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10 pages, 703 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relationship between FGF 23, SDMA, Urea, Creatinine and Phosphate in Relation to Feline Chronic Kidney Disease

by Simona Grelová, Martina Karasová, Csilla Tóthová, Terézia Kisková, Darina Baranová, Branislav Lukáč, Mária Fialkovičová, Alena Micháľová, Lukáš Kunay and Miroslav Svoboda

Animals 2022, 12(17), 2247; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12172247 - 31 Aug 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3642

Abstract

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common diagnosis in older cats, and its prevalence increases with age. Conventional indirect biomarkers of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) have their limitations, and are not efficient in detecting early decreases in glomerular filtration rate. Recently, symmetric dimethylarginine [...] Read more.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common diagnosis in older cats, and its prevalence increases with age. Conventional indirect biomarkers of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) have their limitations, and are not efficient in detecting early decreases in glomerular filtration rate. Recently, symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) concentrations have been proposed as a novel biomarker of GFR for the early detection of CKD. This study discusses the relationship between SDMA, FGF 23 and previously used indicators of kidney function, mainly creatinine, urea and phosphate. Ninety-nine cats were included in this study. Based on their SDMA values, 48 cats had CKD and the remaining 51 cats were used as a healthy control group. Serum of these cats was assayed for creatinine, urea and phosphate concentrations as well as FGF 23 values, and correlations between them were evaluated. Cats with CKD had higher FGF 23 concentrations than healthy cats, and no correlation was found between FGF 23 and SDMA, nor between FGF 23 and phosphate. On the other hand, phosphate strongly correlated with SDMA, urea and creatinine, making it a possible independent factor of CKD progression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Canine and Feline Nephropathies)

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9 pages, 593 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Urinary Protein/Creatinine Ratio in Feline Medicine: Reasons to Perform It and Its Role in Clinical Practice—A Retrospective Study

by Maria Ana Fidalgo, Rodolfo Oliveira Leal and José Henrique Duarte-Correia

Animals 2022, 12(12), 1575; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12121575 - 18 Jun 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3048

Abstract

This study aimed at understanding the reasons veterinarians conduct a urinary protein/creatinine ratio (UPCR) in cats, correlating it with signalment, dipstick proteinuria tests, and urine specific gravity (USG) and assessing its role in chronic kidney disease (CKD) diagnosis and monitoring. A retrospective study [...] Read more.

This study aimed at understanding the reasons veterinarians conduct a urinary protein/creatinine ratio (UPCR) in cats, correlating it with signalment, dipstick proteinuria tests, and urine specific gravity (USG) and assessing its role in chronic kidney disease (CKD) diagnosis and monitoring. A retrospective study was conducted, including medical data from cats consulted between 2016 and 2018 in a veterinary teaching hospital and submitted to at least one UPCR measurement. A total of 140 cats were included: 35% non-proteinuric (UPCR < 0.2), 25% borderline proteinuric (0.2 < UPCR < 0.4), and 40% overtly proteinuric (UPCR > 0.4). In contrast to other studies, there was no association between UPCR and male reproductive status. UPCR was mainly requested for CKD diagnosis and monitoring. Correlation between UPCR and combined results from dipstick tests and USG was low and inconsistent. Proteinuric CKD cats had a worse outcome at both 6 (odds ratio (OR 4.04) and 12 months (OR 4.36)), and this finding was more pronounced for severely proteinuric cases in which the OR for death was 4.36 and 6.00 at 6 and at 12 months, respectively. In addition to reinforcing the negative prognostic value of proteinuria, this study stresses the low and the inconsistent agreement between UPCR and the combined results of dipstick tests and USG in cats. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Canine and Feline Nephropathies)

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10 pages, 1647 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Urinary Proteome Differences in Canine Diabetes with and without the Presence of Microalbuminuria

by Dagmara Winiarczyk, Mateusz Winiarczyk, Katarzyna Michalak, Stanisław Winiarczyk and Łukasz Adaszek

Animals 2022, 12(6), 748; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12060748 - 16 Mar 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2275

Abstract

In this study we aimed to analyze the protein composition of the urine collected from the healthy animals and compare it to the two diabetic groups (DM I normoalbuminuric diabetic dogs; DM II diabetic dogs with microalbuminuria). We tried to identify potential urinary [...] Read more.

