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Animals
Special Issues
Pathogenesis, Immunology and Epidemiology of Veterinary Viruses
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Pathogenesis, Immunology and Epidemiology of Veterinary Viruses

A special issue of Animals (ISSN 2076-2615).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 June 2025 | Viewed by 7019

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Huisheng Liu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
Interests: foot-and-mouth disease virus; African swine fever virus; Seneca Valley virus; innate immune response; metabolism; pathogenesis; interaction
Dr. Kaituo Liu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
Interests: avian influenza virus; epidemiology; cross-species infection; pathogenesis; transmission

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Veterinary viruses seriously harm the health of livestock, domestic animals and wildlife. Their study mainly includes virus-induced pathogenesis, immunity, and epidemiology. As we know, almost two-thirds of the pathogens that cause diseases in humans (SARS-CoV-2, avian influenza virus, Ebola virus, etc.) are of animal origin. In addition to those zoonoses, some animal-species-specific viruses, such as African swine fever virus (ASFV), classical swine fever virus (CSFV), foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), etc., are also extremely important. The aim of this Special Issue is to publish original research papers or reviews concerning the pathogenesis, immunology and epidemiology of veterinary viruses.

Research areas include (but are not limited to) the following: findings on the pathogenesis and epidemiology of animal viral diseases; both innate and adaptive immune responses induced by animal viruses; immune escape of animal viruses; and the interaction between animal viruses and host.

We invite you to share your recent findings through this Special Issue. We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Dr. Huisheng Liu
Dr. Kaituo Liu
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Animals is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • animals
  • veterinary viruses
  • pathogenesis
  • epidemiology
  • innate immune response
  • adaptive immune response
  • cross-species infection
  • interaction

