhibited noteworthy variations across the islands, with significant increases recorded in 2023, particularly during the warm season. The intricate interplay between multiple factors shaped the availability of the analyzed elements in S. cretense. Factors such as rising temperatures during the warm season increased biological activity in marine ecosystems, seasonal fluctuations in weather conditions, water quality, and anthropogenic influences, all contributing to the observed variations in metal concentrations. Additionally, the geological composition of each island and the patterns of marine currents and sediment transport play pivotal roles in these differences. Comprehensive scientific research, monitoring, and environmental surveillance are essential for a holistic understanding of this variability and providing valuable insights for the conservation and management of marine ecosystems in the Canary archipelago. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology for Wildlife)
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10 pages, 292 KiB  
Article
A Safe and Effective Atovaquone-Proguanil Therapeutic Protocol for the Treatment of Avian Malaria by Plasmodium relictum in Snowy Owl (Bubo scandiacus)
by Nicola Pugliese, Rossella Samarelli, Roberto Lombardi, Antonella Schiavone, Giuseppe Crescenzo, Elena Circella, Claudia Zizzadoro, Olimpia Lai, Medhat S. Saleh, Michela Prioletti and Antonio Camarda
Animals 2023, 13(22), 3457; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13223457 - 9 Nov 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1452
Abstract
Avian malaria is a re-emerging threat to avian species worldwide. It is sustained by several protozoan species belonging to the genus Plasmodium, mainly Plasmodium relictum. The even wider diffusion of the disease, probably because of the increase in the areas covered [...] Read more.
Avian malaria is a re-emerging threat to avian species worldwide. It is sustained by several protozoan species belonging to the genus Plasmodium, mainly Plasmodium relictum. The even wider diffusion of the disease, probably because of the increase in the areas covered by their mosquito vectors, may pose new risks for avian species lacking natural resistance (especially those from artic or sub-artic environments) or those hosted in structures like zoos and wildlife rescue centers. With that premise, this study describes the efficacy and safety of a therapeutic protocol to treat avian malaria in three snowy owls (Bubo scandiacus) hosted in a wildlife rescue center in Apulia, south of Italy, and affected by avian malaria by P. relictum. The protocol consisted of administering 10/4 mg/kg atovaquone/proguanil per os once a day for three consecutive days, repeating this seven days later. Seven days after the end of the treatment, P. relictum was not detected in the birds’ blood and no adverse effects were observed during the 60 days of monitoring after the end of the treatment. Therefore, a therapeutic regimen of 10/4 mg/kg/day may be considered safe and effective in a valuable and endangered species such as B. scandiacus. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology for Wildlife)
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15 pages, 1341 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of the Effect of Pb Pollution on Avian Influenza Virus-Specific Antibody Production in Black-Headed Gulls (Chroicocephalus ridibundus)
by Nana Ushine, Makoto Ozawa, Shouta M. M. Nakayama, Mayumi Ishizuka, Takuya Kato and Shin-ichi Hayama
Animals 2023, 13(14), 2338; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13142338 - 18 Jul 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2219
Abstract
Lead (Pb), an environmental pollutant, has been widely reported to have contaminated mammals, including humans and birds. This study focuses on the effects of Pb pollution on avian influenza virus (AIV) antibody production. A total of 170 black-headed gulls (Chroicocephalus ridibundus) [...] Read more.
Lead (Pb), an environmental pollutant, has been widely reported to have contaminated mammals, including humans and birds. This study focuses on the effects of Pb pollution on avian influenza virus (AIV) antibody production. A total of 170 black-headed gulls (Chroicocephalus ridibundus) were captured in Tokyo Bay (TBP) from January 2019 to April 2020 and in Mikawa Bay (MBP) from November 2019 to April 2021. The gulls were weighed, subjected to blood sampling, and released with a ring band on their tarsus. The samples were used to measure blood Pb levels (BLL) and AIV-specific antibodies. The BLL were compared using the Wilcoxon two-sample test between the period when black-headed gulls arrived and the wintering period, defined by the number of gulls counted in each area. A significant increase was found in the TBP. A decrease in BLL significantly increased antibody titer during wintering in TBP and MBP. Pb pollution had a negative effect on the production of AIV antibodies. These findings suggest that wild birds that were contaminated by Pb in the environment may facilitate the spread of zoonotic diseases, further increasing the possibility that environmental pollutants may threaten human health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology for Wildlife)
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Review

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28 pages, 402 KiB  
Review
Emerging Insights into Brevetoxicosis in Sea Turtles
by Remco A. Nederlof, Dion van der Veen, Justin R. Perrault, Robin Bast, Heather W. Barron and Jaco Bakker
Animals 2024, 14(7), 991; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14070991 - 22 Mar 2024
Viewed by 1746
Abstract
This review summarizes the current understanding of how brevetoxins, produced by Karenia brevis during harmful algal blooms, impact sea turtle health. Sea turtles may be exposed to brevetoxins through ingestion, inhalation, maternal transfer, and potentially absorption through the skin. Brevetoxins bind to voltage-gated [...] Read more.
This review summarizes the current understanding of how brevetoxins, produced by Karenia brevis during harmful algal blooms, impact sea turtle health. Sea turtles may be exposed to brevetoxins through ingestion, inhalation, maternal transfer, and potentially absorption through the skin. Brevetoxins bind to voltage-gated sodium channels in the central nervous system, disrupting cellular function and inducing neurological symptoms in affected sea turtles. Moreover, the current evidence suggests a broader and longer-term impact on sea turtle health beyond what is seen during stranding events. Diagnosis relies on the detection of brevetoxins in tissues and plasma from stranded turtles. The current treatment of choice, intravenous lipid emulsion therapy, may rapidly reduce symptoms and brevetoxin concentrations, improving survival rates. Monitoring, prevention, and control strategies for harmful algal blooms are discussed. However, as the frequency and severity of blooms are expected to increase due to climate change and increased environmental pollution, continued research is needed to better understand the sublethal effects of brevetoxins on sea turtles and the impact on hatchlings, as well as the pharmacokinetic mechanisms underlying brevetoxicosis. Moreover, research into the optimization of treatments may help to protect endangered sea turtle populations in the face of this growing threat. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology for Wildlife)
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