In this study we aimed to analyze the protein composition of the urine collected from the healthy animals and compare it to the two diabetic groups (DM I normoalbuminuric diabetic dogs; DM II diabetic dogs with microalbuminuria). We tried to identify potential urinary proteins which could be up- or downregulated in diabetic patients even before the appearance of microalbuminuria. Methods: After obtaining urine, we performed two-dimensional electrophoresis, followed by Delta2D software analysis, which allowed for selection and identification with MALDI-TOF spectrometry, statistically significant differentially expressed proteins. Our study revealed 286 common protein spots on 2D gels from the diabetic and control group. From these proteins five were positively identified by MALDI-TOF MS. To further evaluate the five differentiating proteins, the Panther program was used to assign them to appropriate biological process. Conclusion: Significant number of identified proteins play a role in intracellular signaling—vesicle formation, bonding, transport through membranes. This may suggest that first signs of kidney diabetic cellular impairment may be seen in the urine composition before any clinical signs occur. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Canine and Feline Nephropathies)

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9 pages, 266 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Stage 1-Biomarkers of Kidney Injury in Dogs Undergoing Constant Rate Infusion of Hydroxyethyl Starch 130/0.4

by Barbara Bruno, Roberta Troìa, Francesco Dondi, Cristiana Maurella, Paola Gianella, Ilaria Lippi, Alberto Tarducci and Antonio Borrelli

Animals 2021, 11(9), 2555; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11092555 - 31 Aug 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2637

Abstract

In veterinary medicine, investigations relating the effects of hydroxyethyl starch (HES) on renal function report contrasting results. This study aimed to assess the changes in the selected biomarkers of kidney injury in dogs after the administration of HES 130/0.4 as a constant rate [...] Read more.

In veterinary medicine, investigations relating the effects of hydroxyethyl starch (HES) on renal function report contrasting results. This study aimed to assess the changes in the selected biomarkers of kidney injury in dogs after the administration of HES 130/0.4 as a constant rate infusion (CRI) for 24 h. Ten adult client-owned dogs with hypoalbuminemia (albumin < 2 g/dL) and ongoing fluid losses were included. Enrolled dogs received intravenous fluid therapy with crystalloids and a CRI of HES 130/0.4 at a dose of 2 mL/kg/h for 24 h. Serum creatinine (sCr), fractional excretion (FE) of electrolytes, urinary protein to creatinine ratio (UPC), urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (UAC), SDS-page, and urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (uNGAL) were measured at the baseline before HES infusion, and after 24 h (T24) and 48 h (T48) from the baseline. No statistically significant difference was found between the baseline value vs. T24 and the baseline vs. T48 for sCr, UAC, UPC, FE of sodium, chloride and calcium, and uNGAL. A significant increase in FEK (p = 0.04) was noticed between the baseline and T48. In this study sample of hypoalbuminemic dogs, HES 130/0.4 at the dose and rate of infusion applied did not cause any significant changes in the investigated biomarkers of kidney injury. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Canine and Feline Nephropathies)

8 pages, 1760 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Clinical and Histopathological Features of Renal Maldevelopment in Boxer Dogs: A Retrospective Case Series (1999–2018)

by Maria Alfonsa Cavalera, Floriana Gernone, Annamaria Uva, Paola D’Ippolito, Xavier Roura and Andrea Zatelli

Animals 2021, 11(3), 810; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11030810 - 13 Mar 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3564

Abstract

Renal maldevelopment (RM) has been proposed to replace the old and sometimes misused term “renal dysplasia” in dogs. Although renal dysplasia has been described in Boxers, hereditary transmission has only been hypothesized. This study reports clinical and renal histological findings in Boxer dogs [...] Read more.