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

9 pages, 1593 KiB  
Article
Rapid Detection of Getah Virus Antibodies in Horses Using a Recombinant E2 Protein-Based Immunochromatographic Strip
by Dengke Zhong, Jiayang Zheng, Zhiyong Ma, Yan Wang and Jianchao Wei
Animals 2024, 14(16), 2309; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14162309 - 8 Aug 2024
Viewed by 810
Abstract
The prevalence and impact of Getah virus (GETV) are significant concerns in China. GETV can infect a wide range of animals, including horses, pigs, sheep, cattle, birds, and humans, resulting in substantial losses in the livestock and agricultural industries. GETV infection can cause [...] Read more.
The prevalence and impact of Getah virus (GETV) are significant concerns in China. GETV can infect a wide range of animals, including horses, pigs, sheep, cattle, birds, and humans, resulting in substantial losses in the livestock and agricultural industries. GETV infection can cause the development of ulcers and inflammation in the mouth and gums of horses, which result in pain and discomfort and lead to symptoms such as reduced appetite, drooling, and difficulty chewing. As a result, there is a pressing need for efficient and rapid disease diagnosis methods. However, the currently available diagnostic methods have limitations in terms of operational time, equipment, and the experience of the individuals using them. In this study, a rapid, specific, and sensitive detection method was developed using a colloidal gold-based immunochromatographic strip (ICS) for the detection of antibodies against GETV in horses. To prepare the ICS, the antigen domain of the E2 glycoprotein of GETV was expressed using the Escherichia coli expression system after analysis with DNAstar v7.1 software. The nitrocellulose membrane was coated with rE2 protein or SPA to form the test line and control line, respectively. After optimizing the reaction conditions, the sensitivity, specificity, and repeatability of the strip were verified. The results showed that the test strip had a detection limit of up to 1:320 dilutions for GETV-positive serum, with no cross-reactivity observed with other equine-susceptible pathogens such as equine arteritis virus (EAV), equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-I), equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV), equine influenza virus (EIV), African horse sickness virus (AHSV), and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). Furthermore, the ICS exhibited a concordance rate of 94.0% when testing 182 clinical serum samples compared to the virus neutralization test. Overall, this ICS diagnosis method will be an effective tool for the rapid detection of GETV in the field. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogenesis, Immunology and Epidemiology of Veterinary Viruses)
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15 pages, 5895 KiB  
Article
Preparation of Monoclonal Antibodies against the Capsid Protein and Development of an Epitope-Blocking Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detection of the Antibody against Porcine Circovirus 3
by Junli Wang, Baishi Lei, Wuchao Zhang, Lijie Li, Jiashuang Ji, Mandi Liu, Kuan Zhao and Wanzhe Yuan
Animals 2024, 14(2), 235; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14020235 - 11 Jan 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1567
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) is endemic in swine worldwide and causes reproductive disorders, dermatitis and nephrotic syndrome, and multi-organ inflammation. Currently, there is a growing need for rapid and accurate diagnostic methods in disease monitoring. In this study, four monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) [...] Read more.
Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) is endemic in swine worldwide and causes reproductive disorders, dermatitis and nephrotic syndrome, and multi-organ inflammation. Currently, there is a growing need for rapid and accurate diagnostic methods in disease monitoring. In this study, four monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against PCV3 capsid proteins were prepared (mAbs 2F6, 2G8, 6E2, and 7E3). MAb 7E3, which had the highest binding affinity for the Cap protein, was chosen for further investigation. A novel B cell epitope 110DLDGAW115 was identified using mAb 7E3. An epitope-blocking (EB) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was successfully developed using horseradish-peroxidase-labeled mAb 7E3 to detect PCV3 antibodies in porcine sera. Moreover, the EB-ELISA showed no specific reaction with other porcine disease sera, and the cut-off value was defined as 35%. Compared with the commercial ELISA, the percentage agreement was 95.59%. Overall, we have developed a novel EB-ELISA method that accurately and conveniently detects PCV3 in serum, making it a valuable tool for the clinical detection of PCV3 infection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogenesis, Immunology and Epidemiology of Veterinary Viruses)
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14 pages, 5824 KiB  
Article
Spatiotemporal Distribution of PRRSV-1 Clades in Hungary with a Focus on the Era of Disease Eradication
by Ádám Bálint, Szilvia Jakab, Eszter Kaszab, Szilvia Marton, Krisztián Bányai, Sándor Kecskeméti and István Szabó
Animals 2024, 14(1), 175; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14010175 - 4 Jan 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2034
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is the cause of the most severe economic losses in the pig industry worldwide. PRRSV is extremely diverse in Europe, which poses a significant challenge to disease control within a country or any region. With the combination [...] Read more.
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is the cause of the most severe economic losses in the pig industry worldwide. PRRSV is extremely diverse in Europe, which poses a significant challenge to disease control within a country or any region. With the combination of phylogenetic reconstruction and network analysis, we aimed to uncover the major routes of the dispersal of PRRSV clades within Hungary. In brief, by analyzing >2600 ORF5 sequences, we identified at least 12 clades (including 6 clades within lineage 1 and 3 clades within lineage 3) common in parts of Western Europe (including Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands) and identified 2 novel clades (designated X1 and X2). Of interest, some genetic clades unique to other central European countries, such as the Czech Republic and Poland, were not identified. The pattern of PRRSV clade distribution is consistent with the route of the pig trade among countries, showing that most of the identified clades were introduced from Western Europe when fatteners were transported to Hungary. As a result of rigorous implementation of the national eradication program, the swine population was declared officially free from PRRSV. This map of viral diversity and clade distribution will serve as valuable baseline information for the maintenance of PRRSV-free status in the post-eradication era. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogenesis, Immunology and Epidemiology of Veterinary Viruses)
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14 pages, 5626 KiB  
Article
Genetically Related Avian Influenza H7N9 Viruses Exhibit Different Pathogenicity in Mice
by Xiaoquan Wang, Huafen Zheng, Ruyi Gao, Leyao Ren, Mingxia Jin, Zhuxing Ji, Xin Wang, Xiaolong Lu, Wenhao Yang, Min Gu, Xiaowen Liu, Shunlin Hu, Kaituo Liu and Xiufan Liu
Animals 2023, 13(23), 3680; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13233680 - 28 Nov 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1482
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses can cross species barriers and adapt to mammals. The H7N9 subtype AIV that emerged in China in 2013 caused 1568 human infections, with a mortality rate of nearly 40%. We conducted a retrospective analysis of H7N9 viruses that were isolated [...] Read more.
Avian influenza viruses can cross species barriers and adapt to mammals. The H7N9 subtype AIV that emerged in China in 2013 caused 1568 human infections, with a mortality rate of nearly 40%. We conducted a retrospective analysis of H7N9 viruses that were isolated in live poultry markets in 2013. We found that two avian-origin H7N9 isolates, A/chicken/Eastern China/JTC4/2013 and A/chicken/Eastern China/JTC11/2013, have a similar genetic background but exhibit different pathogenicity in mice. Whole-genome alignment of the two H7N9 viruses was carried out, and only six amino acid differences mapped in five genes, including the well-known virulence molecular marker PB2-E627K. Our retrospective analysis highlighted the importance of monitoring the adaptive mutations in avian influenza viruses with zoonotic potential. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogenesis, Immunology and Epidemiology of Veterinary Viruses)
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