Renal maldevelopment (RM) has been proposed to replace the old and sometimes misused term “renal dysplasia” in dogs. Although renal dysplasia has been described in Boxers, hereditary transmission has only been hypothesized. This study reports clinical and renal histological findings in Boxer dogs with RM, proposing a possible mode of inheritance. Medical records of 9 female Boxer dogs, older than 5 months and with a clinical diagnosis of chronic kidney disease prior to one year of age, were retrospectively reviewed. Polyuria and polydipsia (PU/PD), decreased appetite, weight loss, lethargy and weakness were described in all affected dogs. Common laboratory findings were proteinuria, diluted urine, non-regenerative anemia, azotemia, hyperphosphatemia, hypoalbuminemia and hypercholesterolemia. Histopathology of the kidneys revealed the presence of immature glomeruli in all dogs, which is consistent with RM. In 7 related dogs, the pedigree analysis showed that a simple autosomal recessive trait may be a possible mode of inheritance. Renal maldevelopment should be suspected in young Boxer dogs with a history of PU/PD, decreased appetite, weight loss, lethargy, weakness and proteinuria. Due to its possible inheritance, an early diagnosis of RM may allow clinicians to promptly identify other potentially affected dogs among the relatives of the diagnosed case. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Canine and Feline Nephropathies)

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11 pages, 1165 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analytical and Clinical Validation of a New Immunoenzymatic Method for the Measurement of Canine Parathyroid Hormone

by Jari Zambarbieri, Filippo Tagliasacchi, Pierangelo Moretti, Alessia Giordano and Paola Scarpa

Animals 2020, 10(12), 2411; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10122411 - 17 Dec 2020

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2790

Abstract

Renal hyperparathyroidism (RHPT) is one of the main complications in dogs affected with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). The measurement of serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) could be of clinical utility for the disease’s treatment and follow-up; however, PTH is not routinely determined due to [...] Read more.

Renal hyperparathyroidism (RHPT) is one of the main complications in dogs affected with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). The measurement of serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) could be of clinical utility for the disease’s treatment and follow-up; however, PTH is not routinely determined due to limited available methods, often not fully validated in dogs. The aims of this study were the analytical validation of an immunoenzymatic method for the measurement of PTH in canine serum and the analysis of preliminary association of the obtained results with renal function. Twenty-six samples obtained from dogs healthy or affected with CKD were analysed. PTH was measured using a two-site immunoenzymometric human assay (ST AIA-PACK^® Intact PTH, Tosoh Bioscience). The analytical validation protocol evaluated the assay precision and accuracy. Also, the PTH’s storage stability at 20 °C, 4 °C and −20 °C was assessed. Clinical validation was performed by comparing PTH values with creatinine, phosphorus and International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) stage. The method showed optimal precision and accuracy, whereas stability was adequate up to 4 h at 20 °C, 24 h at 4 °C and 6 months at −20 °C. PTH was positively associated with creatinine, phosphorus and IRIS stage. The investigated method was thus successfully validated in dogs, allowing its use for clinical purpose. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Canine and Feline Nephropathies)

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11 pages, 440 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Urinary Big Endothelin-1 in Feline Spontaneous CKD

by Marco Giraldi, Saverio Paltrinieri, Camilla Piazza and Paola Scarpa

Animals 2020, 10(11), 2144; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10112144 - 18 Nov 2020

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1841

Abstract

The endothelin-1 (ET-1) system has been implicated in the development and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). No information on big ET-1 in feline urine is available. The purpose of this study was to evaluate if urinary big endothelin-1 (bigET-1) is associated with [...] Read more.

The endothelin-1 (ET-1) system has been implicated in the development and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). No information on big ET-1 in feline urine is available. The purpose of this study was to evaluate if urinary big endothelin-1 (bigET-1) is associated with feline CKD. Sixty urine samples were prospectively collected from 13 healthy cats at risk of developing CKD and 22 cats with CKD of different International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) stages (1–4). Urinary bigET-1 was measured using a commercially available ELISA. BigET-1 normalized to urine creatinine (bigET-1:UC) was compared amongst stages and substages, as proposed by IRIS, and correlated with serum creatinine concentration, proteinuria and blood pressure. BigET-1:UC at the time of inclusion was compared between cats that remained stable and cats that progressed after 12 months. BigET-1:UC was significantly higher (p = 0.002) in cats at IRIS stages 3–4 (median: 21.9; range: 1.88–55.6), compared to all other stages, and in proteinuric (n = 8, median: 11.0; range: 0.00–46.4) compared with nonproteinuric cats (n = 38 median: 0.33; range: 0.00–55.6) (p = 0.029). BigET-1:UC was not associated with CKD progression. Urinary bigET-1 increased in advanced stages of CKD and in proteinuric patients, suggesting that ET-1 may be indicative of the severity of feline CKD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Canine and Feline Nephropathies)

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Review

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29 pages, 788 KiB

Open AccessReview

Drug-Dosing Adjustment in Dogs and Cats with Chronic Kidney Disease

by Francesca De Santis, Andrea Boari, Francesco Dondi and Paolo Emidio Crisi

Animals 2022, 12(3), 262; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12030262 - 21 Jan 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 20047

Abstract

Chronic kidney disease is a common kidney disorder in adult and aged dogs and cats; the management of associated complications and comorbidities generally requires a life-long medical treatment to ensure a good quality of life of affected patients. However, indications and the literature [...] Read more.

Chronic kidney disease is a common kidney disorder in adult and aged dogs and cats; the management of associated complications and comorbidities generally requires a life-long medical treatment to ensure a good quality of life of affected patients. However, indications and the literature on drug dosing in dogs and cats with chronic kidney disease are often lacking. The aim of this review is to revise the current literature on drug dosing in canine and feline patients with renal impairment, with a special focus on the most commonly used medications to manage chronic kidney disease and possible comorbidities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Canine and Feline Nephropathies)

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21 pages, 3647 KiB

Open AccessReview

Cystinuria in Dogs and Cats: What Do We Know after Almost 200 Years?

by Simona Kovaříková, Petr Maršálek and Kateřina Vrbová

Animals 2021, 11(8), 2437; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11082437 - 19 Aug 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 12664

Abstract

The purpose of this review is to summarize current knowledge on canine and feline cystinuria from available scientific reports. Cystinuria is an inherited metabolic defect characterized by abnormal intestinal and renal amino acid transport in which cystine and the dibasic amino acids ornithine, [...] Read more.

The purpose of this review is to summarize current knowledge on canine and feline cystinuria from available scientific reports. Cystinuria is an inherited metabolic defect characterized by abnormal intestinal and renal amino acid transport in which cystine and the dibasic amino acids ornithine, lysine, and arginine are involved (COLA). At a normal urine pH, ornithine, lysine, and arginine are soluble, but cysteine forms a dimer, cystine, which is relatively insoluble, resulting in crystal precipitation. Mutations in genes coding COLA transporter and the mode of inheritance were identified only in some canine breeds. Cystinuric dogs may form uroliths (mostly in lower urinary tract) which are associated with typical clinical symptoms. The prevalence of cystine urolithiasis is much higher in European countries (up to 14% according to the recent reports) when compared to North America (United States and Canada) where it is approximately 1–3%. Cystinuria may be diagnosed by the detection of cystine urolithiasis, cystine crystalluria, assessment of amino aciduria, or using genetic tests. The management of cystinuria is aimed at urolith removal or dissolution which may be reached by dietary changes or medical treatment. In dogs with androgen-dependent cystinuria, castration will help. In cats, cystinuria occurs less frequently in comparison with dogs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Canine and Feline Nephropathies)

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